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Lin X, Zhu J, Shen J, Zhang Y, Zhu J. Advances in exosome plasmonic sensing: Device integration strategies and AI-aided diagnosis. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 266:116718. [PMID: 39216205 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2024.116718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2024] [Revised: 08/11/2024] [Accepted: 08/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Exosomes, as next-generation biomarkers, has great potential in tracking cancer progression. They face many detection limitations in cancer diagnosis. Plasmonic biosensors have attracted considerable attention at the forefront of exosome detection, due to their label-free, real-time, and high-sensitivity features. Their advantages in multiplex immunoassays of minimal liquid samples establish the leading position in various diagnostic studies. This review delineates the application principles of plasmonic sensing technologies, highlighting the importance of exosomes-based spectrum and image signals in disease diagnostics. It also introduces advancements in miniaturizing plasmonic biosensing platforms of exosomes, which can facilitate point-of-care testing for future healthcare. Nowadays, inspired by the surge of artificial intelligence (AI) for science and technology, more and more AI algorithms are being adopted to process the exosome spectrum and image data from plasmonic detection. Using representative algorithms of machine learning has become a mainstream trend in plasmonic biosensing research for exosome liquid biopsy. Typically, these algorithms process complex exosome datasets efficiently and establish powerful predictive models for precise diagnosis. This review further discusses critical strategies of AI algorithm selection in exosome-based diagnosis. Particularly, we categorize the AI algorithms into the interpretable and uninterpretable groups for exosome plasmonic detection applications. The interpretable AI enhances the transparency and reliability of diagnosis by elucidating the decision-making process, while the uninterpretable AI provides high diagnostic accuracy with robust data processing by a "black-box" working mode. We believe that AI will continue to promote significant progress of exosome plasmonic detection and mobile healthcare in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyujie Lin
- Institute of Electromagnetics and Acoustics and Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Wave Science and Detection Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China; Shenzhen Research Institute of Xiamen University, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Jiaheng Zhu
- Institute of Electromagnetics and Acoustics and Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Wave Science and Detection Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China; Shenzhen Research Institute of Xiamen University, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Jiaqing Shen
- Institute of Electromagnetics and Acoustics and Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Wave Science and Detection Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Youyu Zhang
- Institute of Electromagnetics and Acoustics and Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Wave Science and Detection Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China; Shenzhen Research Institute of Xiamen University, Shenzhen, 518057, China.
| | - Jinfeng Zhu
- Institute of Electromagnetics and Acoustics and Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Wave Science and Detection Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China; Shenzhen Research Institute of Xiamen University, Shenzhen, 518057, China.
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2
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Lee JE, Wang A, Chen S, Kwon M, Hwang J, Cho M, Son KH, Han DS, Choi JW, Kim YD, Mo SK, Petrovic C, Hwang C, Park SY, Jang C, Ryu H. Spin-orbit-splitting-driven nonlinear Hall effect in NbIrTe 4. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3971. [PMID: 38729931 PMCID: PMC11087648 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47643-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The Berry curvature dipole (BCD) serves as a one of the fundamental contributors to emergence of the nonlinear Hall effect (NLHE). Despite intense interest due to its potential for new technologies reaching beyond the quantum efficiency limit, the interplay between BCD and NLHE has been barely understood yet in the absence of a systematic study on the electronic band structure. Here, we report NLHE realized in NbIrTe4 that persists above room temperature coupled with a sign change in the Hall conductivity at 150 K. First-principles calculations combined with angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) measurements show that BCD tuned by the partial occupancy of spin-orbit split bands via temperature is responsible for the temperature-dependent NLHE. Our findings highlight the correlation between BCD and the electronic band structure, providing a viable route to create and engineer the non-trivial Hall effect by tuning the geometric properties of quasiparticles in transition-metal chalcogen compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Eun Lee
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Center for Spintronics, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, South Korea
- Department of Physics, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, South Korea
- Max Planck POSTECH Center for Complex Phase Materials, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, South Korea
| | - Aifeng Wang
- Condensed Matter Physics and Materials Science Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York, 11973, US
- Low Temperature Physics Laboratory, College of Physics and Center of Quantum Materials and Devices, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Shuzhang Chen
- Condensed Matter Physics and Materials Science Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York, 11973, US
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, 11794-3800, USA
| | - Minseong Kwon
- Center for Spintronics, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, South Korea
- Department of Physics and Department of Information Display, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, South Korea
| | - Jinwoong Hwang
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Physics and Institute of Quantum Convergence Technology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, South Korea
| | - Minhyun Cho
- Department of Physics and Department of Information Display, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, South Korea
| | - Ki-Hoon Son
- Center for Spintronics, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, South Korea
| | - Dong-Soo Han
- Center for Spintronics, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, South Korea
| | - Jun Woo Choi
- Center for Spintronics, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, South Korea
| | - Young Duck Kim
- Department of Physics and Department of Information Display, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, South Korea
| | - Sung-Kwan Mo
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Cedomir Petrovic
- Condensed Matter Physics and Materials Science Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York, 11973, US
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, 11794-3800, USA
- Shanghai Advanced Research in Physical Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Choongyu Hwang
- Department of Physics, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, South Korea.
| | - Se Young Park
- Department of Physics and Origin of Matter and Evolution of Galaxies (OMEG) Institute, Soongsil University, Seoul, 06978, South Korea.
- Integrative Institute of Basic Sciences, Soongsil University, Seoul, 06978, South Korea.
| | - Chaun Jang
- Center for Spintronics, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, South Korea.
| | - Hyejin Ryu
- Center for Spintronics, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, South Korea.
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3
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Sharipov M, Kakhkhorov SA, Tawfik SM, Azizov S, Liu HG, Shin JH, Lee YI. Highly sensitive plasmonic paper substrate fabricated via amphiphilic polymer self-assembly in microdroplet for detection of emerging pharmaceutical pollutants. NANO CONVERGENCE 2024; 11:13. [PMID: 38551725 PMCID: PMC10980671 DOI: 10.1186/s40580-024-00420-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
We report an innovative and facile approach to fabricating an ultrasensitive plasmonic paper substrate for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). The approach exploits the self-assembling capability of poly(styrene-b-2-vinyl pyridine) block copolymers to form a thin film at the air-liquid interface within the single microdroplet scale for the first time and the subsequent in situ growth of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). The concentration of the block copolymer was found to play an essential role in stabilizing the droplets during the mass transfer phase and formation of silver nanoparticles, thus influencing the SERS signals. SEM analysis of the morphology of the plasmonic paper substrates revealed the formation of spherical AgNPs evenly distributed across the surface of the formed copolymer film with a size distribution of 47.5 nm. The resultant enhancement factor was calculated to be 1.2 × 107, and the detection limit of rhodamine 6G was as low as 48.9 pM. The nanohybridized plasmonic paper was successfully applied to detect two emerging pollutants-sildenafil and flibanserin-with LODs as low as 1.48 nM and 3.45 nM, respectively. Thus, this study offers new prospects for designing an affordable and readily available, yet highly sensitive, paper-based SERS substrate with the potential for development as a lab-on-a-chip device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirkomil Sharipov
- Anastro Laboratory, Institute of Basic Science, Changwon National University, Changwon, 51140, Republic of Korea
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Sarvar A Kakhkhorov
- Anastro Laboratory, Institute of Basic Science, Changwon National University, Changwon, 51140, Republic of Korea
| | - Salah M Tawfik
- Department of Petrochemicals, Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute, Cairo, 11727, Egypt
| | - Shavkatjon Azizov
- Anastro Laboratory, Institute of Basic Science, Changwon National University, Changwon, 51140, Republic of Korea
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical Technical University, Tashkent, 100084, Republic of Uzbekistan
| | - Hong-Guo Liu
- Key Laboratory for Colloid and Interface Chemistry of Education Ministry, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, PR China
| | - Joong Ho Shin
- Division of Smart Healthcare, College of Information Technology and Convergence, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Ill Lee
- Anastro Laboratory, Institute of Basic Science, Changwon National University, Changwon, 51140, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical Technical University, Tashkent, 100084, Republic of Uzbekistan.
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4
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Cao X, Ge S, Chen M, Mao H, Wang Y. LoC-SERS Platform Integrated with the Signal Amplification Strategy toward Parkinson's Disease Diagnosis. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:21830-21842. [PMID: 37119180 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c00103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Multiplexed detection of Parkinson's disease (PD) biomarkers is of great significance for early diagnosis and personalized treatment. In this study, we fabricated a robust surface-enhanced Raman scattering-enabled lab-on-a-chip (LoC-SERS) platform for simultaneous quantification of α-synuclein, phosphorylated tau protein 181, osteopontin, and osteocalcin. Herein, the antibody-DNA conjugate was designed to introduce the catalytic hairpin self-assembly (CHA) amplification into the protein detection. Au nano-stars (AuNSs) modified with Raman reporter molecules and hairpin-structure DNA 1 were applied as the SERS nanotags. Au-coated silicon nanocone array (Au/SiNCA) fabricated based on the maskless plasma etching-prepared high-density Si nanocone array (SiNCA) and surface ion sputtering was used as the capture substrate after the modification of hairpin-structure DNA 2. Benefitting from the antibody-DNA conjugate-induced CHA amplification, numerous AuNSs can be connected to the Au/SiNCA surface, which significantly amplify the plasmonic coupling effect for ultrasensitive SERS detection, and the limit of detection was less than the pg/mL level. The application of highly uniform Au/SiNCA and antibody-DNA conjugate endows the LoC-SERS platform excellent analytical performance, including superior reproducibility, satisfactory universality, and high sensitivity. In addition, a 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced PD mice model was established, and satisfactory results were obtained in real sample analysis with the LoC-SERS platform, which may be enlightening for exploiting protein biomarkers in PD monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Cao
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, P. R. China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, P. R. China
| | - Shengjie Ge
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, P. R. China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, P. R. China
| | - Miao Chen
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, P. R. China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, P. R. China
| | - Haiyan Mao
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, P. R. China
| | - Ying Wang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, Shandong 271000, China
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Fu M, Mota MPDSP, Xiao X, Jacassi A, Güsken NA, Chen Y, Xiao H, Li Y, Riaz A, Maier SA, Oulton RF. Near-unity Raman β-factor of surface-enhanced Raman scattering in a waveguide. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 17:1251-1257. [PMID: 36302960 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-022-01232-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The Raman scattering of light by molecular vibrations is a powerful technique to fingerprint molecules through their internal bonds and symmetries. Since Raman scattering is weak1, methods to enhance, direct and harness it are highly desirable, and this has been achieved using optical cavities2, waveguides3-6 and surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)7-9. Although SERS offers dramatic enhancements2,6,10,11 by localizing light within vanishingly small hot-spots in metallic nanostructures, these tiny interaction volumes are only sensitive to a few molecules, yielding weak signals12. Here we show that SERS from 4-aminothiophenol molecules bonded to a plasmonic gap waveguide is directed into a single mode with >99% efficiency. Although sacrificing a confinement dimension, we find a SERS enhancement of ~103 times across a broad spectral range enabled by the waveguide's larger sensing volume and non-resonant waveguide mode. Remarkably, this waveguide SERS is bright enough to image Raman transport across the waveguides, highlighting the role of nanofocusing13-15 and the Purcell effect16. By analogy to the β-factor from laser physics10,17-20, the near-unity Raman β-factor we observe exposes the SERS technique to alternative routes for controlling Raman scattering. The ability of waveguide SERS to direct Raman scattering is relevant to Raman sensors based on integrated photonics7-9 with applications in gas sensing and biosensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Fu
- Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Xiaofei Xiao
- Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Andrea Jacassi
- Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Nicholas A Güsken
- Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yuxin Chen
- Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Huaifeng Xiao
- Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Yi Li
- Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London, UK
- School of Microelectronics, MOE Engineering Research Center of Integrated Circuits for Next Generation Communications, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ahad Riaz
- Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Stefan A Maier
- Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London, UK
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Chair in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nanoinstitute Munich, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
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Kim S, Jung C, Mun J, Kim M, Yoon H, Jang J, Go M, Lee J, Rho J, Kim JK. Self-assembled pagoda-like nanostructure-induced vertically stacked split-ring resonators for polarization-sensitive dichroic responses. NANO CONVERGENCE 2022; 9:40. [PMID: 36069949 PMCID: PMC9452615 DOI: 10.1186/s40580-022-00331-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Stacked split-ring resonators (SSRR) arrays exhibiting polarization-sensitive dichroic responses in both visible and near-infrared wavelengths are realized over a centimeter-scale large area. The SSRR arrays are derived from pagoda-like nanorods fabricated from the self-assembly of a lamellae-forming polystyrene-b-poly (methyl methacrylate) copolymer (PS-b-PMMA) confined in cylindrical pores of anodized aluminum oxide (AAO) template. Along the nanorod direction, PS and PMMA nanodomains were alternately stacked with the same distance. Silver crescents and semi-hemispherical covers, which are essential for SSRR with the polarization sensitivity, were obliquely deposited on the single side of the nanorod after removing the AAO template and reactive-ion etching treatment. These sophisticated nanoscale architectures made by bottom-up fabrication can be applied to structural color, optical anti-counterfeiting, and commercial optical components in a large area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanghoon Kim
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Hybrid Nano Materials By High-Level Architectural Design of Block Copolymer, Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Chunghwan Jung
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungho Mun
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Mooseong Kim
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Hybrid Nano Materials By High-Level Architectural Design of Block Copolymer, Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeongkeon Yoon
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Hybrid Nano Materials By High-Level Architectural Design of Block Copolymer, Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Junho Jang
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Hybrid Nano Materials By High-Level Architectural Design of Block Copolymer, Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Myeongcheol Go
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Hybrid Nano Materials By High-Level Architectural Design of Block Copolymer, Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeyong Lee
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Hybrid Nano Materials By High-Level Architectural Design of Block Copolymer, Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Junsuk Rho
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea.
- POSCO-POSTECH-RIST Convergence Research Center for Flat Optics and Metaphotonics, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jin Kon Kim
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Hybrid Nano Materials By High-Level Architectural Design of Block Copolymer, Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea.
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Kim TH, Nam DH, Kim DH, Leem G, Lee S. Fabrication of Multi-Vacancy-Defect MWCNTs by the Removal of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14142942. [PMID: 35890718 PMCID: PMC9319261 DOI: 10.3390/polym14142942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to increase the specific surface area of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) by forming and subsequently removing various metal oxide nanoparticles on them. We used facile methods, such as forming the particles without using a vacuum or gas and removing these particles through simple acid treatment. The shapes of the composite structures on which the metal oxide particles were formed and the formation of multi-vacancy-defect MWCNTs were confirmed via transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The crystallinity of the formed metal oxide particles was confirmed using X-ray diffraction analysis. Through specific surface area analysis and Raman spectroscopy, the number of defects formed and the degree and tendency of defect-formation in each metal were determined. In all the cases where the metal oxide particles were removed, the specific surface area increased, and the metal inducing the highest specific surface area was determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Hyeong Kim
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Hanyang University ERICA, Ansan 15588, Korea; (T.H.K.); (D.H.N.)
- Center for Bionano Intelligence Education and Research, Hanyang University ERICA, Ansan 15588, Korea
| | - Dong Hwan Nam
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Hanyang University ERICA, Ansan 15588, Korea; (T.H.K.); (D.H.N.)
- Center for Bionano Intelligence Education and Research, Hanyang University ERICA, Ansan 15588, Korea
| | - Do-Hyun Kim
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea;
| | - Gyu Leem
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, 1 Forestry Drive, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA;
- The Michael M. Szwarc Polymer Research Institute, 1 Forestry Drive, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Seunghyun Lee
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Hanyang University ERICA, Ansan 15588, Korea; (T.H.K.); (D.H.N.)
- Center for Bionano Intelligence Education and Research, Hanyang University ERICA, Ansan 15588, Korea
- The Michael M. Szwarc Polymer Research Institute, 1 Forestry Drive, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
- Department of Chemical and Molecular Engineering, Hanyang University ERICA, Ansan 15588, Korea
- Correspondence:
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