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Bagaria D, Ratnayake AS, Madrid A, Worlton TJ. Trauma systems in Asian countries: challenges and recommendations. Crit Care 2024; 28:47. [PMID: 38365782 PMCID: PMC10874018 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-024-04838-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Trauma burden is one of the leading causes of young human life and economic loss in low- and middle-income countries. Improved emergency and trauma care systems may save up to 2 million lives in these countries. METHOD This is a comprehensive expert opinion participated by 4 experts analyzing 6 Asian countries compiling the most pressing trauma care issues in Asia as well as goal directed solutions for uplifting of trauma care in these countries. RESULT Lack of legislation, stable funding under a dedicated lead agency is a major deterrent to development and sustainment of trauma systems in most Asian countries. While advocating trauma, critical care as a specialty is a key event in the system establishment, Trauma specialized training is challenging in low resource settings and can be circumvented by regional cooperation in creating trauma specialized academic centers of excellence. Trauma quality improvement process is integral to the system maturity but acquisition and analysis of quality data through trauma specific registries is the least developed in the Asian setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Bagaria
- Department of Trauma, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Amila S Ratnayake
- Military Hospital, Colombo, Sri Lanka.
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Aireen Madrid
- Department of Trauma, Philippine General Hospital, Manila, Philippines
| | - Tamara J Worlton
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Chen WC, Yang KY. Critical care response during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Formos Med Assoc 2024; 123 Suppl 1:S55-S60. [PMID: 37455193 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2023.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, millions of people worldwide have passed away due to critical illness. Intensive care for severe COVID-19 infection remains one of the most important ways to save patients' lives. In Taiwan, the government-led critical care model and COVID-19 clinical rounds, grand rounds, and chief rounds by experts; critical care guidelines established by the Taiwan Centers for Disease Control and major professional societies; consensus and management recommendations among medical institutes; and research works in the field of critical care constitute the concrete basis of intensive care. This review article briefly summarizes the current achievements of critical care for COVID-19 in Taiwan and recommendations on future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Chih Chen
- Department of Chest Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuang-Yao Yang
- Department of Chest Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; Cancer Progression Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Chander S, Kumari R, Sadarat F, Luhana S. The Evolution and Future of Intensive Care Management in the Era of Telecritical Care and Artificial Intelligence. Curr Probl Cardiol 2023; 48:101805. [PMID: 37209793 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2023.101805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Critical care practice has been embodied in the healthcare system since the institutionalization of intensive care units (ICUs) in the late '50s. Over time, this sector has experienced many changes and improvements in providing immediate and dedicated healthcare as patients requiring intensive care are often frail and critically ill with high mortality and morbidity rates. These changes were aided by innovations in diagnostic, therapeutic, and monitoring technologies, as well as the implementation of evidence-based guidelines and organizational structures within the ICU. In this review, we examine these changes in intensive care management over the past 40 years and their impact on the quality of care available to patients. Moreover, the current state of intensive care management is characterized by a multidisciplinary approach and the use of innovative technologies and research databases. Advancements such as telecritical care and artificial intelligence are being increasingly explored, especially since the COVID-19 pandemic, to reduce the length of hospitalization and ICU mortality. With these advancements in intensive care and ever-changing patient needs, critical care experts, hospital managers, and policymakers must also explore appropriate organizational structures and future enhancements within the ICU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhash Chander
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mount Sinai Beth Israel Hospital, New York, NY.
| | - Roopa Kumari
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mount Sinai Morningside and West, New York, NY
| | - Fnu Sadarat
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Sindhu Luhana
- Department of Internal Medicine, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan
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Chotirmall SH, Abisheganaden JA, Chew FT, See KC, Cove ME, Goh AEN, Koh MS, Loh CH, Phua J, Lim AYH. Letter from Singapore: Thirty years of progress in clinical care and research. Respirology 2023; 28:966-968. [PMID: 37648425 DOI: 10.1111/resp.14584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay H Chotirmall
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - John A Abisheganaden
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Fook Tim Chew
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kay Choong See
- Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- National University Cancer Institute, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Matthew E Cove
- Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Anne E N Goh
- Department of Paediatrics, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mariko Siyue Koh
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chee Hong Loh
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Changi General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jason Phua
- Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- FAST and Chronic Programmes, Alexandra Hospital, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Albert Y H Lim
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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Do SN, Dao CX, Nguyen TA, Nguyen MH, Pham DT, Nguyen NT, Huynh DQ, Hoang QTA, Bui CV, Vu TD, Bui HN, Nguyen HT, Hoang HB, Le TTP, Nguyen LTB, Duong PT, Nguyen TD, Le VH, Pham GTT, Bui GTH, Bui TV, Pham TTN, Nguyen CV, Nguyen AD, Phua J, Li A, Luong CQ. Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) Score for predicting mortality in patients with sepsis in Vietnamese intensive care units: a multicentre, cross-sectional study. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e064870. [PMID: 36918251 PMCID: PMC10016261 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-064870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare the accuracy of the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) and Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) Scores in predicting mortality among intensive care unit (ICU) patients with sepsis in a low-income and middle-income country. DESIGN A multicentre, cross-sectional study. SETTING A total of 15 adult ICUs throughout Vietnam. PARTICIPANTS We included all patients aged ≥18 years who were admitted to ICUs for sepsis and who were still in ICUs from 00:00 to 23:59 of the specified study days (ie, 9 January, 3 April, 3 July and 9 October of the year 2019). PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES The primary outcome was hospital all-cause mortality (hospital mortality). We also defined the secondary outcome as all-cause deaths in the ICU (ICU mortality). RESULTS Of 252 patients, 40.1% died in hospitals, and 33.3% died in ICUs. SOFA Score (areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC): 0.688 (95% CI 0.618 to 0.758); cut-off value≥7.5; PAUROC<0.001) and APACHE II Score (AUROC: 0.689 (95% CI 0.622 to 0.756); cut-off value ≥20.5; PAUROC<0.001) both had a poor discriminatory ability for predicting hospital mortality. However, the discriminatory ability for predicting ICU mortality of SOFA (AUROC: 0.713 (95% CI 0.643 to 0.783); cut-off value≥9.5; PAUROC<0.001) was fair and was better than that of APACHE II Score (AUROC: 0.672 (95% CI 0.603 to 0.742); cut-off value≥18.5; PAUROC<0.001). A SOFA Score≥8 (adjusted OR (AOR): 2.717; 95% CI 1.371 to 5.382) and an APACHE II Score≥21 (AOR: 2.668; 95% CI 1.338 to 5.321) were independently associated with an increased risk of hospital mortality. Additionally, a SOFA Score≥10 (AOR: 2.194; 95% CI 1.017 to 4.735) was an independent predictor of ICU mortality, in contrast to an APACHE II Score≥19, for which this role did not. CONCLUSIONS In this study, SOFA and APACHE II Scores were worthwhile in predicting mortality among ICU patients with sepsis. However, due to better discrimination for predicting ICU mortality, the SOFA Score was preferable to the APACHE II Score in predicting mortality.Clinical trials registry - India: CTRI/2019/01/016898.
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Affiliation(s)
- Son Ngoc Do
- Center for Critical Care Medicine, Bach Mai Hospital, Hanoi, Viet Nam
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Co Xuan Dao
- Center for Critical Care Medicine, Bach Mai Hospital, Hanoi, Viet Nam
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Tuan Anh Nguyen
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam
- Center for Emergency Medicine, Bach Mai Hospital, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - My Ha Nguyen
- Department of Health Organization and Management, Faculty of Public Health, Thai Binh University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Thai Binh City, Thai Binh, Viet Nam
| | - Dung Thi Pham
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, Faculty of Public Health, Thai Binh University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Thai Binh City, Thai Binh, Viet Nam
| | - Nga Thi Nguyen
- Department of Intensive Care and Poison Control, Vietnam-Czechoslovakia Friendship Hospital, Hai Phong City, Viet Nam
| | - Dai Quang Huynh
- Intensive Care Department, Cho Ray Hospital, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
- Department of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Ho Chi Minh City University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Quoc Trong Ai Hoang
- Emergency Department, Hue Central General Hospital, Hue City, Thua Thien Hue, Viet Nam
| | - Cuong Van Bui
- Center for Critical Care Medicine, Bach Mai Hospital, Hanoi, Viet Nam
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Thang Dinh Vu
- Intensive Care Unit, 115 People's Hospital, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Ha Nhat Bui
- Intensive Care Unit, Bai Chay General Hospital, Ha Long City, Quang Ninh, Viet Nam
| | - Hung Tan Nguyen
- Intensive Care Unit, Da Nang Hospital, Da Nang City, Viet Nam
| | - Hai Bui Hoang
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam
- Emergency and Critical Care Department, Hanoi Medical University Hospital, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | | | | | - Phuoc Thien Duong
- Intensive Care Unit, Can Tho Central General Hospital, Can Tho, Viet Nam
| | - Tuan Dang Nguyen
- Intensive Care Unit, Vinmec Times City International Hospital, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Vuong Hung Le
- Intensive Care Unit, Thai Nguyen Central General Hospital, Thai Nguyen City, Thai Nguyen, Viet Nam
| | | | - Giang Thi Huong Bui
- Center for Critical Care Medicine, Bach Mai Hospital, Hanoi, Viet Nam
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Tam Van Bui
- Department of Intensive Care and Poison Control, Vietnam-Czechoslovakia Friendship Hospital, Hai Phong City, Viet Nam
| | - Thao Thi Ngoc Pham
- Intensive Care Department, Cho Ray Hospital, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
- Department of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Ho Chi Minh City University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Chi Van Nguyen
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam
- Center for Emergency Medicine, Bach Mai Hospital, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Anh Dat Nguyen
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam
- Center for Emergency Medicine, Bach Mai Hospital, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Jason Phua
- FAST and Chronic Programmes, Alexandra Hospital, National University Health System, Singapore
- Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Andrew Li
- Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, National University Health System, Singapore
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Woodlands Health, Singapore
| | - Chinh Quoc Luong
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Center for Emergency Medicine, Bach Mai Hospital, Hanoi, Viet Nam
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Do SN, Luong CQ, Nguyen MH, Pham DT, Nguyen NT, Huynh DQ, Hoang QTA, Dao CX, Vu TD, Bui HN, Nguyen HT, Hoang HB, Le TTP, Nguyen LTB, Duong PT, Nguyen TD, Le VH, Pham GTT, Bui TV, Bui GTH, Phua J, Li A, Pham TTN, Nguyen CV, Nguyen AD. Predictive validity of the quick Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (qSOFA) score for the mortality in patients with sepsis in Vietnamese intensive care units. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0275739. [PMID: 36240177 PMCID: PMC9565713 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0275739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The simple scoring systems for predicting the outcome of sepsis in intensive care units (ICUs) are few, especially for limited-resource settings. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the accuracy of the quick Sequential (Sepsis-Related) Organ Failure Assessment (qSOFA) score in predicting the mortality of ICU patients with sepsis in Vietnam. Methods We did a multicenter cross-sectional study of patients with sepsis (≥18 years old) presenting to 15 adult ICUs throughout Vietnam on the specified days (i.e., 9th January, 3rd April, 3rd July, and 9th October) representing the different seasons of 2019. The primary and secondary outcomes were the hospital and ICU all-cause mortalities, respectively. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) was calculated to determine the discriminatory ability of the qSOFA score for deaths in the hospital and ICU. The cut-off value of the qSOFA scores was determined by the receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. Upon ICU admission, factors associated with the hospital and ICU mortalities were assessed in univariable and multivariable logistic models. Results Of 252 patients, 40.1% died in the hospital, and 33.3% died in the ICU. The qSOFA score had a poor discriminatory ability for both the hospital (AUROC: 0.610 [95% CI: 0.538 to 0.681]; cut-off value: ≥2.5; sensitivity: 34.7%; specificity: 84.1%; PAUROC = 0.003) and ICU (AUROC: 0.619 [95% CI: 0.544 to 0.694]; cutoff value: ≥2.5; sensitivity: 36.9%; specificity: 83.3%; PAUROC = 0.002) mortalities. However, multivariable logistic regression analyses show that the qSOFA score of 3 was independently associated with the increased risk of deaths in both the hospital (adjusted odds ratio, AOR: 3.358; 95% confidence interval, CI: 1.756 to 6.422) and the ICU (AOR: 3.060; 95% CI: 1.651 to 5.671). Conclusion In our study, despite having a poor discriminatory value, the qSOFA score seems worthwhile in predicting mortality in ICU patients with sepsis in limited-resource settings. Clinical trial registration Clinical trials registry–India: CTRI/2019/01/016898
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Affiliation(s)
- Son Ngoc Do
- Center for Critical Care Medicine, Bach Mai Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Chinh Quoc Luong
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Center for Emergency Medicine, Bach Mai Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam
- * E-mail:
| | - My Ha Nguyen
- Department of Health Organization and Management, Faculty of Public Health, Thai Binh University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Thai Binh, Vietnam
| | - Dung Thi Pham
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, Faculty of Public Health, Thai Binh University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Thai Binh, Vietnam
| | - Nga Thi Nguyen
- Department of Intensive Care and Poison Control, Vietnam-Czechoslovakia Friendship Hospital, Hai Phong, Vietnam
| | - Dai Quang Huynh
- Intensive Care Department, Cho Ray Hospital, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Department of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Ho Chi Minh City University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Quoc Trong Ai Hoang
- Emergency Department, Hue Central General Hospital, Hue City, Thua Thien Hue, Vietnam
| | - Co Xuan Dao
- Center for Critical Care Medicine, Bach Mai Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Thang Dinh Vu
- Intensive Care Unit, People’s Hospital 115, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Ha Nhat Bui
- Intensive Care Unit, Bai Chay General Hospital, Quang Ninh, Vietnam
| | - Hung Tan Nguyen
- Intensive Care Unit, Da Nang Hospital, Da Nang City, Vietnam
| | - Hai Bui Hoang
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Emergency and Critical Care Department, Hanoi Medical University Hospital, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | | | | - Phuoc Thien Duong
- Intensive Care Unit, Can Tho Central General Hospital, Can Tho, Vietnam
| | - Tuan Dang Nguyen
- Intensive Care Unit, Vinmec Times City International Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Vuong Hung Le
- Intensive Care Unit, Thai Nguyen National Hospital, Thai Nguyen, Vietnam
| | | | - Tam Van Bui
- Department of Intensive Care and Poison Control, Vietnam-Czechoslovakia Friendship Hospital, Hai Phong, Vietnam
| | - Giang Thi Huong Bui
- Center for Critical Care Medicine, Bach Mai Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Jason Phua
- FAST and Chronic Programmes, Alexandra Hospital, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
- Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Andrew Li
- Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Thao Thi Ngoc Pham
- Intensive Care Department, Cho Ray Hospital, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Department of Critical Care, Emergency Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Ho Chi Minh City University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Chi Van Nguyen
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Center for Emergency Medicine, Bach Mai Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Anh Dat Nguyen
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Center for Emergency Medicine, Bach Mai Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam
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Zand F. The Impact of the Pandemic on Critical Care in Resource-limited Countries. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2022; 47:171-172. [PMID: 35634525 PMCID: PMC9126893 DOI: 10.30476/ijms.2022.48329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Farid Zand
- Editor-in-Chief, Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Anesthesiology and Critical Care Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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