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Uehara S, Higuchi Y, Yoneda N, Kato H, Yamazaki H, Suemizu H. The Unique Human N10-Glucuronidated Metabolite Formation from Olanzapine in Chimeric NOG-TKm30 Mice with Humanized Livers. Drug Metab Dispos 2023; 51:480-491. [PMID: 36623885 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.122.001102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Olanzapine is an antipsychotic agent with species-dependent pharmacokinetic profiles in both humans and animals. In the present study, the metabolic profiles of olanzapine in vitro and in vivo were compared in non-transplanted immunodeficient NOG-TKm30 mice and chimeric mice with humanized livers (hereafter humanized-liver mice). Hepatic microsomal fractions prepared from humanized-liver mice and humans mediated olanzapine N10-glucuronidation, whereas fractions from cynomolgus monkeys, marmosets, minipigs, dogs, rabbits, guinea pigs, rats, CD1 mice, and NOG-TKm30 mice did not. The olanzapine N10-glucuronidation activity in liver microsomes from humanized-liver mice was inhibited by hecogenin, a human UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 1A4 inhibitor. In addition, hepatocytes from humanized-liver mice suggest that olanzapine N10-glucuronidation was a major metabolic pathway in the livers of humanized-liver mice. After a single oral dose of olanzapine (10 mg/kg body weight) to humanized-liver mice and control NOG-TKm30 mice, olanzapine N10-glucuronide isomers and olanzapine N4'-glucuronide were detected only in the plasma of humanized-liver mice. In contrast, the area under the curve for N4'-demethylolanzapine, 2-hydroxymethylolanzapine, and 7-hydroxyolanzapine glucuronide was higher in NOG-TKm30 mice than that in humanized-liver mice. The cumulative excreted amounts of olanzapine N10-glucuronide isomers were high in the urine and feces from humanized-liver mice, whereas the cumulative excreted amounts of 2-hydroxymethylolanzapine were higher in NOG-TKm30 mice than in humanized-liver mice. Thus, production of human-specific olanzapine N10-glucuronide was observed in humanized-liver mice, which was consistent with the in vitro glucuronidation data. These results suggest that humanized-liver mice are useful for studying drug oxidation and conjugation of olanzapine in humans. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Human-specific olanzapine N10-glucuronide isomers were generated in chimeric NOG-TKm30 mice with humanized livers (humanized-liver mice), and high UGT1A4-dependent N10-glucuronidation was observed in the liver microsomes from humanized-liver mice. Hence, humanized-liver mice may be a suitable model for studying UGT1A4-dependent biotransformation of drugs in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shotaro Uehara
- Liver Engineering Laboratory, Department of Applied Research for Laboratory Animals, Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kanagawa, Japan (S.U., Y.H., N.Y., H.K., H.S.) and Showa Pharmaceutical University, Tokyo, Japan (H.Y.)
| | - Yuichiro Higuchi
- Liver Engineering Laboratory, Department of Applied Research for Laboratory Animals, Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kanagawa, Japan (S.U., Y.H., N.Y., H.K., H.S.) and Showa Pharmaceutical University, Tokyo, Japan (H.Y.)
| | - Nao Yoneda
- Liver Engineering Laboratory, Department of Applied Research for Laboratory Animals, Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kanagawa, Japan (S.U., Y.H., N.Y., H.K., H.S.) and Showa Pharmaceutical University, Tokyo, Japan (H.Y.)
| | - Hiroaki Kato
- Liver Engineering Laboratory, Department of Applied Research for Laboratory Animals, Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kanagawa, Japan (S.U., Y.H., N.Y., H.K., H.S.) and Showa Pharmaceutical University, Tokyo, Japan (H.Y.)
| | - Hiroshi Yamazaki
- Liver Engineering Laboratory, Department of Applied Research for Laboratory Animals, Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kanagawa, Japan (S.U., Y.H., N.Y., H.K., H.S.) and Showa Pharmaceutical University, Tokyo, Japan (H.Y.)
| | - Hiroshi Suemizu
- Liver Engineering Laboratory, Department of Applied Research for Laboratory Animals, Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kanagawa, Japan (S.U., Y.H., N.Y., H.K., H.S.) and Showa Pharmaceutical University, Tokyo, Japan (H.Y.)
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Fredenhagen A, Kühnöl J, Kittelmann M, Oberer L. Gas-Phase Rearrangement of the O-Glucuronide of Vildagliptin Forms Product-Ion Fragments Suggesting Wrongly an N-Glucuronide. Drug Metab Dispos 2018; 47:189-193. [PMID: 30567879 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.118.085597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The O-glucuronide of vildagliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitor, is a major metabolite in monkeys and a minor metabolite in humans, rats, and dogs. Its product ion spectrum shows fragments that can be explained only by an N-glucuronide. Biotransformation using rat liver yielded milligram amounts of the O-glucuronide, and its structure was assigned unambiguously by nuclear magnetic resonance. The tandem mass spectra (MS/MS) of this compound was investigated in detail using MSn and accurate mass spectrometers and was identical to the animal metabolite. Thus, the MS/MS fragments suggesting an N-glucuronide had to be formed by gas-phase rearrangement. This gas-phase rearrangement can be observed on quadrupole time-of-flight and ion-trap mass instruments. The literature on gas-phase rearrangements is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Fredenhagen
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Global Discovery Chemistry, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jürgen Kühnöl
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Global Discovery Chemistry, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Kittelmann
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Global Discovery Chemistry, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lukas Oberer
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Global Discovery Chemistry, Basel, Switzerland
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