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Liu J, Shi J, Gao J, Shi R, Zhu J, Jensen MS, Li C, Yang J, Zhao S, Sun A, Sun D, Zhang Y, Liu C, Liu W. Functional studies on tandem carbohydrate-binding modules of a multimodular enzyme possessing two catalytic domains. Appl Environ Microbiol 2024:e0088824. [PMID: 38940565 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00888-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Although functional studies on carbohydrate-binding module (CBM) have been carried out extensively, the role of tandem CBMs in the enzyme containing multiple catalytic domains (CDs) is unclear. Here, we identified a multidomain enzyme (Lc25986) with a novel modular structure from lignocellulolytic bacterial consortium. It consists of a mannanase domain, two CBM65 domains (LcCBM65-1/LcCBM65-2), and an esterase domain. To investigate CBM function and domain interactions, full-length Lc25986 and its variants were constructed and used for enzymatic activity, binding, and bioinformatic analyses. The results showed that LcCBM65-1 and LcCBM65-2 both bind mannan and xyloglucan but not cellulose or β-1,3-1,4-glucan, which differs from the ligand specificity of reported CBM65s. Compared to LcCBM65-2, LcCBM65-1 showed a stronger ligand affinity and a preference for acetylation sites. Both CBM65s stimulated the enzymatic activities of their respective neighboring CDs against acetylated mannan, but did not contribute to the activities of the distal CDs. The time course of mannan hydrolysis indicated that the full-length Lc25986 was more effective in the complete degradation of mixed acetyl/non-acetyl substrates than the mixture of single-CD mutants. When acting on complex substrates, LcCBM65-1 not only improved the enzymatic activity of the mannanase domain, but also directed the esterase domain to the acetylated polysaccharides. LcCBM65-2 adopted a low affinity to reduce interference with the catalysis of the mannanase domain. These results demonstrate the importance of CBMs for the synergism between the two CDs of a multidomain enzyme and suggest that they contribute to the adequate degradation of complex substrates such as plant cell walls. IMPORTANCE Lignocellulolytic enzymes, particularly those of bacterial origin, often harbor multiple carbohydrate-binding modules (CBMs). However, the function of CBM multivalency remains poorly understood. This is especially true for enzymes that contain more than one catalytic domain (CD), as the interactions between CDs, CBMs, and CDs and CBMs can be complex. Our research demonstrates that homogeneous CBMs can have distinct functions in a multimodular enzyme. The tandem CBMs coordinate the CDs in catalytic conflict through their differences in binding affinity, ligand preference, and arrangement within the full-length enzyme. Additionally, although the synergism between mannanase and esterase is widely acknowledged, our study highlights the benefits of integrating the two enzymes into a single entity for the degradation of complex substrates. In summary, these findings enhance our understanding of the intra-synergism of a multimodular enzyme and emphasize the significance of multiple CBMs in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawen Liu
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiani Shi
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiahui Gao
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Rui Shi
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jingrong Zhu
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Marcus Sepo Jensen
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chenchen Li
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jing Yang
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Siyi Zhao
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Aofei Sun
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Di Sun
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Cong Liu
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Weijie Liu
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
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Li J, Zhang Y, Yu F, Pan Y, Zhang Z, He Y, Yang H, Zhou P. Proteoglycan Extracted from Ganoderma lucidum Ameliorated Diabetes-Induced Muscle Atrophy via the AMPK/SIRT1 Pathway In Vivo and In Vitro. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:30359-30373. [PMID: 37636971 PMCID: PMC10448640 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c03513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Muscle atrophy often occurs in type 2 diabetes (T2D) and leads to an increase in physical disability and insulin resistance. However, there are very few studies that have investigated potential natural products used for this condition. In this study, we demonstrated that FYGL (Fudan-Yueyang-G. lucidum), a proteoglycan extracted from Ganoderma lucidum, ameliorated muscle atrophy in rat and mouse models of diabetes. Histopathological analysis of muscle revealed that oral administration of FYGL significantly prevented reduction of the cross-sectional area of muscle fibers and overexpression of muscle atrophic factors in diabetic rats and mice. Muscle RNA-seq analysis in vivo indicated that FYGL regulated genes related to myogenesis, muscle atrophy, and oxidative phosphorylation. Also, FYGL activated AMPK in vivo. Furthermore, the underlying molecular mechanisms were studied in palmitate-induced C2C12 muscle cells using immunofluorescence staining and Western blotting, which revealed that FYGL inhibited muscle atrophy by stimulating ATP production and activating the AMPK/SIRT1 pathway, thus promoting oxidative metabolism. This result rationalized the in vivo findings. These results suggest FYGL as a promising functional food ingredient for the prevention of T2D-induced muscle atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Li
- State
Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of
Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- State
Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of
Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Fanzhen Yu
- State
Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of
Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yanna Pan
- State
Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of
Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zeng Zhang
- Yueyang
Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200437, China
| | - Yanming He
- Yueyang
Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200437, China
| | - Hongjie Yang
- Yueyang
Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200437, China
| | - Ping Zhou
- State
Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of
Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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Shi Q, Abdel-Hamid AM, Sun Z, Cheng Y, Tu T, Cann I, Yao B, Zhu W. Carbohydrate-binding modules facilitate the enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass: Releasing reducing sugars and dissociative lignin available for producing biofuels and chemicals. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 65:108126. [PMID: 36921877 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
The microbial decomposition and utilization of lignocellulosic biomass present in the plant tissues are driven by a series of carbohydrate active enzymes (CAZymes) acting in concert. As the non-catalytic domains widely found in the modular CAZymes, carbohydrate-binding modules (CBMs) are intimately associated with catalytic domains (CDs) that effect the diverse hydrolytic reactions. The CBMs function as auxiliary components for the recognition, adhesion, and depolymerization of the complex substrate mediated by the associated CDs. Therefore, CBMs are deemed as significant biotools available for enzyme engineering, especially to facilitate the enzymatic hydrolysis of dense and insoluble plant tissues to acquire more fermentable sugars. This review aims at presenting the taxonomies and biological properties of the CBMs currently curated in the CAZy database. The molecular mechanisms that CBMs use in assisting the enzymatic hydrolysis of plant polysaccharides and the regulatory factors of CBM-substrate interactions are outlined in detail. In addition, guidelines for the rational designs of CBM-fused CAZymes are proposed. Furthermore, the potential to harness CBMs for industrial applications, especially in enzymatic pretreatment of the recalcitrant lignocellulose, is evaluated. It is envisaged that the ideas outlined herein will aid in the engineering and production of novel CBM-fused enzymes to facilitate efficient degradation of lignocellulosic biomass to easily fermentable sugars for production of value-added products, including biofuels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qicheng Shi
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ahmed M Abdel-Hamid
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA
| | - Zhanying Sun
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yanfen Cheng
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Tao Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Isaac Cann
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA; Department of Animal Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA; Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA; Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA; Center for East Asian and Pacific Studies, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Bin Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Weiyun Zhu
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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Liu J, Zhu J, Xu Q, Shi R, Liu C, Sun D, Liu W. Functional identification of two novel carbohydrate-binding modules of glucuronoxylanase CrXyl30 and their contribution to the lignocellulose saccharification. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2023; 16:40. [PMID: 36890582 PMCID: PMC9996879 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-023-02290-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glycoside hydrolase (GH) family 30 xylanases are a distinct group of xylanases, most of which have a highly specific catalytic activity for glucuronoxylan. Since GH30 xylanases do not normally carry carbohydrate-binding modules (CBMs), our knowledge of the function of their CBMs is lacking. RESULTS In this work, the CBM functions of CrXyl30 were investigated. CrXyl30 was a GH30 glucuronoxylanase containing tandem CBM13 (CrCBM13) and CBM2 (CrCBM2) at its C terminus, which was identified in a lignocellulolytic bacterial consortium previously. Both CBMs could bind insoluble and soluble xylan, with CrCBM13 having binding specificity for the xylan with L-arabinosyl substitutions, whereas CrCBM2 targeted L-arabinosyl side chains themselves. Such binding abilities of these two CBMs were completely different from other CBMs in their respective families. Phylogenetic analysis also suggested that both CrCBM13 and CrCBM2 belong to novel branches. Inspection of the simulated structure of CrCBM13 identified a pocket that just accommodates the side chain of 3(2)-alpha-L-arabinofuranosyl-xylotriose, which forms hydrogen bonds with three of the five amino acid residues involved in ligand interaction. The truncation of either CrCBM13 or CrCBM2 did not alter the substrate specificity and optimal reaction conditions of CrXyl30, whereas truncation of CrCBM2 decreased the kcat/Km value by 83% (± 0%). Moreover, the absence of CrCBM2 and CrCBM13 resulted in a 5% (± 1%) and a 7% (± 0%) decrease, respectively, in the amount of reducing sugar released by the synergistic hydrolysis of delignified corncob whose hemicellulose is arabinoglucuronoxylan, respectively. In addition, fusion of CrCBM2 with a GH10 xylanase enhanced its catalytic activity against the branched xylan and improved the synergistic hydrolysis efficiency by more than fivefold when delignified corncob was used as substrate. Such a strong stimulation of hydrolysis resulted from the enhancement of hemicellulose hydrolysis on the one hand, and the cellulose hydrolysis is also improved according to the lignocellulose conversion rate measured by HPLC. CONCLUSIONS This study identifies the functions of two novel CBMs in CrXyl30 and shows the good potential of such CBMs specific for branched ligands in the development of efficient enzyme preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawen Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Phylogenomics & Comparative Genomics, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, No.101, Shanghai Road, Tongshan New District, Xuzhou, 221116, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jingrong Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Phylogenomics & Comparative Genomics, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, No.101, Shanghai Road, Tongshan New District, Xuzhou, 221116, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qian Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Phylogenomics & Comparative Genomics, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, No.101, Shanghai Road, Tongshan New District, Xuzhou, 221116, Jiangsu, China
| | - Rui Shi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Phylogenomics & Comparative Genomics, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, No.101, Shanghai Road, Tongshan New District, Xuzhou, 221116, Jiangsu, China
| | - Cong Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Phylogenomics & Comparative Genomics, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, No.101, Shanghai Road, Tongshan New District, Xuzhou, 221116, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Di Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Phylogenomics & Comparative Genomics, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, No.101, Shanghai Road, Tongshan New District, Xuzhou, 221116, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Weijie Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Phylogenomics & Comparative Genomics, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, No.101, Shanghai Road, Tongshan New District, Xuzhou, 221116, Jiangsu, China.
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Applications of ionic liquids for the biochemical transformation of lignocellulosic biomass into biofuels and biochemicals: A critical review. Biochem Eng J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2023.108850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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Guo H, Zhao Y, Chang JS, Lee DJ. Enzymes and enzymatic mechanisms in enzymatic degradation of lignocellulosic biomass: A mini-review. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 367:128252. [PMID: 36334864 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.128252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Enzymatic hydrolysis is the key step limiting the efficiency of the biorefinery of lignocellulosic biomass. Enzymes involved in enzymatic hydrolysis and their interactions with biomass should be comprehended to form the basis for looking for strategies to improve process efficiency. This article updates the contemporary research on the properties of key enzymes in the lignocellulose biorefinery and their interactions with biomass, adsorption, and hydrolysis. The advanced analytical techniques to track the interactions for exploiting mechanisms are discussed. The challenges and prospects for future research are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongliang Guo
- College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Ying Zhao
- College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Jo-Shu Chang
- Research Center for Smart Sustainable Circular Economy, Tunghai University, Taichung 407, Taiwan; Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Tunghai University, Taichung 407, Taiwan
| | - Duu-Jong Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong; Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Yuan Ze University, Chung-li 32003, Taiwan.
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Rojas-Pérez LC, Narváez-Rincón PC, Rocha MAM, Coelho E, Coimbra MA. Production of xylose through enzymatic hydrolysis of glucuronoarabinoxylan from brewers' spent grain. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2022; 9:105. [PMID: 38647754 PMCID: PMC10992567 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-022-00594-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Xylose is an abundant bioresource for obtaining diverse chemicals and added-value products. The production of xylose from green alternatives like enzymatic hydrolysis is an important step in a biorefinery context. This research evaluated the synergism among four classes of hydrolytic purified enzymes-endo-1,4-β-xylanase, α-L-arabinofuranosidase, β-xylosidase, and α-D-glucuronidase-over hydrolysis of glucuronoarabinoxylan (GAX) obtained from brewers' spent grain (BSG) after alkaline extraction and ethanol precipitation. First, monosaccharides, uronic acids and glycosidic-linkages of alkaline extracted GAX fraction from BSG were characterized, after that different strategies based on the addition of one or two families of enzymes-endo-1,4-β-xylanase (GH10 and GH11) and α-L-arabinofuranosidase (GH43 and GH51)-cooperating with one β-xylosidase (GH43) and one α-D-glucuronidase (GH67) into enzymatic hydrolysis were assessed to obtain the best yield of xylose. The xylose release was monitored over time in the first 90 min and after a prolonged reaction up to 48 h of reaction. The highest yield of xylose was 63.6% (48 h, 40 ℃, pH 5.5), using a mixture of all enzymes devoid of α-L-arabinofuranosidase (GH43) family. These results highlight the importance of GH51 arabinofuranosidase debranching enzyme to allow a higher cleavage of the xylan backbone of GAX from BSG and their synergy with 2 endo-1,4-β-xylanase (GH10 and GH11), one β-xylosidase (GH43) and the inclusion of one α-D-glucuronidase (GH67) in the reaction system. Therefore, this study provides an environmentally friendly process to produce xylose from BSG through utilization of enzymes as catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilia C Rojas-Pérez
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Ean, 110221, Bogotá D.C., Colombia.
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Ambiental, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, 111321, Bogotá D.C., Colombia.
| | - Paulo C Narváez-Rincón
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Ambiental, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, 111321, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - M Angélica M Rocha
- Departamento de Química, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Elisabete Coelho
- Departamento de Química, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Manuel A Coimbra
- Departamento de Química, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
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Liu J, Xu Q, Wu Y, Sun D, Zhu J, Liu C, Liu W. Carbohydrate-binding modules of ChiB and ChiC promote the chitinolytic system of Serratia marcescens BWL1001. Enzyme Microb Technol 2022; 162:110118. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2022.110118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Wang Y, Wang C, Chen Y, Cui M, Wang Q, Guo P. Heterologous Expression of a Thermostable α-Galactosidase from Parageobacillus thermoglucosidasius Isolated from the Lignocellulolytic Microbial Consortium TMC7. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 32:749-760. [PMID: 35637170 PMCID: PMC9628905 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2201.01022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
α-Galactosidase is a debranching enzyme widely used in the food, feed, paper, and pharmaceuticals industries and plays an important role in hemicellulose degradation. Here, T26, an aerobic bacterial strain with thermostable α-galactosidase activity, was isolated from laboratory-preserved lignocellulolytic microbial consortium TMC7, and identified as Parageobacillus thermoglucosidasius. The α-galactosidase, called T26GAL and derived from the T26 culture supernatant, exhibited a maximum enzyme activity of 0.4976 IU/ml when cultured at 60°C and 180 rpm for 2 days. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that the α-galactosidase T26GAL belongs to the GH36 family. Subsequently, the pET-26 vector was used for the heterologous expression of the T26 α-galactosidase gene in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). The optimum pH for α-galactosidase T26GAL was determined to be 8.0, while the optimum temperature was 60°C. In addition, T26GAL demonstrated a remarkable thermostability with more than 93% enzyme activity, even at a high temperature of 90°C. Furthermore, Ca2+ and Mg2+ promoted the activity of T26GAL while Zn2+ and Cu2+ inhibited it. The substrate specificity studies revealed that T26GAL efficiently degraded raffinose, stachyose, and guar gum, but not locust bean gum. This study thus facilitated the discovery of an effective heat-resistant α-galactosidase with potent industrial application. Meanwhile, as part of our research on lignocellulose degradation by a microbial consortium, the present work provides an important basis for encouraging further investigation into this enzyme complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- Institute of Agricultural Products Processing and Nuclear Agriculture Technology Research, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, P.R. China
| | - Chen Wang
- Institute of Agricultural Products Processing and Nuclear Agriculture Technology Research, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, P.R. China,College of Biology and Pharmacy, Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, P.R. China
| | - Yonglun Chen
- Institute of Agricultural Products Processing and Nuclear Agriculture Technology Research, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, P.R. China,College of Biology and Pharmacy, Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, P.R. China
| | - MingYu Cui
- Institute of Agricultural Products Processing and Nuclear Agriculture Technology Research, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, P.R. China,College of Biology and Pharmacy, Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, P.R. China
| | - Qiong Wang
- Institute of Agricultural Products Processing and Nuclear Agriculture Technology Research, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, P.R. China
| | - Peng Guo
- Institute of Agricultural Products Processing and Nuclear Agriculture Technology Research, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, P.R. China,College of Biology and Pharmacy, Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, P.R. China,Corresponding author Phone: +86-15007195863 Fax: +86-27-87380137 E-mail:
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