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Zhang YW, Schönberger K, Cabezas‐Wallscheid N. Bidirectional interplay between metabolism and epigenetics in hematopoietic stem cells and leukemia. EMBO J 2023; 42:e112348. [PMID: 38010205 PMCID: PMC10711668 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2022112348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
During the last decades, remarkable progress has been made in further understanding the complex molecular regulatory networks that maintain hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) function. Cellular and organismal metabolisms have been shown to directly instruct epigenetic alterations, and thereby dictate stem cell fate, in the bone marrow. Epigenetic regulatory enzymes are dependent on the availability of metabolites to facilitate DNA- and histone-modifying reactions. The metabolic and epigenetic features of HSCs and their downstream progenitors can be significantly altered by environmental perturbations, dietary habits, and hematological diseases. Therefore, understanding metabolic and epigenetic mechanisms that regulate healthy HSCs can contribute to the discovery of novel metabolic therapeutic targets that specifically eliminate leukemia stem cells while sparing healthy HSCs. Here, we provide an in-depth review of the metabolic and epigenetic interplay regulating hematopoietic stem cell fate. We discuss the influence of metabolic stress stimuli, as well as alterations occurring during leukemic development. Additionally, we highlight recent therapeutic advancements toward eradicating acute myeloid leukemia cells by intervening in metabolic and epigenetic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wei Zhang
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and EpigeneticsFreiburgGermany
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Xu Y, Baylink DJ, Chen CS, Tan L, Xiao J, Park B, Valladares I, Reeves ME, Cao H. Transient TKI-resistant CD44+pBAD+ blasts undergo intrinsic homeostatic adaptation to promote the survival of acute myeloid leukemia in vitro. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1286863. [PMID: 38023123 PMCID: PMC10664142 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1286863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients have frequent mutations in FMS-like receptor tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3-mut AML), who respond poorly to salvage chemotherapies and targeted therapies such as tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). Disease relapse is a common reason of treatment failures in FLT3-mut AML patients, but its intracellular refractory mechanism remains to be discovered. In this study, we designed serial in vitro time-course studies to investigate the biomarkers of TKI-resistant blasts and their survival mechanism. First, we found that a group of transient TKI-resistant blasts were CD44+Phosphorylated-BAD (pBAD)+ and that they could initiate the regrowth of blast clusters in vitro. Notably, TKI-treatments upregulated the compensation pathways to promote PIM2/3-mediated phosphorylation of BAD to initiate the blast survival. Next, we discovered a novel process of intracellular adaptive responses in these transient TKI-resistant blasts, including upregulated JAK/STAT signaling pathways for PIM2/3 expressions and activated SOCS1/SOCS3/PIAS2 inhibitory pathways to down-regulate redundant signal transduction and kinase phosphorylation to regain intracellular homeostasis. Finally, we found that the combination of TKIs with TYK2/STAT4 pathways-driven inhibitors could effectively treat FLT3-mut AML in vitro. In summary, our findings reveal that TKI-treatment can activate a JAK/STAT-PIM2/3 axis-mediated signaling pathways to promote the survival of CD44+pBAD+blasts in vitro. Disrupting these TKIs-activated redundant pathways and blast homeostasis could be a novel therapeutic strategy to treat FLT3-mut AML and prevent disease relapse in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Xu
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Loma Linda University Medical Center and Loma Linda University Cancer Center, Loma Linda University Health, Loma Linda, CA, United States
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States
- Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda University Health, Loma Linda, CA, United States
| | - David J. Baylink
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States
- Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda University Health, Loma Linda, CA, United States
| | - Chien-Shing Chen
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Loma Linda University Medical Center and Loma Linda University Cancer Center, Loma Linda University Health, Loma Linda, CA, United States
- Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda University Health, Loma Linda, CA, United States
| | - Laren Tan
- Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda University Health, Loma Linda, CA, United States
- Department of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Hyperbaric and Sleep Medicine, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA, United States
| | - Jeffrey Xiao
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States
| | - Brandon Park
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States
| | - Ismael Valladares
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States
| | - Mark E. Reeves
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Loma Linda University Medical Center and Loma Linda University Cancer Center, Loma Linda University Health, Loma Linda, CA, United States
- Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda University Health, Loma Linda, CA, United States
| | - Huynh Cao
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Loma Linda University Medical Center and Loma Linda University Cancer Center, Loma Linda University Health, Loma Linda, CA, United States
- Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda University Health, Loma Linda, CA, United States
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Xu Y, Tran L, Tang J, Nguyen V, Sewell E, Xiao J, Hino C, Wasnik S, Francis-Boyle OL, Zhang KK, Xie L, Zhong JF, Baylink DJ, Chen CS, Reeves ME, Cao H. FBP1-Altered Carbohydrate Metabolism Reduces Leukemic Viability through Activating P53 and Modulating the Mitochondrial Quality Control System In Vitro. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911387. [PMID: 36232688 PMCID: PMC9570078 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML)—the most frequent form of adult blood cancer—is characterized by heterogeneous mechanisms and disease progression. Developing an effective therapeutic strategy that targets metabolic homeostasis and energy production in immature leukemic cells (blasts) is essential for overcoming relapse and improving the prognosis of AML patients with different subtypes. With respect to metabolic regulation, fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase 1 (FBP1) is a gluconeogenic enzyme that is vital to carbohydrate metabolism, since gluconeogenesis is the central pathway for the production of important metabolites and energy necessary to maintain normal cellular activities. Beyond its catalytic activity, FBP1 inhibits aerobic glycolysis—known as the “Warburg effect”—in cancer cells. Importantly, while downregulation of FBP1 is associated with carcinogenesis in major human organs, restoration of FBP1 in cancer cells promotes apoptosis and prevents disease progression in solid tumors. Recently, our large-scale sequencing analyses revealed FBP1 as a novel inducible therapeutic target among 17,757 vitamin-D-responsive genes in MV4-11 or MOLM-14 blasts in vitro, both of which were derived from AML patients with FLT3 mutations. To investigate FBP1′s anti-leukemic function in this study, we generated a new AML cell line through lentiviral overexpression of an FBP1 transgene in vitro (named FBP1-MV4-11). Results showed that FBP1-MV4-11 blasts are more prone to apoptosis than MV4-11 blasts. Mechanistically, FBP1-MV4-11 blasts have significantly increased gene and protein expression of P53, as confirmed by the P53 promoter assay in vitro. However, enhanced cell death and reduced proliferation of FBP1-MV4-11 blasts could be reversed by supplementation with post-glycolytic metabolites in vitro. Additionally, FBP1-MV4-11 blasts were found to have impaired mitochondrial homeostasis through reduced cytochrome c oxidase subunit 2 (COX2 or MT-CO2) and upregulated PTEN-induced kinase (PINK1) expressions. In summary, this is the first in vitro evidence that FBP1-altered carbohydrate metabolism and FBP1-activated P53 can initiate leukemic death by activating mitochondrial reprogramming in AML blasts, supporting the clinical potential of FBP1-based therapies for AML-like cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Xu
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
- Cancer Center, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-909-651-5887
| | - Lily Tran
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Janet Tang
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Vinh Nguyen
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Elisabeth Sewell
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Jeffrey Xiao
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Christopher Hino
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Samiksha Wasnik
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Olivia L. Francis-Boyle
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
- Department of Pathology & Human Anatomy, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Ke K. Zhang
- Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77030, USA
- Center for Epigenetics & Disease Prevention, Institute of Biosciences & Technology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Linglin Xie
- Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jiang F. Zhong
- Cancer Center, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
- Department of Basic Science, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - David J. Baylink
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Chien-Shing Chen
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
- Cancer Center, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Mark E. Reeves
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
- Cancer Center, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Huynh Cao
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
- Cancer Center, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
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High Expression of ACOT2 Predicts Worse Overall Survival and Abnormal Lipid Metabolism: A Potential Target for Acute Myeloid Leukemia. JOURNAL OF HEALTHCARE ENGINEERING 2022; 2022:2669114. [PMID: 36193167 PMCID: PMC9525752 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2669114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Acyl-CoA thioesterase (ACOT) plays a considerable role in lipid metabolism, which is closely related to the occurrence and development of cancer, nevertheless, its role has not been fully elucidated in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). To explore the role of ACOT2 in AML and to provide a potential therapeutic target for AML, the expression pattern of ACOT was investigated based on the TNMplot, Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA), and Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia (CCLE) database, and diagnostic value, prognostic value, and clinical phenotype of ACOT were explored based on data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Functional annotation and enrichment analysis of the common targets between ACOT2 coexpressed and AML-related genes were further performed by Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) analyses. The protein-protein interaction (PPI) network of ACOT2 coexpressed genes and functional ACOT2-related metabolites association network were constructed based on GeneMANIA and Human Metabolome Database. Among ACOTs, ACOT2 was highly expressed in AML compared to normal control subjects according to TNMplot, GEPIA, and CCLE database, which was significantly associated with poor overall survival (OS) in AML (
). Moreover, ACOT2 exhibited excellent diagnostic efficiency for AML (AUC: 1.000) and related to French-American-British (FAB) classification and cytogenetics. GO, KEGG, and GSEA analyses of 71 common targets between ACOT2 coexpressed and AML-related genes revealed that ACOT2 is closely related to ACOT1, ACOT4, enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase, mitochondrial (MECR), puromycin-sensitive aminopeptidase (NPEPPS), SWI/SNF-related matrix-associated actin-dependent regulator of chromatin subfamily B member 1 (SMARCB1), and long-chain fatty acid-CoA ligase 1 (ACSL1) in PPI network, and plays a significant role in lipid metabolism, that is, involved in fatty acid elongation and biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids. Collectively, the increase of ACOT2 may be an important characteristic of worse OS and abnormal lipid metabolism, suggesting that ACOT2 may become a potential therapeutic target for AML.
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Xu Y, Hino C, Baylink DJ, Xiao J, Reeves ME, Zhong JF, Mirshahidi S, Cao H. Correction: Vitamin D activates FBP1 to block the Warburg effect and modulate blast metabolism in acute myeloid leukemia. Biomark Res 2022; 10:33. [PMID: 35590401 PMCID: PMC9121558 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-022-00379-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Xu
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA. .,Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA. .,Loma Linda University Medical Center & Loma Linda University Cancer Center, 11234 Anderson Street, Room 1524, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA.
| | - Christopher Hino
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - David J Baylink
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey Xiao
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Mark E Reeves
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA.,Loma Linda University Medical Center & Loma Linda University Cancer Center, 11234 Anderson Street, Room 1524, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
| | - Jiang F Zhong
- Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Saied Mirshahidi
- Biospecimen Laboratory, Loma Linda University Cancer Center, Department of Medicine and Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
| | - Huynh Cao
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA.,Loma Linda University Medical Center & Loma Linda University Cancer Center, 11234 Anderson Street, Room 1524, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
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