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Zhou T, Pan J, Wang J, Yu Q, Zhang P, Lai T. Inhibitory Properties of Cinnamon Bark Oil against Postharvest Pathogen Penicillium digitatum In Vitro. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:249. [PMID: 38667920 PMCID: PMC11051492 DOI: 10.3390/jof10040249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Penicillium digitatum is a major postharvest pathogen that threatens the global citrus fruit industry and causes great economic losses annually. In the present study, inhibitory properties of cinnamon bark oil (CBO) against P. digitatum in vitro were investigated. Results indicated that 0.03% CBO could efficiently inhibit the spore germination, germ tube elongation, mycelial growth, colonial expansion and conidial accumulation of P. digitatum. The results of fluorescein diacetate (FDA) and MitoTraker Orange (MTO) staining also proved the suppression effects of CBO against P. digitatum. Meanwhile, CBO could inhibit green mold rots induced by P. digitatum in citrus fruit when the working concentration of CBO exceeded 0.06%. In addition, the expressions of 12 genes critical for the growth and virulence of P. digitatum were also significantly regulated under CBO stress. Through a transcriptomic analysis, a total of 1802 common differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected in P. digitatum after 4 h and 8 h of CBO treatment. Most of the DEG products were associated with carbohydrate, amino acid and lipid metabolism. They directly or indirectly led to the disturbance of the membrane and the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Our results may deepen the understanding of antifungal properties of CBO against P. digitatum and provide the theoretical foundation to uncover the antifungal mechanism of CBO at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Tongfei Lai
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China; (T.Z.); (J.P.); (Q.Y.); (P.Z.)
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Wang Y, Yu M, Xie Y, Ma W, Sun S, Li Q, Yang Y, Li X, Jia H, Zhao R. Mechanism of inactivation of Aspergillus flavus spores by dielectric barrier discharge plasma. Toxicon 2024; 239:107615. [PMID: 38219915 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.107615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Dielectric barrier discharge plasma (DBDP) displays strong against fungal spores, while its precise mechanism of spore inactivation remains inadequately understood. In this study, we applied morphological, in vivo and in vitro experiments, transcriptomics, and physicochemical detection to unveil the potential molecular pathways underlying the inactivation of Aspergillus flavus spores by DBDP. Our findings suggested that mycelium growth was inhibited as observed by SEM after 30 s treatment at 70 kV, meanwhile spore germination ceased and clustering occurred. It led to the release of cellular contents and subsequent spore demise by disrupting the integrity of spore membrane. Additionally, based on the transcriptomic data, we hypothesized that the induction of spore inactivation by DBDP might be associated with downregulation of genes related to cell membranes, organelles (mitochondria), oxidative phosphorylation, and the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Subsequently, we validated our transcriptomic findings by measuring the levels of relevant enzymes in metabolic pathways, such as superoxide dismutase, acetyl-CoA, total dehydrogenase, and ATP. These physicochemical indicators revealed that DBDP treatment resulted in mitochondrial dysfunction, redox imbalance, and inhibited energy metabolism pathways. These findings were consistent with the transcriptomic results. Hence, we concluded that DBDP accelerated spore rupture and death via ROS-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction, which does not depend on cell membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxin Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China; Henan Key Laboratory of Cereal and Oil Food Safety Inspection and Control, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, PR China.
| | - Mingming Yu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China; Henan Key Laboratory of Cereal and Oil Food Safety Inspection and Control, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, PR China
| | - Yanli Xie
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China; Henan Key Laboratory of Cereal and Oil Food Safety Inspection and Control, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, PR China.
| | - Weibin Ma
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China; Henan Key Laboratory of Cereal and Oil Food Safety Inspection and Control, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, PR China
| | - Shumin Sun
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China; Henan Key Laboratory of Cereal and Oil Food Safety Inspection and Control, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, PR China
| | - Qian Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China; Henan Key Laboratory of Cereal and Oil Food Safety Inspection and Control, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, PR China
| | - Yuhui Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China; Henan Key Laboratory of Cereal and Oil Food Safety Inspection and Control, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, PR China
| | - Xiao Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China; Henan Key Laboratory of Cereal and Oil Food Safety Inspection and Control, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, PR China
| | - Hang Jia
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China; Henan Key Laboratory of Cereal and Oil Food Safety Inspection and Control, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, PR China
| | - Renyong Zhao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China; Henan Key Laboratory of Cereal and Oil Food Safety Inspection and Control, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, PR China.
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Li G, Liu S, Wu L, Wang X, Cuan R, Zheng Y, Liu D, Yuan Y. Characterization and Functional Analysis of a New Calcium/Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase (CaMK1) in the Citrus Pathogenic Fungus Penicillium italicum. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8070667. [PMID: 35887424 PMCID: PMC9323541 DOI: 10.3390/jof8070667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium (Ca2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases (CaMKs) act as a class of crucial elements in Ca2+-signal transduction pathways that regulate fungal growth, sporulation, virulence, and environmental stress tolerance. However, little is known about the function of such protein kinase in phytopathogenic Penicillium species. In the present study, a new CaMK gene from the citrus pathogenic fungus P. italicum, designated PiCaMK1, was cloned and functionally characterized by gene knockout and transcriptome analysis. The open reading frame of PiCaMK1 is 1209 bp in full length, which encodes 402 amino acid residues (putative molecular weight ~45.2 KD) with the highest homologous (~96.3%) to the P. expansum CaMK. The knockout mutant ΔPiCaMK1 showed a significant reduction in vegetative growth, conidiation, and virulence (i.e., to induce blue mold decay on citrus fruit). ΔPiCaMK1 was less sensitive to NaCl- or KCl-induced salinity stress and less resistant to mannitol-induced osmotic stress, indicating the functional involvement of PiCaMK1 in such environmental stress tolerance. In contrast, the PiCaMK1-complemented strain ΔPiCaMK1COM can restore all the defective phenotypes. Transcriptome analysis revealed that knockout of PiCaMK1 down-regulated expression of the genes involved in DNA replication and repair, cell cycle, meiosis, pyrimidine and purine metabolisms, and MAPK signaling pathway. Our results suggested the critical role of PiCaMK1 in regulating multiple physical and cellular processes of citrus postharvest pathogen P. italicum, including growth, conidiation, virulence, and environmental stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqi Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China; (G.L.); (L.W.); (X.W.); (R.C.); (D.L.)
| | - Shaoting Liu
- School of Public Administration, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China;
| | - Lijuan Wu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China; (G.L.); (L.W.); (X.W.); (R.C.); (D.L.)
| | - Xiao Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China; (G.L.); (L.W.); (X.W.); (R.C.); (D.L.)
| | - Rongrong Cuan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China; (G.L.); (L.W.); (X.W.); (R.C.); (D.L.)
| | - Yongliang Zheng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Economic Forest Germplasm Improvement and Resources Comprehensive Utilization, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for the Characteristic Resources Exploitation of Dabie Mountains, College of Biology and Agricultural Resources, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang 438000, China;
| | - Deli Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China; (G.L.); (L.W.); (X.W.); (R.C.); (D.L.)
| | - Yongze Yuan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China; (G.L.); (L.W.); (X.W.); (R.C.); (D.L.)
- Correspondence:
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