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McMurray JC, Adams KE, Wanandy T, Le A, Heddle RJ. Stinging Ant Anaphylaxis: Advances in Diagnosis and Treatment. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY. IN PRACTICE 2024:S2213-2198(24)00745-1. [PMID: 39038538 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2024.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Stinging ants represent a wide range of over 200 different species across the world, of which Solenopsis, Myrmecia, Pogonomyrmex, and Brachyponera genera account for a substantial economic and healthcare burden. S. invicta (red imported fire ant [IFA]) and M. pilosula (jack jumper ant [JJA]) are 2 species of high clinical importance, known to cause anaphylaxis in humans, with numerous reported fatalities. Diagnostic testing should be performed in patients with a history of a systemic reaction with skin testing and/or in vitro specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) testing. In vitro testing is commercially available for IFA through whole-body extract specific IgE and JJA venom-specific IgE, but not widely available for other stinging ant species. Commercial venom component testing for IFA and JJA is currently not available. Patients with a clinical history and positive specific IgE testing should undergo treatment with specific immunotherapy, which is currently available for IFA and JJA. Buildup may be performed using conventional, semi-rush, rush, or ultra-rush schedules with similar risk profiles for IFA. Optimal duration for whole=body extract immunotherapy for IFA and specific JJA venom immunotherapy is not well studied, but generally recommended for at least 3 to 5 years. Sting challenges are used in research settings, primarily to assess treatment efficacy of immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy C McMurray
- Allergy & Immunology Service, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Md.
| | - Karla E Adams
- Allergy & Immunology Service, Wilford Hall Ambulatory Surgical Center, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Troy Wanandy
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Incorporating the Jack Jumper Allergy Program, Royal Hobart Hospital, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia; College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia; National Allergy Centre of Excellence (NACE), Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Adriana Le
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Incorporating the Jack Jumper Allergy Program, Royal Hobart Hospital, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia; College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia; National Allergy Centre of Excellence (NACE), Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robert J Heddle
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Buraphaka H, Dobutr T, Wiese MD, Lopata AL, Daduang S. Structure-based epitope prediction and assessment of cross-reactivity of Myrmecia pilosula venom-specific IgE and recombinant Sol g proteins (Solenopsis geminata). Sci Rep 2024; 14:11145. [PMID: 38750087 PMCID: PMC11096326 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-61843-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The global distribution of tropical fire ants (Solenopsis geminata) raises concerns about anaphylaxis and serious medical issues in numerous countries. This investigation focused on the cross-reactivity of allergen-specific IgE antibodies between S. geminata and Myrmecia pilosula (Jack Jumper ant) venom proteins due to the potential emergence of cross-reactive allergies in the future. Antibody epitope analysis unveiled one predominant conformational epitope on Sol g 1.1 (PI score of 0.989), followed by Sol g 2.2, Sol g 4.1, and Sol g 3.1. Additionally, Pilosulin 1 showed high allergenic potential (PI score of 0.94), with Pilosulin 5a (PI score of 0.797) leading in B-cell epitopes. The sequence analysis indicated that Sol g 2.2 and Sol g 4.1 pose a high risk of cross-reactivity with Pilosulins 4.1a and 5a. Furthermore, the cross-reactivity of recombinant Sol g proteins with M. pilosula-specific IgE antibodies from 41 patients revealed high cross-reactivity for r-Sol g 3.1 (58.53%) and r-Sol g 4.1 (43.90%), followed by r-Sol g 2.2 (26.82%), and r-Sol g 1.1 (9.75%). Therefore, this study demonstrates cross-reactivity (85.36%) between S. geminata and M. pilosula, highlighting the allergenic risk. Understanding these reactions is vital for the prevention of severe allergic reactions, especially in individuals with pre-existing Jumper Jack ant allergy, informing future management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hathairat Buraphaka
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Protein and Proteomics Research Center for Commercial and Industrial Purposes (ProCCI), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Theerawat Dobutr
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Protein and Proteomics Research Center for Commercial and Industrial Purposes (ProCCI), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Thailand
| | - Michael D Wiese
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Innovation, UniSA: Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Andreas L Lopata
- Molecular Allergy Research Laboratory, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University AU, Townsville, Australia.
- Tropical Futures Institute, James Cook University SG, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Sakda Daduang
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.
- Protein and Proteomics Research Center for Commercial and Industrial Purposes (ProCCI), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.
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Nonkhwao S, Plettner E, Daduang S. Protein-Ligand Binding and Structural Modelling Studies of Pheromone-Binding Protein-like Sol g 2.1 from Solenopsis geminata Fire Ant Venom. Molecules 2024; 29:1033. [PMID: 38474545 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29051033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Sol g 2 is the major protein in Solenopsis geminata fire ant venom. It shares the highest sequence identity with Sol i 2 (S. invicta) and shares high structural homology with LmaPBP (pheromone-binding protein (PBP) from the cockroach Leucophaea maderae). We examined the specific Sol g 2 protein ligands from fire ant venom. The results revealed that the protein naturally formed complexes with hydrocarbons, including decane, undecane, dodecane, and tridecane, in aqueous venom solutions. Decane showed the highest affinity binding (Kd) with the recombinant Sol g 2.1 protein (rSol g 2.1). Surprisingly, the mixture of alkanes exhibited a higher binding affinity with the rSol g 2.1 protein compared to a single one, which is related to molecular docking simulations, revealing allosteric binding sites in the Sol g 2.1 protein model. In the trail-following bioassay, we observed that a mixture of the protein sol g 2.1 and hydrocarbons elicited S. geminata worker ants to follow trails for a longer time and distance compared to a mixture containing only hydrocarbons. This suggests that Sol g 2.1 protein may delay the evaporation of the hydrocarbons. Interestingly, the piperidine alkaloids extracted have the highest attraction to the ants. Therefore, the mixture of hydrocarbons and piperidines had a synergistic effect on the trail-following of ants when both were added to the protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siriporn Nonkhwao
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Erika Plettner
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Sakda Daduang
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- Protein and Proteomics Research Center for Commercial and Industrial Purposes (ProCCI), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
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Nonkhwao S, Rungsa P, Buraphaka H, Klaynongsruang S, Daduang J, Kornthong N, Daduang S. Characterization and Localization of Sol g 2.1 Protein from Solenopsis geminata Fire Ant Venom in the Central Nervous System of Injected Crickets ( Acheta domestica). Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14814. [PMID: 37834262 PMCID: PMC10573061 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Solenopsis geminata is recognized for containing the allergenic proteins Sol g 1, 2, 3, and 4 in its venom. Remarkably, Sol g 2.1 exhibits hydrophobic binding and has a high sequence identity (83.05%) with Sol i 2 from S. invicta. Notably, Sol g 2.1 acts as a mediator, causing paralysis in crickets. Given its structural resemblance and biological function, Sol g 2.1 may play a key role in transporting hydrophobic potent compounds, which induce paralysis by releasing the compounds through the insect's nervous system. To investigate this further, we constructed and characterized the recombinant Sol g 2.1 protein (rSol g 2.1), identified with LC-MS/MS. Circular dichroism spectroscopy was performed to reveal the structural features of the rSol g 2.1 protein. Furthermore, after treating crickets with S. geminata venom, immunofluorescence and immunoblotting results revealed that the Sol g 2.1 protein primarily localizes to the neuronal cell membrane of the brain and thoracic ganglia, with distribution areas related to octopaminergic neuron cell patterns. Based on protein-protein interaction predictions, we found that the Sol g 2.1 protein can interact with octopamine receptors (OctRs) in neuronal cell membranes, potentially mediating Sol g 2.1's localization within cricket central nervous systems. Here, we suggest that Sol g 2.1 may enhance paralysis in crickets by acting as carriers of active molecules and releasing them onto target cells through pH gradients. Future research should explore the binding properties of Sol g 2.1 with ligands, considering its potential as a transporter for active molecules targeting pest nervous systems, offering innovative pest control prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siriporn Nonkhwao
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; (S.N.); (P.R.); (H.B.)
| | - Prapenpuksiri Rungsa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; (S.N.); (P.R.); (H.B.)
| | - Hathairat Buraphaka
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; (S.N.); (P.R.); (H.B.)
| | - Sompong Klaynongsruang
- Protein and Proteomics Research Center for Commercial and Industrial Purposes (ProCCI), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand;
| | - Jureerut Daduang
- Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand;
| | - Napamanee Kornthong
- Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand;
| | - Sakda Daduang
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; (S.N.); (P.R.); (H.B.)
- Protein and Proteomics Research Center for Commercial and Industrial Purposes (ProCCI), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand;
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Xu G, Chen L. Biological Activities and Ecological Significance of Fire Ant Venom Alkaloids. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:439. [PMID: 37505709 PMCID: PMC10467088 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15070439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Venoms produced by arthropods act as chemical weapons to paralyze prey or deter competitors. The utilization of venom is an essential feature in the biology and ecology of venomous arthropods. Solenopsis fire ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) are medically important venomous ants. They have acquired different patterns of venom use to maximize their competitive advantages rendered by the venom when facing different challenges. The major components of fire ant venom are piperidine alkaloids, which have strong insecticidal and antibiotic activities. The alkaloids protect fire ants from pathogens over the course of their lives and can be used to defend them from predators and competitors. They are also utilized by some of the fire ants' natural enemies, such as phorid flies to locate host ants. Collectively, these ants' diverse alkaloid compositions and functions have ecological significance for their survival, successful invasion, and rapid range expansion. The venom alkaloids with powerful biological activities may have played an important role in shaping the assembly of communities in both native and introduced ranges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangxin Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China;
- Hebei Basic Science Center for Biotic Interaction, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Li Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China;
- Hebei Basic Science Center for Biotic Interaction, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
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Cai L, Yang F, Wang Y, Yang J, Zhu Y, Ma X, Höfer J, Wang Y, Ma Y, Xiao L. A combined protein toxin screening based on the transcriptome and proteome of Solenopsis invicta. Proteome Sci 2022; 20:15. [PMID: 36131344 PMCID: PMC9494847 DOI: 10.1186/s12953-022-00197-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Multi-omics technology provides a good tool to analyze the protein toxin composition and search for the potential pathogenic factors of Solenopsis invicta, under the great harm of the accelerated invasion in southern China. Methods Species collection, functional annotation, toxin screening, and 3D modeling construction of three interested toxins were performed based on the successfully constructed transcriptome and proteome of S. invicta. Results A total of 33,231 unigenes and 721 proteins were obtained from the constructed transcriptome and proteome, of which 9,842 (29.62%) and 4,844 (14.58%) unigenes, as well as 469 (65.05%) and 71 (99.45%) proteins were annotated against the databases of Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes, respectively. After comparing with the uniprot toxin database, a total of 316 unigenes and 47 proteins (calglandulin, venom allergen 3, and venom prothrombin activator hopsarin-D, etc.) were successfully screened. Conclusions The update of annotations at the transcriptome and proteome levels presents a progression in the comprehension of S. invicta in China. We also provide a protein toxin list that could be used for further exploration of toxicity as well as its antagonistic strategy by S. invicta. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12953-022-00197-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuyang Cai
- Basic School of Medicine, Second Military Medical University (Naval Medical University), Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Fengling Yang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, Jilin, China.,Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University (Naval Medical University), Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Yongfang Wang
- Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University (Naval Medical University), Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Jishun Yang
- Medical Insurance Center, Navy Medical Center, Navy Medical Center of PLA, Shanghai, 200050, China
| | - Yina Zhu
- Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University (Naval Medical University), Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Xueqi Ma
- Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University (Naval Medical University), Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Juan Höfer
- Escuela de Ciencias del Mar, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, 2340000, Región de Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Yichao Wang
- Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University (Naval Medical University), Shanghai, 200433, China. .,Department of Clinical Laboratory, Taizhou Central Hospital, Taizhou, 318000, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Yajun Ma
- Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University (Naval Medical University), Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Liang Xiao
- Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University (Naval Medical University), Shanghai, 200433, China.
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Valles SM, Oliver JB, Addesso KM, Perera OP. Unique venom proteins from Solenopsis invicta x Solenopsis richteri hybrid fire ants. Toxicon X 2021; 9-10:100065. [PMID: 34027387 PMCID: PMC8131721 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxcx.2021.100065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Solenopsis venom protein 2 transcript was amplified, sequenced, probed, and analyzed from Solenopsis invicta x Solenopsis richteri hybrid ant colonies (hybrids) collected from across Tennessee to determine the extent of introgression of each parent allele (Solenopsis invicta venom protein 2 [Soli2] and Solenopsis richteri venom protein 2 [Solr2]). Chemotaxonomic analyses of venom alkaloids and cuticular hydrocarbons were used to categorize hybrid colonies and their relative relatedness to each parent species. Hybrid colonies were chosen randomly from each chemotaxonomic hybridization category, including "very near S. richteri," "near S. richteri," "near S. invicta," and "very near S. invicta." Lateral flow immunoassays for detection of the Soli2 and Solr2 venom proteins were largely in agreement with the chemotaxonomic analyses for the very near S. richteri (100% Solr2) and very near S. invicta (80% Soli2, 20% Soli2 + Solr2 detected in the sample) groups, while Soli2 and Solr2 were reported in 60% and 40% in the near S. invicta and near S. richteri chemotaxonomic groups. Analysis of transcripts from the hybrid colonies revealed a sequence with 100% identity to Soli2 (GenBank Accession L09560) and three unique sequences, which we identify as Solenopsis hybrid venom protein 2 (Solh2; GenBank Accession MT150127), Solenopsis hybrid truncated venom protein 2 (Solh2Tr97; Genbank Accession MT150129), and Solenopsis richteri venom protein 2, D to A change at position 69 (Solr2A69; GenBank Accession MT150128). The predicted open reading frame for Solh2 and Solh2Tr97 revealed sequences unique to hybrid ants, with Solh2Tr97an alternatively spliced form. A third unique sequence, Solr2A69, is likely the correct sequence for Solr2, which appears to have been published previously with a sequencing error (GenBank Accession P35776).
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven M Valles
- Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 1600, SW 23rd Drive, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jason B Oliver
- Tennessee State University, College of Agriculture, Otis L. Floyd Nursery Research Center, McMinnville, TN, 37110, USA
| | - Karla M Addesso
- Tennessee State University, College of Agriculture, Otis L. Floyd Nursery Research Center, McMinnville, TN, 37110, USA
| | - Omaththage P Perera
- Southern Insect Management Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 141 Experiment Station Road, Stoneville, MS, USA
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The Peptide Venom Composition of the Fierce Stinging Ant Tetraponera aethiops (Formicidae: Pseudomyrmecinae). Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11120732. [PMID: 31847368 PMCID: PMC6950161 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11120732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In the mutualisms involving certain pseudomyrmicine ants and different myrmecophytes (i.e., plants sheltering colonies of specialized “plant-ant” species in hollow structures), the ant venom contributes to the host plant biotic defenses by inducing the rapid paralysis of defoliating insects and causing intense pain to browsing mammals. Using integrated transcriptomic and proteomic approaches, we identified the venom peptidome of the plant-ant Tetraponera aethiops (Pseudomyrmecinae). The transcriptomic analysis of its venom glands revealed that 40% of the expressed contigs encoded only seven peptide precursors related to the ant venom peptides from the A-superfamily. Among the 12 peptide masses detected by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC–MS), nine mature peptide sequences were characterized and confirmed through proteomic analysis. These venom peptides, called pseudomyrmecitoxins (PSDTX), share amino acid sequence identities with myrmeciitoxins known for their dual offensive and defensive functions on both insects and mammals. Furthermore, we demonstrated through reduction/alkylation of the crude venom that four PSDTXs were homo- and heterodimeric. Thus, we provide the first insights into the defensive venom composition of the ant genus Tetraponera indicative of a streamlined peptidome.
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Rungsa P, Janpan P, Saengkun Y, Jangpromma N, Klaynongsruang S, Patramanon R, Uawonggul N, Daduang J, Daduang S. Heterologous expression and mutagenesis of recombinant Vespa affinis hyaluronidase protein (rVesA2). J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2019; 25:e20190030. [PMID: 31839801 PMCID: PMC6892566 DOI: 10.1590/1678-9199-jvatitd-2019-0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Crude venom of the banded tiger waspVespa affinis contains a variety of enzymes including hyaluronidases, commonly known as spreading factors. Methods The cDNA cloning, sequence analysis and structural modelling of V. affinis venom hyaluronidase (VesA2) were herein described. Moreover, heterologous expression and mutagenesis of rVesA2 were performed. Results V. affinis venom hyaluronidase full sequence is composed of 331 amino acids, with four predicted N-glycosylation sites. It was classified into the glycoside hydrolase family 56. The homology modelling exhibited a central core (α/β)7 composed of Asp107 and Glu109, acting as the catalytic residues. The recombinant protein was successfully expressed in E. coli with hyaluronidase activity. A recombinant mutant type with the double point mutation, Asp107Asn and Glu109Gln, completely lost this activity. The hyaluronidase from crude venom exhibited activity from pH 2 to 7. The recombinant wild type showed its maximal activity at pH 2 but decreased rapidly to nearly zero at pH 3 and was completely lost at pH 4. Conclusion The recombinant wild-type protein showed its maximal activity at pH 2, more acidic pH than that found in the crude venom. The glycosylation was predicted to be responsible for the pH optimum and thermal stability of the enzymes activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prapenpuksiri Rungsa
- Protein and Proteomics Research Center for Commercial and Industrial Purposes (ProCCI), Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.,Division of Pharmacognosy and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Piyapon Janpan
- Protein and Proteomics Research Center for Commercial and Industrial Purposes (ProCCI), Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.,Division of Pharmacognosy and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Yutthakan Saengkun
- Protein and Proteomics Research Center for Commercial and Industrial Purposes (ProCCI), Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.,Division of Pharmacognosy and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Nisachon Jangpromma
- Protein and Proteomics Research Center for Commercial and Industrial Purposes (ProCCI), Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Sompong Klaynongsruang
- Protein and Proteomics Research Center for Commercial and Industrial Purposes (ProCCI), Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Rina Patramanon
- Protein and Proteomics Research Center for Commercial and Industrial Purposes (ProCCI), Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Nunthawun Uawonggul
- Faculty of Science, Nakhon Phanom University, Nakhon Phanom, 48000, Thailand
| | - Jureerut Daduang
- Centre for Research and Development of Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Sakda Daduang
- Protein and Proteomics Research Center for Commercial and Industrial Purposes (ProCCI), Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.,Division of Pharmacognosy and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
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The Use of Molecular Allergy Diagnosis in Anaphylaxis: a Literature Review. CURRENT TREATMENT OPTIONS IN ALLERGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s40521-019-00204-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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