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Zheng J, Li T, Ye H, Jiang Z, Jiang W, Yang H, Wu Z, Xie Z. Comprehensive identification of pathogenic variants in retinoblastoma by long- and short-read sequencing. Cancer Lett 2024; 598:217121. [PMID: 39009069 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2024.217121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
Retinoblastoma (RB) is the most common intraocular malignancy in childhood. The causal variants in RB are mostly characterized by previously used short-read sequencing (SRS) analysis, which has technical limitations in identifying structural variants (SVs) and phasing information. Long-read sequencing (LRS) technology has advantages over SRS in detecting SVs, phased genetic variants, and methylation. In this study, we comprehensively characterized the genetic landscape of RB using combinatorial LRS and SRS of 16 RB tumors and 16 matched blood samples. We detected a total of 232 somatic SVs, with an average of 14.5 SVs per sample across the whole genome in our cohort. We identified 20 distinct pathogenic variants disrupting RB1 gene, including three novel small variants and five somatic SVs. We found more somatic SVs were detected from LRS than SRS (140 vs. 122) in RB samples with WGS data, particularly the insertions (18 vs. 1). Furthermore, our analysis shows that, with the exception of one sample who lacked the methylation data, all samples presented biallelic inactivation of RB1 in various forms, including two cases with the biallelic hypermethylated promoter and four cases with compound heterozygous mutations which were missing in SRS analysis. By inferring relative timing of somatic events, we reveal the genetic progression that RB1 disruption early and followed by copy number changes, including amplifications of Chr2p and deletions of Chr16q, during RB tumorigenesis. Altogether, we characterize the comprehensive genetic landscape of RB, providing novel insights into the genetic alterations and mechanisms contributing to RB initiation and development. Our work also establishes a framework to analyze genomic landscape of cancers based on LRS data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huijing Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zehang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenbing Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huasheng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Zhikun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Zhi Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
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Guarnizo A, Maldonado F, Baroni L, Fernández-Ponce N, Rugilo C. An atypical location of pineoblastoma RB1 subgroup without pineal or retinal tumor. Childs Nerv Syst 2024; 40:961-964. [PMID: 37917406 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-023-06201-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe the clinical and imaging features of a sellar-suprasellar pineoblastoma RB1 subgroup without pineal or retinal involvement. CASE REPORT An 11-month-old girl presented to the emergency department with fever, rhinorrhea, vomiting, altered level of consciousness, and one seizure. Head CT and brain MRI demonstrated a large lobulated mass with calcifications and heterogeneous enhancement in the suprasellar region causing mass effect to the ventricular system and hydrocephalus. Histology revealed a CNS embryonal tumor not otherwise specified (NOS) with small round nuclei with mitotic activity and necrosis. DNA methylation analysis classified the tumor in the pineoblastoma RB1 subgroup. CONCLUSION Pineoblastoma RB1 subgroup should be considered in the differential diagnosis of large sellar-suprasellar masses with calcifications and heterogeneous enhancement in children younger than 18 months even in cases of absent pineal or retinal involvement. Molecular analysis with DNA methylation profiling is critical for diagnosis and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Guarnizo
- Diagnostic Neuroradiology Unit, Department of Radiology, Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, Carrera 7 #117-15 (110111), Bogotá, Colombia.
| | - Francisco Maldonado
- Diagnostic Neuroradiology Unit, Department of Radiology, Hospital de Pediatría Prof. Dr. Juan P. Garrahan, Combate de los Pozos 1881 (C 1245 AAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lorena Baroni
- Department of Neuro-oncology, Hospital de Pediatría Prof. Dr. Juan P. Garrahan, Combate de los Pozos 1881 (C 1245 AAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nicolás Fernández-Ponce
- Department of Neuro-oncology, Hospital de Pediatría Prof. Dr. Juan P. Garrahan, Combate de los Pozos 1881 (C 1245 AAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carlos Rugilo
- Diagnostic Neuroradiology Unit, Department of Radiology, Hospital de Pediatría Prof. Dr. Juan P. Garrahan, Combate de los Pozos 1881 (C 1245 AAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Wijeratne S, Gonzalez MEH, Roach K, Miller KE, Schieffer KM, Fitch JR, Leonard J, White P, Kelly BJ, Cottrell CE, Mardis ER, Wilson RK, Miller AR. Full-length isoform concatenation sequencing to resolve cancer transcriptome complexity. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:122. [PMID: 38287261 PMCID: PMC10823626 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-10021-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancers exhibit complex transcriptomes with aberrant splicing that induces isoform-level differential expression compared to non-diseased tissues. Transcriptomic profiling using short-read sequencing has utility in providing a cost-effective approach for evaluating isoform expression, although short-read assembly displays limitations in the accurate inference of full-length transcripts. Long-read RNA sequencing (Iso-Seq), using the Pacific Biosciences (PacBio) platform, can overcome such limitations by providing full-length isoform sequence resolution which requires no read assembly and represents native expressed transcripts. A constraint of the Iso-Seq protocol is due to fewer reads output per instrument run, which, as an example, can consequently affect the detection of lowly expressed transcripts. To address these deficiencies, we developed a concatenation workflow, PacBio Full-Length Isoform Concatemer Sequencing (PB_FLIC-Seq), designed to increase the number of unique, sequenced PacBio long-reads thereby improving overall detection of unique isoforms. In addition, we anticipate that the increase in read depth will help improve the detection of moderate to low-level expressed isoforms. RESULTS In sequencing a commercial reference (Spike-In RNA Variants; SIRV) with known isoform complexity we demonstrated a 3.4-fold increase in read output per run and improved SIRV recall when using the PB_FLIC-Seq method compared to the same samples processed with the Iso-Seq protocol. We applied this protocol to a translational cancer case, also demonstrating the utility of the PB_FLIC-Seq method for identifying differential full-length isoform expression in a pediatric diffuse midline glioma compared to its adjacent non-malignant tissue. Our data analysis revealed increased expression of extracellular matrix (ECM) genes within the tumor sample, including an isoform of the Secreted Protein Acidic and Cysteine Rich (SPARC) gene that was expressed 11,676-fold higher than in the adjacent non-malignant tissue. Finally, by using the PB_FLIC-Seq method, we detected several cancer-specific novel isoforms. CONCLUSION This work describes a concatenation-based methodology for increasing the number of sequenced full-length isoform reads on the PacBio platform, yielding improved discovery of expressed isoforms. We applied this workflow to profile the transcriptome of a pediatric diffuse midline glioma and adjacent non-malignant tissue. Our findings of cancer-specific novel isoform expression further highlight the importance of long-read sequencing for characterization of complex tumor transcriptomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saranga Wijeratne
- The Steve and Cindy Rasmussen Institute for Genomic Medicine, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, 575 Children's Crossroad, Columbus, OH, 43215, USA
| | - Maria E Hernandez Gonzalez
- The Steve and Cindy Rasmussen Institute for Genomic Medicine, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, 575 Children's Crossroad, Columbus, OH, 43215, USA
| | - Kelli Roach
- The Steve and Cindy Rasmussen Institute for Genomic Medicine, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, 575 Children's Crossroad, Columbus, OH, 43215, USA
| | - Katherine E Miller
- The Steve and Cindy Rasmussen Institute for Genomic Medicine, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, 575 Children's Crossroad, Columbus, OH, 43215, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Kathleen M Schieffer
- The Steve and Cindy Rasmussen Institute for Genomic Medicine, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, 575 Children's Crossroad, Columbus, OH, 43215, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - James R Fitch
- The Steve and Cindy Rasmussen Institute for Genomic Medicine, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, 575 Children's Crossroad, Columbus, OH, 43215, USA
| | - Jeffrey Leonard
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Peter White
- The Steve and Cindy Rasmussen Institute for Genomic Medicine, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, 575 Children's Crossroad, Columbus, OH, 43215, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Benjamin J Kelly
- The Steve and Cindy Rasmussen Institute for Genomic Medicine, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, 575 Children's Crossroad, Columbus, OH, 43215, USA
| | - Catherine E Cottrell
- The Steve and Cindy Rasmussen Institute for Genomic Medicine, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, 575 Children's Crossroad, Columbus, OH, 43215, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Elaine R Mardis
- The Steve and Cindy Rasmussen Institute for Genomic Medicine, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, 575 Children's Crossroad, Columbus, OH, 43215, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Richard K Wilson
- The Steve and Cindy Rasmussen Institute for Genomic Medicine, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, 575 Children's Crossroad, Columbus, OH, 43215, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Anthony R Miller
- The Steve and Cindy Rasmussen Institute for Genomic Medicine, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, 575 Children's Crossroad, Columbus, OH, 43215, USA.
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Yagi T, Nakamura H, Kukita Y, Wakamatsu T, Tamiya H, Nakai S, Watanabe M, Kakunaga S, Takami H, Suzuki R, Takenaka S, Hashii Y. Secondary leiomyosarcoma of the nasal cavity in a treated patient with possible hereditary retinoblastoma with germline reciprocal translocation of RB1 and DMXL1 and somatic TP53 mutation: A case report. Mol Clin Oncol 2023; 19:65. [PMID: 37559881 PMCID: PMC10407467 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2023.2661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinoblastoma is a common primary intraocular malignant tumor that affects infants and young children. Radiation therapy for hereditary retinoblastoma increases the risk of secondary malignancy. The present report discusses the case of a retinoblastoma survivor who developed secondary leiomyosarcoma 42 years after receiving radiation therapy. The retinoblastoma of the patient was unilateral, and the patient had no family history of the disease. RNA and DNA panel sequencing of the leiomyosarcoma tissue was performed to elucidate the molecular mechanism of this secondary malignancy. The RNA panel sequencing detected a germline reciprocal translocation of RB1 and DMXL1, leading to a diagnosis of possible hereditary retinoblastoma. Furthermore, it detected a somatic fusion gene (RAD51-KNL1). The DNA panel sequencing identified various germline or somatic variants, including a somatic splice acceptor site mutation of TP53. We hypothesized that the molecular mechanism of the secondary malignancy of this patient was the combination of a germline reciprocal translocation of RB1 and DMXL1 and the accumulation of various somatic mutations containing the splice acceptor site mutation of TP53, which ultimately led to the development of a secondary leiomyosarcoma. Further prospective investigations are necessary to fully understand the role of reciprocal translocation of RB1 and DMXL1 or other mutations in the tumorigenesis of second malignancies in patients with hereditary retinoblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshinari Yagi
- Department of Outpatient Chemotherapy, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Osaka 541-8567, Japan
| | - Harumi Nakamura
- Laboratory of Genomic Pathology, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Osaka 541-8567, Japan
| | - Yoji Kukita
- Laboratory of Genomic Pathology, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Osaka 541-8567, Japan
| | - Toru Wakamatsu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Osaka 541-8567, Japan
| | - Hironari Tamiya
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Osaka 541-8567, Japan
| | - Shou Nakai
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Osaka 541-8567, Japan
| | - Makiyo Watanabe
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Osaka 541-8567, Japan
| | - Shigeki Kakunaga
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Osaka 541-8567, Japan
| | - Haruna Takami
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Osaka 541-8567, Japan
| | - Rie Suzuki
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Osaka 541-8567, Japan
| | - Satoshi Takenaka
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Osaka 541-8567, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Hashii
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Osaka 541-8567, Japan
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Miller AR, Wijeratne S, McGrath SD, Schieffer KM, Miller KE, Lee K, Mathew M, LaHaye S, Fitch JR, Kelly BJ, White P, Mardis ER, Wilson RK, Cottrell CE, Magrini V. Pacific Biosciences Fusion and Long Isoform Pipeline for Cancer Transcriptome-Based Resolution of Isoform Complexity. J Mol Diagn 2022; 24:1292-1306. [PMID: 36191838 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoldx.2022.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Genomic profiling using short-read sequencing has utility in detecting disease-associated variation in both DNA and RNA. However, given the frequent occurrence of structural variation in cancer, molecular profiling using long-read sequencing improves the resolution of such events. For example, the Pacific Biosciences long-read RNA-sequencing (Iso-Seq) transcriptome protocol provides full-length isoform characterization, discernment of allelic phasing, and isoform discovery, and identifies expressed fusion partners. The Pacific Biosciences Fusion and Long Isoform Pipeline (PB_FLIP) incorporates a suite of RNA-sequencing software analysis tools and scripts to identify expressed fusion partners and isoforms. In addition, sequencing of a commercial reference (Spike-In RNA Variants) with known isoform complexity was performed and demonstrated high recall of the Iso-Seq and PB_FLIP workflow to benchmark our protocol and analysis performance. This study describes the utility of Iso-Seq and PB_FLIP analysis in improving deconvolution of complex structural variants and isoform detection within an institutional pediatric and adolescent/young adult translational cancer research cohort. The exemplar case studies demonstrate that Iso-Seq and PB_FLIP discover novel expressed fusion partners, resolve complex intragenic alterations, and discriminate between allele-specific expression profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony R Miller
- The Steve and Cindy Rasmussen Institute for Genomic Medicine, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Saranga Wijeratne
- The Steve and Cindy Rasmussen Institute for Genomic Medicine, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Sean D McGrath
- The Steve and Cindy Rasmussen Institute for Genomic Medicine, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Kathleen M Schieffer
- The Steve and Cindy Rasmussen Institute for Genomic Medicine, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Katherine E Miller
- The Steve and Cindy Rasmussen Institute for Genomic Medicine, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio; Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Kristy Lee
- The Steve and Cindy Rasmussen Institute for Genomic Medicine, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio; Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio; Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Mariam Mathew
- The Steve and Cindy Rasmussen Institute for Genomic Medicine, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio; Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio; Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Stephanie LaHaye
- The Steve and Cindy Rasmussen Institute for Genomic Medicine, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - James R Fitch
- The Steve and Cindy Rasmussen Institute for Genomic Medicine, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Benjamin J Kelly
- The Steve and Cindy Rasmussen Institute for Genomic Medicine, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Peter White
- The Steve and Cindy Rasmussen Institute for Genomic Medicine, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio; Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Elaine R Mardis
- The Steve and Cindy Rasmussen Institute for Genomic Medicine, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio; Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio; Department of Neurosurgery, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Richard K Wilson
- The Steve and Cindy Rasmussen Institute for Genomic Medicine, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio; Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Catherine E Cottrell
- The Steve and Cindy Rasmussen Institute for Genomic Medicine, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio; Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio; Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio.
| | - Vincent Magrini
- The Steve and Cindy Rasmussen Institute for Genomic Medicine, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio; Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio
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Ren H, Guo X, Li F, Xia Q, Chen Z, Xing Y. Four Autophagy-Related Long Noncoding RNAs Provide Coexpression and ceRNA Mechanisms in Retinoblastoma through Bioinformatics and Experimental Evidence. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:33976-33984. [PMID: 34926945 PMCID: PMC8674985 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c05259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Retinoblastoma (RB) is the most common type of intraocular malignant tumor that lowers the quality of life among children worldwide. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are reported to play a dual role in tumorigenesis and development of RB. Autophagy is also reported to be involved in RB occurrence. Although several studies of autophagy-related lncRNAs in RB have been explored before, there are still unknown potential mechanisms in RB. In the present study, we mined dataset GSE110811 from the Gene Expression Omnibus database and downloaded autophagy-related genes from the Human Autophagy Database for further bioinformatic analysis. By implementing the differential expression analysis and Pearson correlation analysis on the lncRNA expression matrix and autophagy-related genes expression matrix, we identified four autophagy-related lncRNAs (namely, N4BP2L2-IT2, SH3BP5-AS1, CDKN2B-AS1, and LINC-PINT) associated with RB. We then performed differential expression analysis on microRNA (miRNA) from dataset GSE39105 for further analyses of lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA regulatory mechanisms. With the miRNA-lncRNA module on the StarBase 3.0 website, we predicted the differentially expressed miRNAs that could target the autophagy-related lncRNAs and constructed a potential lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA regulatory network. Furthermore, the functional annotations of these target genes in regulatory networks were presented using the Cytoscape and the Metascape annotation tool. Finally, the expression pattern of the four autophagy-related lncRNAs was evaluated via qRT-PCR. In conclusion, our findings suggest that the four autophagy-related lncRNAs could be critical molecules associated with the development of RB and affect the occurrence and development of RB through the lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA regulatory network. Genes (GRP13B, IFT88, EPHA3, GABARAPL1, and EIF4EBP1) may serve as potential novel therapeutic targets and biomarkers in RB.
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