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Chen S, Deng X, Sheng H, Rong Y, Zheng Y, Zhang Y, Lin J. Noncoding RNAs in pediatric brain tumors: Molecular functions and pathological implications. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2021; 26:417-431. [PMID: 34552822 PMCID: PMC8426460 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2021.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Brain tumors are common solid pediatric malignancies and the main reason for cancer-related death in the pediatric setting. Recently, evidence has revealed that noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), including microRNAs (miRNAs), long ncRNAs (lncRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs), play a critical role in brain tumor development and progression. Therefore, in this review article, we describe the functions and molecular mechanisms of ncRNAs in multiple types of cancer, including medulloblastoma, pilocytic astrocytoma, ependymoma, atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor, glioblastoma, diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma, and craniopharyngioma. We also mention the limitations of using ncRNAs as therapeutic targets because of the nonspecificity of ncRNA targets and the delivery methods of ncRNAs. Due to the critical role of ncRNAs in brain oncogenesis, targeting aberrantly expressed ncRNAs might be an effective strategy to improve the outcomes of pediatric patients with brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohuai Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiangyang Deng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Hansong Sheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yuxi Rong
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yanhao Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yusong Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jian Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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Kukreja L, Li CJ, Ezhilan S, Iyer VR, Kuo JS. Emerging Epigenetic Therapies for Brain Tumors. Neuromolecular Med 2021; 24:41-49. [PMID: 34677796 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-021-08691-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Malignant brain tumors are among the most intractable cancers, including malignancies such as glioblastoma, diffuse midline glioma, medulloblastoma, and ependymoma. Unfortunately, treatment options for these brain tumors have been inadequate and complex, leading to poor prognoses and creating a need for new treatment modalities. Aberrant epigenetics define these types of tumors, with underlying changes in DNA methylation, histone modifications, chromatin structure and noncoding RNAs. Epigenetic-targeted therapies are an alternative that have the potential to reverse the epigenetic deregulation underpinning brain malignancies. Various drugs targeting epigenetic regulators have shown promise in preclinical and clinical testing. In this review, we highlight some of the recent emerging epigenetic targeted therapies for brain tumors being evaluated in the discovery phase and in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lokesh Kukreja
- Department of Neurosurgery, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Catherine J Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Sathyapriya Ezhilan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Vishwanath R Iyer
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, LIVESTRONG Cancer Institutes and Department of Oncology, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
| | - John S Kuo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mulva Clinic for the Neurosciences and LIVESTRONG Cancer Institutes and Department of Oncology, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA. .,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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Ektesabi AM, Mori K, Tsoporis JN, Vaswani CM, Gupta S, Walsh C, Varkouhi AK, Mei SH, Stewart DJ, Liles WC, Marshall JC, Hu P, Parker TG, dos Santos CC. Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells Increase Cardiac miR-187-3p Expression in a Polymicrobial Animal Model of Sepsis. Shock 2021; 56:133-141. [PMID: 33378320 PMCID: PMC8240645 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000001701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Sepsis-induced myocardial dysfunction (MD) is an important pathophysiological feature of multiorgan failure caused by a dysregulated host response to infection. Patients with MD continue to be managed in intensive care units with limited understanding of the molecular mechanisms controlling disease pathogenesis. Emerging evidences support the use of mesenchymal stem/stromal cell (MSC) therapy for treating critically ill septic patients. Combining this with the known role that microRNAs (miRNAs) play in reversing sepsis-induced myocardial-dysfunction, this study sought to investigate how MSC administration alters miRNA expression in the heart. Mice were randomized to experimental polymicrobial sepsis induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) or sham surgery, treated with either MSCs (2.5 × 105) or placebo (saline). Twenty-eight hours post-intervention, RNA was collected from whole hearts for transcriptomic and microRNA profiling. The top microRNAs differentially regulated in hearts by CLP and MSC administration were used to generate a putative mRNA-miRNA interaction network. Key genes, termed hub genes, within the network were then identified and further validated in vivo. Network analysis and RT-qPCR revealed that septic hearts treated with MSCs resulted in upregulation of five miRNAs, including miR-187, and decrease in three top hit putative hub genes (Itpkc, Lrrc59, and Tbl1xr1). Functionally, MSC administration decreased inflammatory and apoptotic pathways, while increasing cardiac-specific structural and functional, gene expression. Taken together, our data suggest that MSC administration regulates host-derived miRNAs production to protect cardiomyocytes from sepsis-induced MD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin M. Ektesabi
- Institute of Medical Science, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Keisuke Mori
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - James N. Tsoporis
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Chirag M. Vaswani
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sahil Gupta
- Institute of Medical Science, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Chris Walsh
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Amir K. Varkouhi
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Shirley H.J. Mei
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute and the University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Duncan J. Stewart
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute and the University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - W. Conrad Liles
- Department of Medicine and Sepsis Center of Research Excellence-UW (SCORE-UW), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - John C. Marshall
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Pingzhao Hu
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Thomas G. Parker
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Claudia C. dos Santos
- Institute of Medical Science, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNA) are small non-coding RNAs (∼22 nt in length) that are known as potent master regulators of eukaryotic gene expression. miRNAs have been shown to play a critical role in cancer pathogenesis, and the misregulation of miRNAs is a well-known feature of cancer. In recent years, miR-29 has emerged as a critical miRNA in various cancers, and it has been shown to regulate multiple oncogenic processes, including epigenetics, proteostasis, metabolism, proliferation, apoptosis, metastasis, fibrosis, angiogenesis, and immunomodulation. Although miR-29 has been thoroughly documented as a tumor suppressor in the majority of studies, some controversy remains with conflicting reports of miR-29 as an oncogene. In this review, we provide a systematic overview of miR-29's functional role in various mechanisms of cancer and introspection on the contradictory roles of miR-29.
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Association of MicroRNAs with the Clinicopathologic Characteristics of Ependymoma. J Mol Neurosci 2018; 66:307-313. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-018-1178-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Zakrzewska M, Fendler W, Zakrzewski K, Sikorska B, Grajkowska W, Dembowska-Bagińska B, Filipek I, Stefańczyk Ł, Liberski PP. Altered MicroRNA Expression Is Associated with Tumor Grade, Molecular Background and Outcome in Childhood Infratentorial Ependymoma. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158464. [PMID: 27390862 PMCID: PMC4938415 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ependymal tumors are the third most common group of brain tumors in children, accounting for about 10% of all primary brain neoplasms. According to the current WHO classification, they comprise four entities with the most frequent ependymoma and anaplastic ependymoma. The most of pediatric tumors are located within the posterior fossa, with a tendency to infiltrate the vital brain structures. This limits surgical resection and poses a considerable clinical problem. Moreover, there are no appropriate outcome prognostic factors besides the extent of surgical resection. Despite definition of molecular subgroups, the majority of childhood ependymomas present a balanced genome, which makes it difficult to establish molecular prognostic factors. Methods The purpose of our study was to explore whether miRNA expression could be used as prognostic markers in pediatric infratentorial ependymomas. We also performed a mRNA expression pattern analysis of NELL2 and LAMA2 genes, with immunohistochemical illustrations of representative cases. The miRNA and mRNA expression was measured in 53 pediatric infratentorial ependymomas using a real-time quantitative PCR. Results Three miRNAs were shown to efficiently differentiate between grade II and III ependymomas: miR-17-5p, miR-19a-3p, and miR-106b-5p. Survival analysis showed that the probabilities of overall (p = 0.036) and event-free survival (p = 0.002) were reduced with higher than median miRNA expression levels of miR-17-5p. Using multivariate analysis adjusted for patient's age, sex, tumor grade and localization, we showed statistically significant associations with event-free survival (p = 0004) and borderline statistical significance with overall survival (p = 0.057) for miR-17-5p. Correlation analysis of miR-19a, miR-17-5p, miR-106b revealed that their expression levels were significantly correlated with EZH2 expression, suggested marker of PFA ependymomas. Furthermore, lower expression level of LAMA2 mRNA was shown to be associated with an increased risk of death in covariate-adjusted analyses. Conclusions Our data provide a better understanding of pediatric ependymoma and suggests the presence of plausible molecular biomarkers connected with the outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Zakrzewska
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Neuropathology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
- * E-mail:
| | - Wojciech Fendler
- Department of Biostatistics and Translational Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Zakrzewski
- Department of Neurosurgery, Polish Mother Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Lodz, Poland
| | - Beata Sikorska
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Neuropathology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Wiesława Grajkowska
- Department of Pathology, Children’s Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Neuropathology, M. Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Iwona Filipek
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Paweł P. Liberski
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Neuropathology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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