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Antioxidant and Antivenom Potential of an Essential Oil, 4-(2-Oxo-propyl)-cyclopentane-1,3-dione, and Allantoin Derived from the Polyherbal Combination of Aristolochia indica L. and Piper nigrum L. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:4797884. [PMID: 35295928 PMCID: PMC8920640 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4797884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to identify new compounds from a methanol extract of a polyherbal combination of Aristolochia indica L. and Piper nigrum L. (MECAIPN), two traditional medicinal plants used to cure envenomation, as well as to assess their antioxidant and antivenom properties. MECAIPN yielded EA1 (an essential oil), AA2 (4-(2-oxo-propyl)-cyclopentane-1,3-dione), and W3 ((2,5-dioxo-imidazolidin-4-yl)-urea) (Allantoin). Although EA1 had stronger radical scavenging activity, AA2 had higher DPPH and ferric ion radical scavenging activity, and W3 had higher molybdenum ion radical scavenging activity due to being a single molecule, the binding investigation revealed that EA1 has a greater Stern–Volmer quenching constant (Ksv) than AA2 and W3. Synchronous measurements indicated that EA1, AA2, and W3 bind to tryptophan and tyrosine residues in venom, causing denaturation of the secondary structure of the residue. Finally, the current study concludes that EA1 has more therapeutic antivenom potential, which could be related to the synergism of chemicals found in it. When it came to single compounds, AA2 had stronger antioxidant and antivenom capabilities than W3. To understand the mechanism of action and manufacture the green antivenom medication, more testing of the EA1 and compounds remains required.
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Sartori GP, da Costa A, Macarini FLDS, Mariano DOC, Pimenta DC, Spencer PJ, Nali LHDS, Galisteo AJ. Characterization and evaluation of the enzymatic activity of tetanus toxin submitted to cobalt-60 gamma radiation. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2021; 27:e20200140. [PMID: 33995513 PMCID: PMC8092855 DOI: 10.1590/1678-9199-jvatitd-2020-0140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tetanus toxin blocks the release of the inhibitory neurotransmitters in the central nervous system and causes tetanus and its main form of prevention is through vaccination. The vaccine is produced by inactivation of tetanus toxin with formaldehyde, which may cause side effects. An alternative way is the use of ionizing radiation for inactivation of the toxin and also to improve the potential immunogenic response and to reduce the post-vaccination side effects. Therefore, the aim of this study was to characterize the tetanus toxin structure after different doses of ionizing radiation of 60Co. METHODS Irradiated and native tetanus toxin was characterized by SDS PAGE in reducing and non-reducing conditions and MALD-TOF. Enzymatic activity was measured by FRET substrate. Also, antigenic properties were assessed by ELISA and Western Blot data. RESULTS Characterization analysis revealed gradual modification on the tetanus toxin structure according to doses increase. Also, fragmentation and possible aggregations of the protein fragments were observed in higher doses. In the analysis of peptide preservation by enzymatic digestion and mass spectrometry, there was a slight modification in the identification up to the dose of 4 kGy. At subsequent doses, peptide identification was minimal. The analysis of the enzymatic activity by fluorescence showed 35 % attenuation in the activity even at higher doses. In the antigenic evaluation, anti-tetanus toxin antibodies were detected against the irradiated toxins at the different doses, with a gradual decrease as the dose increased, but remaining at satisfactory levels. CONCLUSION Ionizing radiation promoted structural changes in the tetanus toxin such as fragmentation and/or aggregation and attenuation of enzymatic activity as the dose increased, but antigenic recognition of the toxin remained at good levels indicating its possible use as an immunogen. However, studies of enzymatic activity of tetanus toxin irradiated with doses above 8 kGy should be further analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giselle Pacifico Sartori
- Laboratory of Protozoology, Institute of Tropical Medicine,
University of São Paulo (IMT/FMUSP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Andréa da Costa
- Laboratory of Protozoology, Institute of Tropical Medicine,
University of São Paulo (IMT/FMUSP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Patrick Jack Spencer
- Biotechnology Center, Nuclear and Energy Research Institute
(IPEN/CNEN/SP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Andrés Jimenez Galisteo
- Laboratory of Protozoology, Institute of Tropical Medicine,
University of São Paulo (IMT/FMUSP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- LIM49, Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, School of Medicine, University
of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Ahmed LA, Abdou FY, El Fiky AA, Shaaban EA, Ain-Shoka AA. Bradykinin-Potentiating Activity of a Gamma-Irradiated Bioactive Fraction Isolated from Scorpion (Leiurus quinquestriatus) Venom in Rats with Doxorubicin-Induced Acute Cardiotoxicity: Favorable Modulation of Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory, Fibrogenic and Apoptotic Pathways. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2021; 21:127-141. [PMID: 32860604 DOI: 10.1007/s12012-020-09602-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Although doxorubicin (Dox) is a backbone of chemotherapy, the search for an effective and safe therapy to revoke Dox-induced acute cardiotoxicity remains a critical matter in cardiology and oncology. The current study was the first to explore the probable protective effects of native and gamma-irradiated fractions with bradykinin-potentiating activity (BPA) isolated from scorpion (Leiurus quinquestriatus) venom against Dox-induced acute cardiotoxicity in rats. Native or irradiated fractions (1 μg/g) were administered intraperitoneally (i.p.) twice per week for 3 weeks, and Dox (15 mg/kg, i.p.) was administered on day 21 at 1 h after the last native or irradiated fraction treatment. Electrocardiographic (ECG) aberrations were ameliorated in the Dox-treated rats pretreated with the native fraction, and the irradiated fraction provided greater amelioration of ECG changes than that of the native fraction. The group pretreated with native protein with BPA also exhibited significant improvements in the levels of oxidative stress-related, inflammatory, angiogenic, fibrogenic, and apoptotic markers compared with those of the Dox group. Notably, the irradiated fraction restored these biomarkers to their normal levels. Additionally, the irradiated fraction ameliorated Dox-induced histological changes and alleviated the severity of cardiac injury to a greater extent than that of the native fraction. In conclusion, the gamma-irradiated detoxified fraction of scorpion venom elicited a better cardioprotective effect than that of the native fraction against Dox-induced acute cardiotoxicity in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lamiaa A Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El Aini St., Cairo, 11562, Egypt.
| | - Fatma Y Abdou
- Department of Drug Radiation Research, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology, Atomic Energy Authority, Nasr, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Abir A El Fiky
- ANDI Center of Excellence in Antivenom Research, Vacsera, Egypt
| | - Esmat A Shaaban
- Department of Drug Radiation Research, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology, Atomic Energy Authority, Nasr, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Afaf A Ain-Shoka
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El Aini St., Cairo, 11562, Egypt
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Gamma irradiated protease from Echis pyramidum venom: A promising immunogen to improve viper bites treatment. Toxicon 2020; 188:108-116. [PMID: 33065201 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Echis pyramidum (Epy) is a venomous snake belongs to Viperidae family; it causes fetal coagulopathy systemic effects and death. Searching for more effective and safe antivenom is mandatory for viper bites treatment. Proteases are the most lethal components in viper venom inducing hemorrhage, edema and coagulation problems. Thus, the study aims to evaluate the potency of the prepared antisera and their neutralizing properties against the biological activities induced by whole Epy venom individually. Echis pyramidum metalloprotease enzyme (60 kDa) was purified using size-exclusion followed by DEAE-ion exchange chromatography. The purified Epy metalloprotease enzyme (SVMP) was detoxified with 1.5 kGy gamma rays from cobalt60 gamma cell and used for immunization. 1.5 kGy irradiated Epy metalloprotease (SVMPi) showed less lethal activity (LD50) compared to the corresponding native immunogen. The prepared antisera boosted against whole Epy venom (WV), 1.5 kGy irradiated whole Epy venom (WVi), SVMP and SVMPi were tested for neutralization of lethality and biological activities induced by Epy venom. The antibodies elicited against WVi and SVMPi were 30,000 and 20,000 EU, respectively. The anti-SVMPi serum showed the highest neutralization of lethality (ED50) compared to the other prepared antisera. In addition, it prolonged the clotting time from 49.0 ± 2.5 to 176.2 ± 1.4 s. Furthermore, it demonstrated a highly neutralizing activity against edema induction and hemorrhage of Epy venom by 66.8% and 94.3%, respectively compared with the other prepared antisera. These findings would encourage further studies for using gamma irradiated purified fraction(s) from different snake venoms as safe antigen(s) to produce more effective antivenoms.
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Coelho Thomazi GO, da Costa A, Rodrigues JP, Alves GJ, Prezotto Neto JP, de Oliveira Turíbio T, Rocha AM, da Silva Aires R, Seibert CS, Spencer PJ, Galisteo Júnior AJ, de Andrade Júnior HF, do Nascimento N. Paratrygon aiereba irradiated anti-mucus serum reduce edematogenic activity induced in experimental model. Toxicon 2020; 178:13-19. [PMID: 32067999 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Accidents by freshwater stingrays are common in northern Brazil, there is no specific therapy for high morbidity and local tissue destruction. The irradiation of venoms and toxins by ionizing radiation has been used to produce appropriate immunogens for the production of antisera. We planned to study the efficacy of stinging mucus irradiation in the production of antisera, with serum neutralization assays of edematogenic activity and quantification of cytokines performed in animal models of immunization with native and irradiated mucus of Paratrygon aiereba, a large freshwater stingray. Antiserum potency and its cross-reactivity with mucus from other freshwater stingrays were detected by ELISA. Immunization models demonstrated the ability to stimulate a strong humoral response with elevated levels of serum IgG detectable by ELISA, and both native and irradiated mucus were immunogenic and capable of recognizing mucus proteins from other freshwater neotropical stingrays. Mucus P. aiereba causes cellular and humoral adaptive immune responses in cells of immunized mice producing antibodies and cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-17. Rabbit antisera immunized with mucus from P. aiereba irradiated at 2 kGy showed a significant reduction of mucus-induced edematogenic activity in mice. Our data suggest that the use of antisera against freshwater stingray mucus show the possibility of specific therapy for these accidents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Ortega Coelho Thomazi
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Lineu Prestes, 2242, Cidade Universitária, CEP, 05508-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Andrea da Costa
- Laboratório de Protozoologia, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Dr. Enéas Carvalho de Aguiar, 470, CEP, 05403-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Jaqueline Polizeli Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Protozoologia, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Dr. Enéas Carvalho de Aguiar, 470, CEP, 05403-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Glaucie Jussilane Alves
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Lineu Prestes, 2242, Cidade Universitária, CEP, 05508-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - José Pedro Prezotto Neto
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Lineu Prestes, 2242, Cidade Universitária, CEP, 05508-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Thompson de Oliveira Turíbio
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Lineu Prestes, 2242, Cidade Universitária, CEP, 05508-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - André Moreira Rocha
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Lineu Prestes, 2242, Cidade Universitária, CEP, 05508-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Raquel da Silva Aires
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Lineu Prestes, 2242, Cidade Universitária, CEP, 05508-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Carla Simone Seibert
- Ciências do Ambiente, Campus de Palmas, Universidade Federal do Tocantins, Quadra 109 Norte, Avenida NS-15, ALCNO-14, Plano Diretor Norte, CEP, 77001-090, Palmas, TO, Brazil.
| | - Patrick Jack Spencer
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Lineu Prestes, 2242, Cidade Universitária, CEP, 05508-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Andrés Jimenez Galisteo Júnior
- Laboratório de Protozoologia, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Dr. Enéas Carvalho de Aguiar, 470, CEP, 05403-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Heitor Franco de Andrade Júnior
- Laboratório de Protozoologia, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Dr. Enéas Carvalho de Aguiar, 470, CEP, 05403-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Nanci do Nascimento
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Lineu Prestes, 2242, Cidade Universitária, CEP, 05508-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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de la Rosa G, Olvera F, Cruz E, Paniagua D, Corzo G. Use of irradiated elapid and viperid venoms for antivenom production in small and large animals. Toxicon 2018; 155:32-37. [PMID: 30315836 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 09/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This work evaluated the feasibility of using toxoids obtained by gamma radiation in the production of antivenoms in small and large animals. Mixtures of African snake venoms from viperids or elapids were used. The viperid mixture contained the crude venom of five species of the genera Echis and Bitis, while the elapid mixture contained the crude venom of six species of the genera Naja and Dendroaspis. The viperid mixture had an LD50 of 1.25 mg/kg in mice, and the elapid mixture had an LD50 of 0.46 mg/kg. Both viper and elapid aqueous mixtures were subjected to Cobalt-60 gamma irradiation in three physical states: lyophilized, frozen and liquid. Radiation doses ranged from 0.5 to 100 kGy. The LD50s of the lyophilized and frozen mixtures of both viperid and elapid mixtures remained unaltered with radiation doses as high as 100 kGy; nevertheless, in the liquid state, doses of 3.5 and 5.5 kGy reduced the venom toxicity of both the viperid and elapid mixtures to 7.25 mg/kg and 1.74 mg/kg; less toxic by factors of 5.8 and 3.8, respectively. Groups of four rabbits and three horses were immunized with either irradiated or non-irradiated mixtures. In vitro and in vivo analysis of the rabbit and horse sera revealed that neutralizing antibodies were produced against both irradiated (toxoids) and native venom mixtures. None of the animals used in this study, either immunized with native venom or toxoids, developed severe local effects due to the application of venoms mixtures. Gamma-irradiated detoxified venoms mixtures, under well-controlled and studied conditions, could be a practical alternative for the production of polyvalent equine serum with high neutralization potency against snake venoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo de la Rosa
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, UNAM, Avenida Universidad 2001, Cuernavaca, Morelos, 62210, Mexico.
| | - Felipe Olvera
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, UNAM, Avenida Universidad 2001, Cuernavaca, Morelos, 62210, Mexico
| | - Epifanio Cruz
- Departamento de Química de Radiaciones, Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, UNAM, Apartado Postal 70-543, CDMX, 04510, Mexico
| | - Dayanira Paniagua
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, UNAM, Avenida Universidad 2001, Cuernavaca, Morelos, 62210, Mexico
| | - Gerardo Corzo
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, UNAM, Avenida Universidad 2001, Cuernavaca, Morelos, 62210, Mexico
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Wu S, Chou H, Yuh C, Mekuria SL, Kao Y, Tsai H. Radiation-Sensitive Dendrimer-Based Drug Delivery System. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2018; 5:1700339. [PMID: 29610720 PMCID: PMC5827102 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201700339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Combination of chemotherapy and radiotherapy is used to enhance local drug delivery while reducing off-target tissue effects. Anticancer drug doxorubicin (DOX) is loaded into l-cysteine modified G4.5 dendrimer (GC/DOX) and released at different pH values in the presence and absence of γ-radiation. Presence of γ-radiation significantly improves DOX release from the GC/DOX under acidic pH conditions, suggesting that GC dendrimer is a radiation-sensitive drug delivery system. GC/DOX is further evaluated by determining cytotoxicity in uterine cervical carcinoma HeLa cells. GC/DOX shows high affinity for cancer cells and effective drug release following an external stimulus (radiation exposure), whereas an in vivo zebrafish study confirms that l-cysteine acts as a radiosensitizer. GC/DOX treatment combined with radiotherapy synergistically and successfully inhibits cancer cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szu‐Yuan Wu
- Department of Radiation OncologyWan Fang HospitalTaipei Medical University116TaipeiTaiwan
- Department of Internal MedicineSchool of MedicineCollege of MedicineTaipei Medical University110TaipeiTaiwan
| | - Hsiao‐Ying Chou
- Graduate Institute of Applied Science and TechnologyNational Taiwan University of Science and Technology106TaipeiTaiwan
| | - Chiou‐Hwa Yuh
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic MedicineNational Health Research Institutes350ZhunanMiaoliTaiwan
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural BiologyNational Tsing Hua University300HsinchuTaiwan
- Department of Biological Science and TechnologyNational Chiao Tung University300HsinchuTaiwan
| | - Shewaye Lakew Mekuria
- Graduate Institute of Applied Science and TechnologyNational Taiwan University of Science and Technology106TaipeiTaiwan
| | - Yu‐Chih Kao
- Graduate Institute of Applied Science and TechnologyNational Taiwan University of Science and Technology106TaipeiTaiwan
| | - Hsieh‐Chih Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Applied Science and TechnologyNational Taiwan University of Science and Technology106TaipeiTaiwan
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Morphophysiological and cuticular chemical alterations caused by Xenos entomophagus endoparasites in the social wasp Polistes ferreri (Hymenoptera, Vespidae). Parasitology 2016; 143:1939-1944. [DOI: 10.1017/s0031182016001529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYSocial wasps can face many challenges during their colony cycle, including the presence of parasites. The order Strepsiptera is among the main parasites of the wasp genus Polistes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of an endoparasite species on the host Polistes ferreri, with the hypothesis that females of this social wasp would undergo morphophysiological alterations as well as changes in their cuticular chemical profile caused by the obligate endoparasite. On average, parasitism was found in 10% of the colonies studied. All the parasitized females showed filamentous ovarioles without developing oocytes, which indicates a physiological castration. Moreover, the endoparasites present in the gaster of females caused its volume to increase, and the presence of endoparasites changed the cuticular chemical profiles of females, confirming our hypothesis. It is likely that this parasitism effect could hamper the maintenance of wasp colonies.
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