1
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Kapadia A, Theil S, Opitz S, Villacampa N, Beckert H, Schoch S, Heneka MT, Kumar S, Walter J. Phosphorylation-state dependent intraneuronal sorting of Aβ differentially impairs autophagy and the endo-lysosomal system. Autophagy 2024; 20:166-187. [PMID: 37642583 PMCID: PMC10761119 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2023.2252300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
ABBREVIATIONS AD: Alzheimer disease; APP: amyloid beta precursor protein; ATG: autophagy related; Aβ: amyloid-β; CTSD: cathepsin D; DAPI: 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole; EEA1: early endosome antigen 1; FA: formic acid; GFP: green fluorescent protein; LAMP2: lysosomal-associated membrane protein 2; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3; MAP2: microtubule-associated protein 2; nmAβ: non-modified amyloid-β; npAβ: non-phosphorylated amyloid-β; pAβ: phosphorylated amyloid-β; p-Ser26Aβ: amyloid-β phosphorylated at serine residue 26; p-Ser8Aβ: amyloid-β phosphorylated at serine residue 8; RAB: RAB, member RAS oncogene family; RFP: red fluorescent protein; SQSTM1/p62: sequestome 1; YFP: yellow fluorescent protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshay Kapadia
- Molecular Cell Biology, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sandra Theil
- Molecular Cell Biology, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sabine Opitz
- Neuroinflammation Unit, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases e. V. (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
- Section for Translational Epilepsy Research, Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Nàdia Villacampa
- Neuroinflammation Unit, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases e. V. (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Hannes Beckert
- Microscopy core facility, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Susanne Schoch
- Section for Translational Epilepsy Research, Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael. T. Heneka
- Neuroinflammation Unit, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases e. V. (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease and Geriatric Psychiatry, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sathish Kumar
- Molecular Cell Biology, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jochen Walter
- Molecular Cell Biology, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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2
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Schlepckow K, Morenas-Rodríguez E, Hong S, Haass C. Stimulation of TREM2 with agonistic antibodies-an emerging therapeutic option for Alzheimer's disease. Lancet Neurol 2023; 22:1048-1060. [PMID: 37863592 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(23)00247-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, are associated with microgliosis. Microglia have long been considered to have detrimental roles in Alzheimer's disease. However, functional analyses of genes encoding risk factors that are linked to late-onset Alzheimer's disease, and that are enriched or exclusively expressed in microglia, have revealed unexpected protective functions. One of the major risk genes for Alzheimer's disease is TREM2. Risk variants of TREM2 are loss-of-function mutations affecting chemotaxis, phagocytosis, lipid and energy metabolism, and survival and proliferation. Agonistic anti-TREM2 antibodies have been developed to boost these protective functions in patients with intact TREM2 alleles. Several anti-TREM2 antibodies are in early clinical trials, and current efforts aim to achieve more efficient transport of these antibodies across the blood-brain barrier. PET imaging could be used to monitor target engagement. Data from animal models, and biomarker studies in patients, further support a rationale for boosting TREM2 functions during the preclinical stage of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Schlepckow
- German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Munich, Germany
| | - Estrella Morenas-Rodríguez
- Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain; Group of Neurogenerative Diseases, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre Research Institute (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Soyon Hong
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Christian Haass
- German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Munich, Germany; Metabolic Biochemistry, Biomedical Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany.
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3
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Deng Q, Wu C, Parker E, Liu TCY, Duan R, Yang L. Microglia and Astrocytes in Alzheimer's Disease: Significance and Summary of Recent Advances. Aging Dis 2023:AD.2023.0907. [PMID: 37815901 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2023.0907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease, one of the most common forms of dementia, is characterized by a slow progression of cognitive impairment and neuronal loss. Currently, approved treatments for AD are hindered by various side effects and limited efficacy. Despite considerable research, practical treatments for AD have not been developed. Increasing evidence shows that glial cells, especially microglia and astrocytes, are essential in the initiation and progression of AD. During AD progression, activated resident microglia increases the ability of resting astrocytes to transform into reactive astrocytes, promoting neurodegeneration. Extensive clinical and molecular studies show the involvement of microglia and astrocyte-mediated neuroinflammation in AD pathology, indicating that microglia and astrocytes may be potential therapeutic targets for AD. This review will summarize the significant and recent advances of microglia and astrocytes in the pathogenesis of AD in three parts. First, we will review the typical pathological changes of AD and discuss microglia and astrocytes in terms of function and phenotypic changes. Second, we will describe microglia and astrocytes' physiological and pathological role in AD. These roles include the inflammatory response, "eat me" and "don't eat me" signals, Aβ seeding, propagation, clearance, synapse loss, synaptic pruning, remyelination, and demyelination. Last, we will review the pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapies targeting microglia and astrocytes in AD. We conclude that microglia and astrocytes are essential in the initiation and development of AD. Therefore, understanding the new role of microglia and astrocytes in AD progression is critical for future AD studies and clinical trials. Moreover, pharmacological, and non-pharmacological therapies targeting microglia and astrocytes, with specific studies investigating microglia and astrocyte-mediated neuronal damage and repair, may be a promising research direction for future studies regarding AD treatment and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianting Deng
- Laboratory of Exercise and Neurobiology, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Chongyun Wu
- Laboratory of Exercise and Neurobiology, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine in Sports Science, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Emily Parker
- Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Timon Cheng-Yi Liu
- Laboratory of Laser Sports Medicine, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Rui Duan
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine in Sports Science, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Luodan Yang
- Laboratory of Exercise and Neurobiology, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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4
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Gandy S, Ehrlich ME. miR155, TREM2, INPP5D: Disease stage and cell type are essential considerations when targeting clinical interventions based on mouse models of Alzheimer's amyloidopathy. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:214. [PMID: 37749581 PMCID: PMC10518910 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02895-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies of microglial gene manipulation in mouse models of Alzheimer's disease (AD) amyloidopathy can cause unpredictable effects on various key endpoints, including amyloidosis, inflammation, neuritic dystrophy, neurodegeneration, and learning behavior. In this Correspondence, we discuss three examples, microRNA 155 (miR155), TREM2, and INPP5D, in which observed results have been difficult to reconcile with predicted results based on precedent, because these six key endpoints do not reliably track together. The pathogenesis of AD involves multiple cell types and complex events that may change with disease stage. We propose that cell-type targeting and timing of intervention are responsible for the sometimes impossibility of predicting whether any prospective therapeutic intervention should aim at increasing or decreasing the level or activity of a particular molecular target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Gandy
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry and Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
- James J Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, 10468, USA.
| | - Michelle E Ehrlich
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
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5
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Lambert JC, Ramirez A, Grenier-Boley B, Bellenguez C. Step by step: towards a better understanding of the genetic architecture of Alzheimer's disease. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:2716-2727. [PMID: 37131074 PMCID: PMC10615767 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02076-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is considered to have a large genetic component. Our knowledge of this component has progressed over the last 10 years, thanks notably to the advent of genome-wide association studies and the establishment of large consortia that make it possible to analyze hundreds of thousands of cases and controls. The characterization of dozens of chromosomal regions associated with the risk of developing AD and (in some loci) the causal genes responsible for the observed disease signal has confirmed the involvement of major pathophysiological pathways (such as amyloid precursor protein metabolism) and opened up new perspectives (such as the central role of microglia and inflammation). Furthermore, large-scale sequencing projects are starting to reveal the major impact of rare variants - even in genes like APOE - on the AD risk. This increasingly comprehensive knowledge is now being disseminated through translational research; in particular, the development of genetic risk/polygenic risk scores is helping to identify the subpopulations more at risk or less at risk of developing AD. Although it is difficult to assess the efforts still needed to comprehensively characterize the genetic component of AD, several lines of research can be improved or initiated. Ultimately, genetics (in combination with other biomarkers) might help to redefine the boundaries and relationships between various neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Charles Lambert
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1167-RID-AGE Facteurs de risque et déterminants moléculaires des maladies liées au vieillissement, Lille, France.
| | - Alfredo Ramirez
- Division of Neurogenetics and Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Department of Neurodegenerative diseases and Geriatric Psychiatry, University Hospital Bonn, Medical Faculty, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry & Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, San Antonio, TX, USA
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Benjamin Grenier-Boley
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1167-RID-AGE Facteurs de risque et déterminants moléculaires des maladies liées au vieillissement, Lille, France
| | - Céline Bellenguez
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1167-RID-AGE Facteurs de risque et déterminants moléculaires des maladies liées au vieillissement, Lille, France
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6
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Zheng L, Wu S, Jin H, Wu J, Wang X, Cao Y, Zhou Z, Jiang Y, Li L, Yang X, Shen Q, Guo S, Shen Y, Li C, Ji L. Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic potential of icariin in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 116:154890. [PMID: 37229892 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.154890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Icariin (ICA) is the main active component of Epimedium, a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), known to enhance cognitive function in Alzheimer's disease (AD). This study aims to investigate and summarize the mechanisms through which ICA treats AD. METHODS The PubMed and CNKI databases were utilized to review the advancements in ICA's role in AD prevention and treatment by analyzing literature published between January 2005 and April 2023. To further illustrate ICA's impact on AD development, tables, and images are included to summarize the relationships between various mechanisms. RESULTS The study reveals that ICA ameliorates cognitive deficits in AD model mice by modulating Aβ via multiple pathways, including BACE-1, NO/cGMP, Wnt/Ca2+, and PI3K/Akt signaling. ICA exhibits neuroprotective properties by inhibiting neuronal apoptosis through the suppression of ER stress in AD mice, potentially linked to NF-κB, MAPK, ERK, and PERK/Eif2α signaling pathways. Moreover, ICA may safeguard neurons by attenuating mitochondrial oxidative stress injury. ICA can also enhance learning, memory, and cognition by improving synaptic structure via regulation of the PSD-95 protein. Furthermore, ICA can mitigate neuroinflammation by inactivating microglial activity through the upregulation of PPARγ, TAK1/IKK/NF-κB, and JNK/p38 MAPK signaling pathways. CONCLUSION This study indicates that ICA possesses multiple beneficial effects in AD treatment. Through the integration of pharmacological and molecular biological research, ICA may emerge as a promising candidate to expedite the advancement of TCM in the clinical management of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyan Zheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Sichen Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Haichao Jin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Jiaqi Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Xiaole Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Yuxiao Cao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Zhihao Zhou
- The Third School of Clinical Medicine (School of Rehabilitation Medicine), Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Yaona Jiang
- Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Linhong Li
- First Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Xinyue Yang
- First Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Qing Shen
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Zhejiang Province Joint Key Laboratory of Aquatic Products Processing, Institute of Seafood, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310012, China.
| | - Shunyuan Guo
- Department of Neurology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Yuejian Shen
- Hangzhou Linping Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Linping, Hangzhou 311106, China.
| | - Changyu Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310006, China.
| | - Liting Ji
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310006, China.
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7
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Liepold T, Klafki HW, Kumar S, Walter J, Wirths O, Wiltfang J, Jahn O. Matrix Development for the Detection of Phosphorylated Amyloid-β Peptides by MALDI-TOF-MS. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2023; 34:505-512. [PMID: 36706152 PMCID: PMC9983008 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.2c00270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides, including post-translationally modified variants thereof, are believed to play a key role in the onset and progression of Alzheimer's disease. Suggested modified Aβ species with potential disease relevance include Aβ peptides phosphorylated at serine in position eight (pSer8-Aβ) or 26 (pSer26-Aβ). However, the published studies on those Aβ peptides essentially relied on antibody-based approaches. Thus, complementary analyses by mass spectrometry, as shown for other modified Aβ variants, will be necessary not only to unambiguously verify the existence of phosphorylated Aβ species in brain samples but also to reveal their exact identity as to phosphorylation sites and potential terminal truncations. With the aim of providing a novel tool for addressing this still-unresolved issue, we developed a customized matrix formulation, referred to as TOPAC, that allows for improved detection of synthetic phosphorylated Aβ species by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. When TOPAC was compared with standard matrices, we observed higher signal intensities but minimal methionine oxidation and phosphate loss for intact pSer8-Aβ(1-40) and pSer26-Aβ(1-40). Similarly, TOPAC also improved the mass spectrometric detection and sequencing of the proteolytic cleavage products pSer8-Aβ(1-16) and pSer26-Aβ(17-28). We expect that TOPAC will facilitate future efforts to detect and characterize endogenous phosphorylated Aβ species in biological samples and that it may also find its use in phospho-proteomic approaches apart from applications in the Aβ field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Liepold
- Neuroproteomics
Group, Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Hans-Wolfgang Klafki
- Department
of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Goettingen, Georg-August-University, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Sathish Kumar
- Department
of Neurology, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Jochen Walter
- Department
of Neurology, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Oliver Wirths
- Department
of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Goettingen, Georg-August-University, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Jens Wiltfang
- Department
of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Goettingen, Georg-August-University, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Olaf Jahn
- Neuroproteomics
Group, Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
- Department
of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Goettingen, Georg-August-University, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
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8
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Qiu Y, Shen X, Ravid O, Atrakchi D, Rand D, Wight AE, Kim HJ, Liraz-Zaltsman S, Cooper I, Schnaider Beeri M, Cantor H. Definition of the contribution of an Osteopontin-producing CD11c + microglial subset to Alzheimer's disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2218915120. [PMID: 36730200 PMCID: PMC9963365 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2218915120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of incurable dementia and represents a critical public health issue as the world's population ages. Although microglial dysregulation is a cardinal feature of AD, the extensive heterogeneity of these immunological cells in the brain has impeded our understanding of their contribution to this disease. Here, we identify a pathogenic microglial subset which expresses the CD11c surface marker as the sole producer of Osteopontin (OPN) in the 5XFAD mouse model of AD. OPN production divides Disease-Associated Microglia (DAM) into two functionally distinct subsets, i.e., a protective CD11c+OPN- subset that robustly ingests amyloid β (Aβ) in a noninflammatory fashion and a pathogenic CD11c+OPN+ subset that produces proinflammatory cytokines and fails to ingest significant amounts of Aβ. Genetic ablation of OPN or administration of monoclonal anti-OPN antibody to 5XFAD mice reduces proinflammatory microglia, plaque formation, and numbers of dystrophic neurites and results in improved cognitive function. Analysis of brain tissue from AD patients indicates that levels of OPN-producing CD11c+ microglia correlate strongly with the degree of cognitive deficit and AD neuropathology. These findings define an OPN-dependent pathway to disease driven by a distinct microglial subset, and identify OPN as a novel therapeutic target for potentially effective immunotherapy to treat AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiguo Qiu
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA02215
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
| | - Xianli Shen
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA02215
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
| | - Orly Ravid
- The Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan5211401, Israel
| | - Dana Atrakchi
- The Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan5211401, Israel
| | - Daniel Rand
- The Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan5211401, Israel
| | - Andrew E. Wight
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA02215
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
| | - Hye-Jung Kim
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA02215
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
| | - Sigal Liraz-Zaltsman
- The Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan5211401, Israel
- Department of Pharmacology, The Institute for Drug Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem9103401, Israel
- Department of Sports Therapy, Institute for Health and Medical Professions, Ono Academic College, Kiryat Ono5500003, Israel
| | - Itzik Cooper
- The Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan5211401, Israel
- School of Psychology, Interdisciplinary Center, Herzliya4673304, Israel
- The Nehemia Rubin Excellence in Biomedical Research, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer52621, Israel
| | - Michal Schnaider Beeri
- The Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan5211401, Israel
- School of Psychology, Interdisciplinary Center, Herzliya4673304, Israel
- Department of Psychiatry, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY10029
| | - Harvey Cantor
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA02215
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
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Kim B, Suh E, Nguyen AT, Prokop S, Mikytuck B, Olatunji OA, Robinson JL, Grossman M, Phillips JS, Irwin DJ, Mechanic-Hamilton D, Wolk DA, Trojanowski JQ, McMillan CT, Van Deerlin VM, Lee EB. TREM2 risk variants are associated with atypical Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neuropathol 2022; 144:1085-1102. [PMID: 36112222 PMCID: PMC9643636 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-022-02495-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) has multiple clinically and pathologically defined subtypes where the underlying causes of such heterogeneity are not well established. Rare TREM2 variants confer significantly increased risk for clinical AD in addition to other neurodegenerative disease clinical phenotypes. Whether TREM2 variants are associated with atypical clinical or pathologically defined subtypes of AD is not known. We studied here the clinical and pathological features associated with TREM2 risk variants in an autopsy-confirmed cohort. TREM2 variant cases were more frequently associated with non-amnestic clinical syndromes. Pathologically, TREM2 variant cases were associated with an atypical distribution of neurofibrillary tangle density with significantly lower hippocampal NFT burden relative to neocortical NFT accumulation. In addition, NFT density but not amyloid burden was associated with an increase of dystrophic microglia. TREM2 variant cases were not associated with an increased prevalence, extent, or severity of co-pathologies. These clinicopathological features suggest that TREM2 variants contribute to clinical and pathologic AD heterogeneity by altering the distribution of neurofibrillary degeneration and tau-dependent microglial dystrophy, resulting in hippocampal-sparing and non-amnestic AD phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boram Kim
- Translational Neuropathology Research Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 613A Stellar Chance Laboratories, 422 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - EunRan Suh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Aivi T Nguyen
- Translational Neuropathology Research Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 613A Stellar Chance Laboratories, 422 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Stefan Prokop
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Bailey Mikytuck
- Translational Neuropathology Research Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 613A Stellar Chance Laboratories, 422 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Olamide A Olatunji
- Translational Neuropathology Research Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 613A Stellar Chance Laboratories, 422 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - John L Robinson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Murray Grossman
- Department of Neurology, Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Phillips
- Department of Neurology, Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David J Irwin
- Department of Neurology, Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Dawn Mechanic-Hamilton
- Department of Neurology, Penn Memory Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David A Wolk
- Department of Neurology, Penn Memory Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - John Q Trojanowski
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Corey T McMillan
- Department of Neurology, Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Vivianna M Van Deerlin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Edward B Lee
- Translational Neuropathology Research Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 613A Stellar Chance Laboratories, 422 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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Uddin MS, Lim LW. Glial cells in Alzheimer's disease: From neuropathological changes to therapeutic implications. Ageing Res Rev 2022; 78:101622. [PMID: 35427810 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that usually develops slowly and progressively worsens over time. Although there has been increasing research interest in AD, its pathogenesis is still not well understood. Although most studies primarily focus on neurons, recent research findings suggest that glial cells (especially microglia and astrocytes) are associated with AD pathogenesis and might provide various possible therapeutic targets. Growing evidence suggests that microglia can provide protection against AD pathogenesis, as microglia with weakened functions and impaired responses to Aβ proteins are linked with elevated AD risk. Interestingly, numerous findings also suggest that microglial activation can be detrimental to neurons. Indeed, microglia can induce synapse loss via the engulfment of synapses, possibly through a complement-dependent process. Furthermore, they can worsen tau pathology and release inflammatory factors that cause neuronal damage directly or through the activation of neurotoxic astrocytes. Astrocytes play a significant role in various cerebral activities. Their impairment can mediate neurodegeneration and ultimately the retraction of synapses, resulting in AD-related cognitive deficits. Deposition of Aβ can result in astrocyte reactivity, which can further lead to neurotoxic effects and elevated secretion of inflammatory mediators and cytokines. Moreover, glial-induced inflammation in AD can exert both beneficial and harmful effects. Understanding the activities of astrocytes and microglia in the regulation of AD pathogenesis would facilitate the development of novel therapies. In this article, we address the implications of microglia and astrocytes in AD pathogenesis. We also discuss the mechanisms of therapeutic agents that exhibit anti-inflammatory effects against AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Sahab Uddin
- Neuromodulation Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Lee Wei Lim
- Neuromodulation Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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Shao F, Wang X, Wu H, Wu Q, Zhang J. Microglia and Neuroinflammation: Crucial Pathological Mechanisms in Traumatic Brain Injury-Induced Neurodegeneration. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:825086. [PMID: 35401152 PMCID: PMC8990307 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.825086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the most common diseases in the central nervous system (CNS) with high mortality and morbidity. Patients with TBI usually suffer many sequelae in the life time post injury, including neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD). However, the pathological mechanisms connecting these two processes have not yet been fully elucidated. It is important to further investigate the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying TBI and TBI-induced neurodegeneration, which will promote the development of precise treatment target for these notorious neurodegenerative consequences after TBI. A growing body of evidence shows that neuroinflammation is a pivotal pathological process underlying chronic neurodegeneration following TBI. Microglia, as the immune cells in the CNS, play crucial roles in neuroinflammation and many other CNS diseases. Of interest, microglial activation and functional alteration has been proposed as key mediators in the evolution of chronic neurodegenerative pathology following TBI. Here, we review the updated studies involving phenotypical and functional alterations of microglia in neurodegeneration after injury, survey key molecules regulating the activities and functional responses of microglia in TBI pathology, and explore their potential implications to chronic neurodegeneration after injury. The work will give us a comprehensive understanding of mechanisms driving TBI-related neurodegeneration and offer novel ideas of developing corresponding prevention and treatment strategies for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangjie Shao
- Department of Plastic and Aesthetic Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haijian Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qun Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Qun Wu,
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Brain Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Jianmin Zhang,
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