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Rivero-Marcos M, Lasa B, Neves T, Zamarreño ÁM, García-Mina JM, García-Olaverri C, Aparicio-Tejo PM, Cruz C, Ariz I. Plant ammonium sensitivity is associated with external pH adaptation, repertoire of nitrogen transporters, and nitrogen requirement. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:3557-3578. [PMID: 38465958 PMCID: PMC11358259 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erae106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Modern crops exhibit diverse sensitivities to ammonium as the primary nitrogen source, influenced by environmental factors such as external pH and nutrient availability. Despite its significance, there is currently no systematic classification of plant species based on their ammonium sensitivity. We conducted a meta-analysis of 50 plant species and present a new classification method based on the comparison of fresh biomass obtained under ammonium and nitrate nutrition. The classification uses the natural logarithm of the biomass ratio as the size effect indicator of ammonium sensitivity. This numerical parameter is associated with critical factors for nitrogen demand and form preference, such as Ellenberg indicators and the repertoire of nitrogen transporters for ammonium and nitrate uptake. Finally, a comparative analysis of the developmental and metabolic responses, including hormonal balance, is conducted in two species with divergent ammonium sensitivity values in the classification. Results indicate that nitrate has a key role in counteracting ammonium toxicity in species with a higher abundance of genes encoding NRT2-type proteins and fewer of those encoding the AMT2-type proteins. Additionally, the study demonstrates the reliability of the phytohormone balance and methylglyoxal content as indicators for anticipating ammonium toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikel Rivero-Marcos
- lnstitute for Multidisciplinary Research in Applied Biology (IMAB), Sciences Department, Public University of Navarre (UPNA), Campus de Arrosadía, 31006 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Berta Lasa
- lnstitute for Multidisciplinary Research in Applied Biology (IMAB), Sciences Department, Public University of Navarre (UPNA), Campus de Arrosadía, 31006 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Tomé Neves
- CESAM—Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar, Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
- CIBIO/InBio, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Laboratório Associado, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ángel M Zamarreño
- Environmental Biology Department, University of Navarra, 31009 Pamplona, Spain
| | - José M García-Mina
- Environmental Biology Department, University of Navarra, 31009 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Carmen García-Olaverri
- Institute for Advanced Research in Business and Economics (INARBE), Statistics, Informatics and Mathematics Department, Public University of Navarre (UPNA), Campus de Arrosadía, 31006 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Pedro M Aparicio-Tejo
- lnstitute for Multidisciplinary Research in Applied Biology (IMAB), Sciences Department, Public University of Navarre (UPNA), Campus de Arrosadía, 31006 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Cristina Cruz
- cE3c—Center for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes and CHANGE, Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Faculdade de Ciencias da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande Bloco C-2, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Idoia Ariz
- lnstitute for Multidisciplinary Research in Applied Biology (IMAB), Sciences Department, Public University of Navarre (UPNA), Campus de Arrosadía, 31006 Pamplona, Spain
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Borlay AJ, Mweu CM, Nyanjom SG, Omolo KM, Naitchede LHS. De novo transcriptomic analysis of Doum Palm (Hyphaene compressa) revealed an insight into its potential drought tolerance. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0292543. [PMID: 38470884 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0292543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Doum palms (Hyphaene compressa) perform a crucial starring role in the lives of Kenya's arid and semi-arid people for empowerment and sustenance. Despite the crop's potential for economic gain, there is a lack of genetic resources and detailed information about its domestication at the molecular level. Given the doum palm's vast potential as a widely distributed plant in semi-arid and arid climates and a source of many applications, coupled with the current changing climate scenario, it is essential to understand the molecular processes that provide drought resistance to this plant. RESULTS Assembly of the first transcriptome of doum palms subjected to water stress generated about 39.97 Gb of RNA-Seq data. The assembled transcriptome revealed 193,167 unigenes with an average length of 1655 bp, with 128,708 (66.63%) successfully annotated in seven public databases. Unigenes exhibited significant differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in well-watered and stressed-treated plants, with 45071 and 42457 accounting for up-regulated and down-regulated DEGs, respectively. GO term, KEGG, and KOG analysis showed that DEGs were functionally enriched cellular processes, metabolic processes, cellular and catalytic activity, metabolism, genetic information processing, signal transduction mechanisms, and posttranslational modification pathways. Transcription factors (TF), such as the MYB, WRKY, NAC family, FAR1, B3, bHLH, and bZIP, were the prominent TF families identified as doum palm DEGs encoding drought stress tolerance. CONCLUSIONS This study provides a complete understanding of DEGs involved in drought stress at the transcriptome level in doum palms. This research is, therefore, the foundation for the characterization of potential genes, leading to a clear understanding of its drought stress responses and providing resources for improved genetic modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen Johnny Borlay
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Liberia, Monrovia, Liberia
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Pan African University Institute for Basic Sciences, Technology and Innovation, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Cecilia Mbithe Mweu
- Institute for Biotechnology Research, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Steven Ger Nyanjom
- Department of Biochemistry, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Kevin Mbogo Omolo
- Department of Biochemistry, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Labode Hospice Stevenson Naitchede
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Pan African University Institute for Basic Sciences, Technology and Innovation, Nairobi, Kenya
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Reddy PS, Dhaware MG, Sivasakthi K, Divya K, Nagaraju M, Sri Cindhuri K, Kavi Kishor PB, Bhatnagar-Mathur P, Vadez V, Sharma KK. Pearl Millet Aquaporin Gene PgPIP2;6 Improves Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Transgenic Tobacco. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:820996. [PMID: 35356115 PMCID: PMC8959815 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.820996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L) R. Br.] is an important cereal crop of the semiarid tropics, which can withstand prolonged drought and heat stress. Considering an active involvement of the aquaporin (AQP) genes in water transport and desiccation tolerance besides several basic functions, their potential role in abiotic stress tolerance was systematically characterized and functionally validated. A total of 34 AQP genes from P. glaucum were identified and categorized into four subfamilies, viz., plasma membrane intrinsic proteins (PIPs), tonoplast intrinsic proteins (TIPs), nodulin-26-like intrinsic proteins (NIPs), and small basic intrinsic proteins (SIPs). Sequence analysis revealed that PgAQPs have conserved characters of AQP genes with a closer relationship to sorghum. The PgAQPs were expressed differentially under high vapor pressure deficit (VPD) and progressive drought stresses where the PgPIP2;6 gene showed significant expression under high VPD and drought stress. Transgenic tobacco plants were developed by heterologous expression of the PgPIP2;6 gene and functionally characterized under different abiotic stresses to further unravel their role. Transgenic tobacco plants in the T2 generations displayed restricted transpiration and low root exudation rates in low- and high-VPD conditions. Under progressive drought stress, wild-type (WT) plants showed a quick or faster decline of soil moisture than transgenics. While under heat stress, PgPIP2;6 transgenics showed better adaptation to heat (40°C) with high canopy temperature depression (CTD) and low transpiration; under low-temperature stress, they displayed lower transpiration than their non-transgenic counterparts. Cumulatively, lower transpiration rate (Tr), low root exudation rate, declined transpiration, elevated CTD, and lower transpiration indicate that PgPIP2;6 plays a role under abiotic stress tolerance. Since the PgPIP2;6 transgenic plants exhibited better adaptation against major abiotic stresses such as drought, high VPD, heat, and cold stresses by virtue of enhanced transpiration efficiency, it has the potential to engineer abiotic stress tolerance for sustained growth and productivity of crops.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mahamaya G. Dhaware
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, India
| | - Kaliamoorthy Sivasakthi
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, India
| | - Kummari Divya
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, India
| | - Marka Nagaraju
- Department of Biochemistry, ICMR – National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, India
| | - Katamreddy Sri Cindhuri
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, India
| | - Polavarapu Bilhan Kavi Kishor
- Department of Biotechnology, Vignan’s Foundation for Science, Technology & Research (Deemed to be University), Vadlamudi, India
| | - Pooja Bhatnagar-Mathur
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, India
| | - Vincent Vadez
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, India
| | - Kiran K. Sharma
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, India
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Identification of Aquaporin Gene Family in Response to Natural Cold Stress in Ligustrum × vicaryi Rehd. FORESTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/f13020182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Plants are susceptible to a variety of abiotic stresses during the growing period, among which low temperature is one of the more frequent stress factors. Maintaining water balance under cold stress is a difficult and critical challenge for plants. Studies have shown that aquaporins located on the cytomembrane play an important role in controlling water homeostasis under cold stress, and are involved in the tolerance mechanism of plant cells to cold stress. In addition, the aquaporin gene family is closely related to the cold resistance of plants. As a major greening tree species in urban landscaping, Ligustrum× vicaryi Rehd. is more likely to be harmed by low temperature after a harsh winter and a spring with fluctuating temperatures. Screening the target aquaporin genes of Ligustrum × vicaryi responding to cold resistance under natural cold stress will provide a scientific theoretical basis for cold resistance breeding of Ligustrum × vicaryi. In this study, the genome-wide identification of the aquaporin gene family was performed at four different overwintering periods in September, November, January and April, and finally, 58 candidate Ligustrum × vicaryi aquaporin (LvAQP) genes were identified. The phylogenetic analysis revealed four subfamilies of the LvAQP gene family: 32 PIPs, 11 TIPs, 11 NIPs and 4 SIPs. The number of genes in PIPs subfamily was more than that in other plants. Through the analysis of aquaporin genes related to cold stress in other plants and LvAQP gene expression patterns identified 20 LvAQP genes in response to cold stress, and most of them belonged to the PIPs subfamily. The significantly upregulated LvAQP gene was Cluster-9981.114831, and the significantly downregulated LvAQP genes were Cluster-9981.112839, Cluster-9981.107281, and Cluster-9981.112777. These genes might play a key role in responding to cold tolerance in the natural low-temperature growth stage of Ligustrum × vicaryi.
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Tang H, Yu Q, Li Z, Liu F, Su W, Zhang C, Ling H, Luo J, Su Y, Que Y. A PIP-mediated osmotic stress signaling cascade plays a positive role in the salt tolerance of sugarcane. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:589. [PMID: 34903178 PMCID: PMC8667355 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03369-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasma membrane intrinsic proteins (PIPs) are plant channel proteins involved in water deficit and salinity tolerance. PIPs play a major role in plant cell water balance and responses to salt stress. Although sugarcane is prone to high salt stress, there is no report on PIPs in sugarcane. RESULTS In the present study, eight PIP family genes, termed ScPIP1-1, ScPIP1-2, ScPIP1-3, ScPIP1-4, ScPIP2-1, ScPIP2-2, ScPIP2-4 and ScPIP2-5, were obtained based on the sugarcane transcriptome database. Then, ScPIP2-1 in sugarcane was cloned and characterized. Confocal microscopy observation indicated that ScPIP2-1 was located in the plasma membrane and cytoplasm. A yeast two-hybridization experiment revealed that ScPIP2-1 does not have transcriptional activity. Real time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) analysis showed that ScPIP2-1 was mainly expressed in the leaf, root and bud, and its expression levels in both below- and aboveground tissues of ROC22 were up-regulated by abscisic acid (ABA), polyethylene glycol (PEG) 6000 and sodium chloride (NaCl) stresses. The chlorophyll content and ion leakage measurement suggested that ScPIP2-1 played a significant role in salt stress resistance in Nicotiana benthamiana through the transient expression test. Overexpression of ScPIP2-1 in Arabidopsis thaliana proved that this gene enhanced the salt tolerance of transgenic plants at the phenotypic (healthier state, more stable relative water content and longer root length), physiologic (more stable ion leakage, lower malondialdehyde content, higher proline content and superoxide dismutase activity) and molecular levels (higher expression levels of AtKIN2, AtP5CS1, AtP5CS2, AtDREB2, AtRD29A, AtNHX1, AtSOS1 and AtHKT1 genes and a lower expression level of the AtTRX5 gene). CONCLUSIONS This study revealed that the ScPIP2-1-mediated osmotic stress signaling cascade played a positive role in plant response to salt stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanchen Tang
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 Fujian China
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province (Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University), Fuzhou, 350002 Fujian China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 Fujian China
| | - Qing Yu
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 Fujian China
| | - Zhu Li
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 Fujian China
| | - Feng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 Fujian China
| | - Weihua Su
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 Fujian China
| | - Chang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 Fujian China
| | - Hui Ling
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 Fujian China
- College of Agriculture, Yulin Normal University, Yulin, 537000 Guangxi China
| | - Jun Luo
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 Fujian China
| | - Yachun Su
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 Fujian China
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province (Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University), Fuzhou, 350002 Fujian China
| | - Youxiong Que
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 Fujian China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 Fujian China
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Versatile Roles of Aquaporins in Plant Growth and Development. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249485. [PMID: 33322217 PMCID: PMC7763978 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aquaporins (AQPs) are universal membrane integrated water channel proteins that selectively and reversibly facilitate the movement of water, gases, metalloids, and other small neutral solutes across cellular membranes in living organisms. Compared with other organisms, plants have the largest number of AQP members with diverse characteristics, subcellular localizations and substrate permeabilities. AQPs play important roles in plant water relations, cell turgor pressure maintenance, the hydraulic regulation of roots and leaves, and in leaf transpiration, root water uptake, and plant responses to multiple biotic and abiotic stresses. They are also required for plant growth and development. In this review, we comprehensively summarize the expression and roles of diverse AQPs in the growth and development of various vegetative and reproductive organs in plants. The functions of AQPs in the intracellular translocation of hydrogen peroxide are also discussed.
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Bezerra-Neto JP, de Araújo FC, Ferreira-Neto JRC, da Silva MD, Pandolfi V, Aburjaile FF, Sakamoto T, de Oliveira Silva RL, Kido EA, Barbosa Amorim LL, Ortega JM, Benko-Iseppon AM. Plant Aquaporins: Diversity, Evolution and Biotechnological Applications. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2019; 20:368-395. [PMID: 30387391 DOI: 10.2174/1389203720666181102095910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The plasma membrane forms a permeable barrier that separates the cytoplasm from the external environment, defining the physical and chemical limits in each cell in all organisms. The movement of molecules and ions into and out of cells is controlled by the plasma membrane as a critical process for cell stability and survival, maintaining essential differences between the composition of the extracellular fluid and the cytosol. In this process aquaporins (AQPs) figure as important actors, comprising highly conserved membrane proteins that carry water, glycerol and other hydrophilic molecules through biomembranes, including the cell wall and membranes of cytoplasmic organelles. While mammals have 15 types of AQPs described so far (displaying 18 paralogs), a single plant species can present more than 120 isoforms, providing transport of different types of solutes. Such aquaporins may be present in the whole plant or can be associated with different tissues or situations, including biotic and especially abiotic stresses, such as drought, salinity or tolerance to soils rich in heavy metals, for instance. The present review addresses several aspects of plant aquaporins, from their structure, classification, and function, to in silico methodologies for their analysis and identification in transcriptomes and genomes. Aspects of evolution and diversification of AQPs (with a focus on plants) are approached for the first time with the aid of the LCA (Last Common Ancestor) analysis. Finally, the main practical applications involving the use of AQPs are discussed, including patents and future perspectives involving this important protein family.
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Affiliation(s)
- João P Bezerra-Neto
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Genetics Department, Center of Biosciences, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235, 50.670-423, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Flávia Czekalski de Araújo
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Genetics Department, Center of Biosciences, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235, 50.670-423, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - José R C Ferreira-Neto
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Genetics Department, Center of Biosciences, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235, 50.670-423, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Manassés D da Silva
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Genetics Department, Center of Biosciences, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235, 50.670-423, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Valesca Pandolfi
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Genetics Department, Center of Biosciences, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235, 50.670-423, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Flavia F Aburjaile
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Genetics Department, Center of Biosciences, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235, 50.670-423, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Tetsu Sakamoto
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Roberta L de Oliveira Silva
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Genetics Department, Center of Biosciences, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235, 50.670-423, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Ederson A Kido
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Genetics Department, Center of Biosciences, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235, 50.670-423, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Lidiane L Barbosa Amorim
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Genetics Department, Center of Biosciences, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235, 50.670-423, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.,Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Piauí, Campus Oeiras, Avenida Projetada, s/n, 64.500-000, Oeiras, Piauí, Brazil
| | - José M Ortega
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Ana M Benko-Iseppon
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Genetics Department, Center of Biosciences, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235, 50.670-423, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
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Dommes AB, Gross T, Herbert DB, Kivivirta KI, Becker A. Virus-induced gene silencing: empowering genetics in non-model organisms. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:757-770. [PMID: 30452695 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) is an RNA interference-based technology used to transiently knock down target gene expression by utilizing modified plant viral genomes. VIGS can be adapted to many angiosperm species that cover large phylogenetic distances, allowing the analysis of gene functions in species that are not amenable to stable genetic transformation. With a vast amount of sequence information already available and even more likely to become available in the future, VIGS provides a means to analyze the functions of candidate genes identified in large genomic or transcriptomic screens. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of target species and VIGS vector systems, assess recent key publications in the field, and explain how plant viruses are modified to serve as VIGS vectors. As many reports on the VIGS technique are being published, we also propose minimal reporting guidelines for carrying out these experiments, with the aim of increasing comparability between experiments. Finally, we propose methods for the statistical evaluation of phenotypic results obtained with VIGS-treated plants, as analysis is challenging due to the predominantly transient nature of the silencing effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna B Dommes
- Institute of Botany, Justus-Liebig-University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring, Gießen, Germany
| | - Thomas Gross
- Institute of Botany, Justus-Liebig-University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring, Gießen, Germany
| | - Denise B Herbert
- Institute of Botany, Justus-Liebig-University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring, Gießen, Germany
| | - Kimmo I Kivivirta
- Institute of Botany, Justus-Liebig-University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring, Gießen, Germany
| | - Annette Becker
- Institute of Botany, Justus-Liebig-University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring, Gießen, Germany
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Pawłowicz I, Masajada K. Aquaporins as a link between water relations and photosynthetic pathway in abiotic stress tolerance in plants. Gene 2018; 687:166-172. [PMID: 30445023 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Plant aquaporins constitute a large family of proteins involved in facilitating the transport of water and small neutral molecules across biological membranes. In higher plants they are divided into several sub-families, depending on membrane-type localization and permeability to specific solutes. They are abundantly expressed in the majority of plant organs and tissues, and play a function in primary biological processes. Many studies revealed the significant role of aquaporins in acquiring abiotic stresses' tolerance. This review focuses on aquaporins belonging to PIPs sub-family that are permeable to water and/or carbon dioxide. Isoforms transporting water are involved in hydraulic conductance regulation in the leaves and roots, whereas those transporting carbon dioxide control stomatal and mesophyll conductance in the leaves. Changes in PIP aquaporins abundance/activity in stress conditions allow to maintain the water balance and photosynthesis adjustment. Broad analyses showed that tight control between water and carbon dioxide supplementation mediated by aquaporins influences plant productivity, especially in stress conditions. Involvement of aquaporins in adaptation strategies to dehydrative stresses in different plant species are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Pawłowicz
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszynska 34, 60-479 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Masajada
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszynska 34, 60-479 Poznan, Poland
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