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Yang Y, Zhang Z. α-Synuclein pathology from the body to the brain: so many seeds so close to the central soil. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:1463-1472. [PMID: 38051888 PMCID: PMC10883481 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.387967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT α-Synuclein is a protein that mainly exists in the presynaptic terminals. Abnormal folding and accumulation of α-synuclein are found in several neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's disease. Aggregated and highly phosphorylated α-synuclein constitutes the main component of Lewy bodies in the brain, the pathological hallmark of Parkinson's disease. For decades, much attention has been focused on the accumulation of α-synuclein in the brain parenchyma rather than considering Parkinson's disease as a systemic disease. Recent evidence demonstrates that, at least in some patients, the initial α-synuclein pathology originates in the peripheral organs and spreads to the brain. Injection of α-synuclein preformed fibrils into the gastrointestinal tract triggers the gut-to-brain propagation of α-synuclein pathology. However, whether α-synuclein pathology can occur spontaneously in peripheral organs independent of exogenous α-synuclein preformed fibrils or pathological α-synuclein leakage from the central nervous system remains under investigation. In this review, we aimed to summarize the role of peripheral α-synuclein pathology in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. We also discuss the pathways by which α-synuclein pathology spreads from the body to the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunying Yang
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Zhentao Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
- TaiKang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
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2
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Mubeen H, Masood A, Zafar A, Khan ZQ, Khan MQ, Nisa AU. Insights into AlphaFold's breakthrough in neurodegenerative diseases. Ir J Med Sci 2024:10.1007/s11845-024-03721-6. [PMID: 38833116 DOI: 10.1007/s11845-024-03721-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (ND) are disorders of the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by impairment in neurons' functions, and complete loss, leading to memory loss, and difficulty in learning, language, and movement processes. The most common among these NDs are Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD), although several other disorders also exist. These are frontotemporal dementia (FTD), amyotrophic lateral syndrome (ALS), Huntington's disease (HD), and others; the major pathological hallmark of NDs is the proteinopathies, either of amyloid-β (Aβ), tauopathies, or synucleinopathies. Aggregation of proteins that do not undergo normal configuration, either due to mutations or through some disturbance in cellular pathway contributes to the diseases. Artificial Intelligence (AI) and deep learning (DL) have proven to be successful in the diagnosis and treatment of various congenital diseases. DL approaches like AlphaFold (AF) are a major leap towards success in CNS disorders. This 3D protein geometry modeling algorithm developed by DeepMind has the potential to revolutionize biology. AF has the potential to predict 3D-protein confirmation at an accuracy level comparable to experimentally predicted one, with the additional advantage of precisely estimating protein interactions. This breakthrough will be beneficial to identify diseases' advancement and the disturbance of signaling pathways stimulating impaired functions of proteins. Though AlphaFold has solved a major problem in structural biology, it cannot predict membrane proteins-a beneficial approach for drug designing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hira Mubeen
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science & Technology, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Ammara Masood
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science & Technology, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Asma Zafar
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science & Technology, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Zohaira Qayyum Khan
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science & Technology, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muneeza Qayyum Khan
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science & Technology, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Alim Un Nisa
- Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Lahore, Pakistan
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3
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Tsitkov S, Valentine K, Kozareva V, Donde A, Frank A, Lei S, E Van Eyk J, Finkbeiner S, Rothstein JD, Thompson LM, Sareen D, Svendsen CN, Fraenkel E. Disease related changes in ATAC-seq of iPSC-derived motor neuron lines from ALS patients and controls. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3606. [PMID: 38697975 PMCID: PMC11066062 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47758-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), like many other neurodegenerative diseases, is highly heritable, but with only a small fraction of cases explained by monogenic disease alleles. To better understand sporadic ALS, we report epigenomic profiles, as measured by ATAC-seq, of motor neuron cultures derived from a diverse group of 380 ALS patients and 80 healthy controls. We find that chromatin accessibility is heavily influenced by sex, the iPSC cell type of origin, ancestry, and the inherent variance arising from sequencing. Once these covariates are corrected for, we are able to identify ALS-specific signals in the data. Additionally, we find that the ATAC-seq data is able to predict ALS disease progression rates with similar accuracy to methods based on biomarkers and clinical status. These results suggest that iPSC-derived motor neurons recapitulate important disease-relevant epigenomic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav Tsitkov
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kelsey Valentine
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Velina Kozareva
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Aneesh Donde
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Aaron Frank
- Cedars-Sinai Biomanufacturing Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Susan Lei
- Cedars-Sinai Biomanufacturing Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer E Van Eyk
- Advanced Clinical Biosystems Research Institute, Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Steve Finkbeiner
- Center for Systems and Therapeutics, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Taube/Koret Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Departments of Neurology and Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Rothstein
- Brain Science Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Leslie M Thompson
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Center, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Dhruv Sareen
- Cedars-Sinai Biomanufacturing Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- The Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Clive N Svendsen
- The Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ernest Fraenkel
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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4
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Fan L, Zhang S, Li X, Hu Z, Yang J, Zhang S, Zheng H, Su Y, Luo H, Liu X, Fan Y, Sun H, Zhang Z, Miao J, Song B, Xia Z, Shi C, Mao C, Xu Y. CHCHD2 p.Thr61Ile knock-in mice exhibit motor defects and neuropathological features of Parkinson's disease. Brain Pathol 2023; 33:e13124. [PMID: 36322611 PMCID: PMC10154378 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.13124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The p.Thr61Ile (p.T61I) mutation in coiled-coil-helix-coiled-coil-helix domain containing 2 (CHCHD2) was deemed a causative factor in Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the pathomechanism of the CHCHD2 p.T61I mutation in PD remains unclear. Few existing mouse models of CHCHD2-related PD completely reproduce the features of PD, and no transgenic or knock-in (KI) mouse models of CHCHD2 mutations have been reported. In the present study, we generated a novel CHCHD2 p.T61I KI mouse model, which exhibited accelerated mortality, progressive motor deficits, and dopaminergic (DA) neurons loss with age, accompanied by the accumulation and aggregation of α-synuclein and p-α-synuclein in the brains of the mutant mice. The mitochondria of mouse brains and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)-derived DA neurons carrying the CHCHD2 p.T61I mutation exhibited aberrant morphology and impaired function. Mechanistically, proteomic and RNA sequencing analysis revealed that p.T61I mutation induced mitochondrial dysfunction in aged mice likely through repressed insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) expression, resulting in the degeneration of the nervous system. Overall, this CHCHD2 p.T61I KI mouse model recapitulated the crucial clinical and neuropathological aspects of patients with PD and provided a novel tool for understanding the pathogenic mechanism and therapeutic interventions of CHCHD2-related PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyuan Fan
- Department of NeurologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
- Academy of Medical Sciences of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular DiseasesThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Shuo Zhang
- Department of NeurologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
- Academy of Medical Sciences of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular DiseasesThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Xinwei Li
- Department of NeurologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
- Academy of Medical Sciences of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular DiseasesThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Zhengwei Hu
- Department of NeurologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
- Academy of Medical Sciences of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular DiseasesThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of NeurologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular DiseasesThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Shuyu Zhang
- Neuro‐Intensive Care UnitThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Huimin Zheng
- Department of NeurologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular DiseasesThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Yun Su
- Department of NeurologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular DiseasesThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Haiyang Luo
- Department of NeurologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular DiseasesThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Xinjing Liu
- Department of NeurologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular DiseasesThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Yu Fan
- Department of NeurologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
- Academy of Medical Sciences of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular DiseasesThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Huifang Sun
- Department of NeurologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
- Academy of Medical Sciences of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular DiseasesThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Zhongxian Zhang
- Sino‐British Research Centre for Molecular Oncology, National Centre for International Research in Cell and Gene Therapy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Academy of Medical SciencesZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Jinxin Miao
- Sino‐British Research Centre for Molecular Oncology, National Centre for International Research in Cell and Gene Therapy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Academy of Medical SciencesZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
- Academy of Chinese Medicine ScienceHenan University of Chinese MedicineZhengzhouChina
| | - Bo Song
- Department of NeurologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular DiseasesThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Zongping Xia
- Department of NeurologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular DiseasesThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
- Clinical Systems Biology LaboratoriesZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Changhe Shi
- Department of NeurologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular DiseasesThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
- Institute of NeuroscienceZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Chengyuan Mao
- Department of NeurologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular DiseasesThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
- Sino‐British Research Centre for Molecular Oncology, National Centre for International Research in Cell and Gene Therapy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Academy of Medical SciencesZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Yuming Xu
- Department of NeurologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular DiseasesThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
- Institute of NeuroscienceZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
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Ikeda A, Imai Y, Hattori N. Neurodegeneration-associated mitochondrial proteins, CHCHD2 and CHCHD10–what distinguishes the two? Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:996061. [PMID: 36158221 PMCID: PMC9500460 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.996061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Coiled-coil-helix-coiled-coil-helix domain containing 2 (CHCHD2) and Coiled-coil-helix-coiled-coil-helix domain containing 10 (CHCHD10) are mitochondrial proteins that are thought to be genes which duplicated during evolution and are the causative genes for Parkinson’s disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/frontotemporal lobe dementia, respectively. CHCHD2 forms a heterodimer with CHCHD10 and a homodimer with itself, both of which work together within the mitochondria. Various pathogenic and disease-risk variants have been identified; however, how these mutations cause neurodegeneration in specific diseases remains a mystery. This review focuses on important new findings published since 2019 and discusses avenues to solve this mystery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Ikeda
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuzuru Imai
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Research for Parkinson’s Disease, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- *Correspondence: Yuzuru Imai, ; Nobutaka Hattori,
| | - Nobutaka Hattori
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Research for Parkinson’s Disease, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Research Institute for Diseases of Old Age, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
- Center for Genomic and Regenerative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
- Neurodegenerative Disorders Collaborative Laboratory, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama, Japan
- *Correspondence: Yuzuru Imai, ; Nobutaka Hattori,
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6
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Kee TR, Wehinger JL, Gonzalez PE, Nguyen E, McGill Percy KC, Khan SA, Chaput D, Wang X, Liu T, Kang DE, Woo JAA. Pathological characterization of a novel mouse model expressing the PD-linked CHCHD2-T61I mutation. Hum Mol Genet 2022; 31:3987-4005. [PMID: 35786718 PMCID: PMC9703812 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddac083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Coiled-coil-helix-coiled-coil-helix domain containing 2 (CHCHD2) is a mitochondrial protein that plays important roles in cristae structure, oxidative phosphorylation and apoptosis. Multiple mutations in CHCHD2 have been associated with Lewy body disorders (LBDs), such as Parkinson's disease (PD) and dementia with Lewy bodies, with the CHCHD2-T61I mutation being the most widely studied. However, at present, only CHCHD2 knockout or CHCHD2/CHCHD10 double knockout mouse models have been investigated. They do not recapitulate the pathology seen in patients with CHCHD2 mutations. We generated the first transgenic mouse model expressing the human PD-linked CHCHD2-T61I mutation driven by the mPrP promoter. We show that CHCHD2-T61I Tg mice exhibit perinuclear mitochondrial aggregates, neuroinflammation, and have impaired long-term synaptic plasticity associated with synaptic dysfunction. Dopaminergic neurodegeneration, a hallmark of PD, is also observed along with α-synuclein pathology. Significant motor dysfunction is seen with no changes in learning and memory at 1 year of age. A minor proportion of the CHCHD2-T61I Tg mice (~10%) show a severe motor phenotype consistent with human Pisa Syndrome, an atypical PD phenotype. Unbiased proteomics analysis reveals surprising increases in many insoluble proteins predominantly originating from mitochondria and perturbing multiple canonical biological pathways as assessed by ingenuity pathway analysis, including neurodegenerative disease-associated proteins such as tau, cofilin, SOD1 and DJ-1. Overall, CHCHD2-T61I Tg mice exhibit pathological and motor changes associated with LBDs, indicating that this model successfully captures phenotypes seen in human LBD patients with CHCHD2 mutations and demonstrates changes in neurodegenerative disease-associated proteins, which delineates relevant pathological pathways for further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa R Kee
- Department of Pathology, CWRU School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA,Department of Molecular of Medicine, USF Health College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33613, USA
| | - Jessica L Wehinger
- Department of Molecular of Medicine, USF Health College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33613, USA
| | | | - Eric Nguyen
- Department of Molecular of Medicine, USF Health College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33613, USA
| | | | - Sophia A Khan
- Department of Pathology, CWRU School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Dale Chaput
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology, and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Xinming Wang
- Department of Pathology, CWRU School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Tian Liu
- Department of Pathology, CWRU School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - David E Kang
- Department of Pathology, CWRU School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA,Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Jung-A A Woo
- To whom correspondence should be addressed at: Department of Pathology, CWRU School of Medicine, 2103 Cornell Rd, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA. Tel: +1 2163680052; Fax: +1 2163680494;
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7
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Li K, Ning P, Liu B, Yang H, Zhu Y, Yin W, Zhou C, Ren H, Yang X. Downregulation of CHCHD2 may Contribute to Parkinson's Disease by Reducing Expression of NFE2L2 and RQCD1. Curr Neurovasc Res 2022; 19:19-29. [PMID: 35388756 DOI: 10.2174/1567202619666220406082221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease (PD) is associated with coiled-coil-helix-coiled-coil-helix domain containing 2 (CHCHD2) downregulation, which has been linked to reduced cyclocytase activity and increased levels of oxygen free radicals, leading to mitochondrial fragmentation and apoptosis. Little is known about how CHCHD2 normally functions in the cell and, therefore, how its downregulation may contribute to PD. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to identify such target genes using chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing from SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells treated with neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) as a PD model. METHODS In this study, we established a MPP+ -reated SH-SY5Y cell model and evaluated the effects of CHCHD2 overexpression on cell proliferation and apoptosis. At the same time, we used high-throughput chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing to identify its downstream target gene in SH-SY5Y cells. In addition, we verified the possible downstream target genes and discussed their mechanisms. RESULTS The expression level of α-synuclein increased in SH-SY5Y cells treated with MPP+, while the protein expression level of CHCHD2 decreased significantly, especially after 24 h of treatment. Chip-IP results showed that CHCHD2 may regulate potential target genes such as HDX, ACP1, RAVER2, C1orf229, RN7SL130, GNPTG, erythroid 2 Like 2 (NFE2L2), required for cell differentiation 1 homologue (RQCD1), solute carrier family 5 member 7 (SLA5A7), and N-Acetyltransferase 8 Like (NAT8L). NFE2L2 and RQCD1 were validated as targets using PCR and western blotting of immunoprecipitates, and these two genes together with SLA5A7 and NAT8L were upregulated in SH-SY5Y cells overexpressing CHCHD2. Downregulation of CHCHD2 may contribute to PD by leading to inadequate expression of NFE2L2 and RQCD1 as well as, potentially, SLA5A7 and NAT8L. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that CHCHD2 plays a protective role by maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis and promoting proliferation in neurons. In this study, the changes of CHCHD2 and downstream target genes such as NFE2L2/RQCD1 may have potential application prospects in the future. These findings provide leads to explore PD pathogenesis and potential treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelu Li
- Department of Geriatric Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, PR China
| | - Pingping Ning
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, PR China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Geriatric Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, PR China.,Yunnan Province Clinical Research Center for Gerontology, Kunming, Yunnan Province, PR China
| | - Hongju Yang
- Department of Geriatric Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, PR China.,Yunnan Province Clinical Research Center for Gerontology, Kunming, Yunnan Province, PR China
| | - Yongyun Zhu
- Department of Geriatric Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, PR China
| | - WeiFang Yin
- Department of Geriatric Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, PR China
| | - Chuanbin Zhou
- Department of Geriatric Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, PR China
| | - Hui Ren
- Department of Geriatric Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, PR China.,Yunnan Province Clinical Research Center for Gerontology, Kunming, Yunnan Province, PR China
| | - Xinglong Yang
- Department of Geriatric Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, PR China.,Yunnan Province Clinical Research Center for Gerontology, Kunming, Yunnan Province, PR China
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