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Chang X, Zheng Y, Xu K. Single-Cell RNA Sequencing: Technological Progress and Biomedical Application in Cancer Research. Mol Biotechnol 2024; 66:1497-1519. [PMID: 37322261 PMCID: PMC11217094 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-023-00777-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Single-cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq) is a revolutionary technology that allows for the genomic investigation of individual cells in a population, allowing for the discovery of unusual cells associated with cancer and metastasis. ScRNA-seq has been used to discover different types of cancers with poor prognosis and medication resistance such as lung cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, and gastric cancer. Besides, scRNA-seq is a promising method that helps us comprehend the biological features and dynamics of cell development, as well as other disorders. This review gives a concise summary of current scRNA-seq technology. We also explain the main technological steps involved in implementing the technology. We highlight the present applications of scRNA-seq in cancer research, including tumor heterogeneity analysis in lung cancer, breast cancer, and ovarian cancer. In addition, this review elucidates potential applications of scRNA-seq in lineage tracing, personalized medicine, illness prediction, and disease diagnosis, which reveals that scRNA-seq facilitates these events by producing genetic variations on the single-cell level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Chang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunxi Zheng
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Xu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China.
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Gödöny K, Herczeg R, Gyenesei A, Várnagy Á, Bognár Z, Kovács GL, Szekeres-Barthó J, Mauchart P, Nagy B, Erostyák J, Kovács K, Bódis J. Clinical Benefits of Decreased Photo-Oxidative Stress on Human Embryo Development. Med Princ Pract 2024; 33:112-121. [PMID: 38262379 PMCID: PMC11095584 DOI: 10.1159/000536358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Early embryonic development is characterized by rapid cell division and gene activation, making the embryo extremely sensitive to environmental influences. Light exposure can affect embryonic development through a direct toxic effect on the embryo via the generation of reactive oxygen species. In a previous study, we demonstrated the positive effect of improved light-protected embryo culture conditions implemented in our laboratory. This study aimed to investigate the changes in human embryo development under light protection during the conventional in vitro fertilization (IVF) and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). MATERIALS AND METHODS We tested the potential beneficial effect of light filters to reduce the risk of toxic effects of light. IVF outcomes were compared between two experimental conditions, light protection with red light filters versus no light protection as a control. RESULTS Blastocyst development rate in IVF was significantly higher in the light-protected group than in the group treated under conventional conditions (46.6 vs. 26.7%). In the case of ICSI, we obtained a similar result (44.5 vs. 31.6%). The rate of cryopreservation with at least one embryo was higher in the light-protected phase (32.8%) than in the conventionally manipulated phase (26.8%). The abortion rate was also significantly lower during the light-protected period in IVF, resulting in a higher live birth rate. CONCLUSIONS The implementation of light protection to reduce the embryotoxic wavelengths of light in IVF centers may improve the blastocyst development rate and embryo quality while maintaining embryo safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krisztina Gödöny
- National Laboratory on Human Reproduction, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- HUN-REN-PTE Human Reproduction Research Group, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Róbert Herczeg
- National Laboratory on Human Reproduction, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Szentágothai Research Center, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Attila Gyenesei
- National Laboratory on Human Reproduction, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Szentágothai Research Center, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Ákos Várnagy
- National Laboratory on Human Reproduction, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- HUN-REN-PTE Human Reproduction Research Group, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Bognár
- National Laboratory on Human Reproduction, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Szentágothai Research Center, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Department of Medical Biology and Central Electron Microscope Laboratory, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Gábor L Kovács
- National Laboratory on Human Reproduction, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Szentágothai Research Center, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Júlia Szekeres-Barthó
- National Laboratory on Human Reproduction, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- HUN-REN-PTE Human Reproduction Research Group, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Szentágothai Research Center, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Péter Mauchart
- National Laboratory on Human Reproduction, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- HUN-REN-PTE Human Reproduction Research Group, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Bernadett Nagy
- National Laboratory on Human Reproduction, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- HUN-REN-PTE Human Reproduction Research Group, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - János Erostyák
- Szentágothai Research Center, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Institute of Physics, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Kálmán Kovács
- National Laboratory on Human Reproduction, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- HUN-REN-PTE Human Reproduction Research Group, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - József Bódis
- National Laboratory on Human Reproduction, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- HUN-REN-PTE Human Reproduction Research Group, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
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Ducreux B, Patrat C, Trasler J, Fauque P. Transcriptomic integrity of human oocytes used in ARTs: technical and intrinsic factor effects. Hum Reprod Update 2024; 30:26-47. [PMID: 37697674 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmad025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Millions of children have been born throughout the world thanks to ARTs, the harmlessness of which has not yet been fully demonstrated. For years, efforts to evaluate the specific effects of ART have focused on the embryo; however, it is the oocyte quality that mainly dictates first and foremost the developmental potential of the future embryo. Ovarian stimulation, cryopreservation, and IVM are sometimes necessary steps to obtain a mature oocyte, but they could alter the appropriate expression of the oocyte genome. Additionally, it is likely that female infertility, environmental factors, and lifestyle have a significant influence on oocyte transcriptomic quality, which may interfere with the outcome of an ART attempt. OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALE The objective of this review is to identify transcriptomic changes in the human oocyte caused by interventions specific to ART but also intrinsic factors such as age, reproductive health issues, and lifestyle. We also provide recommendations for future good practices to be conducted when attempting ART. SEARCH METHODS An in-depth literature search was performed on PubMed to identify studies assessing the human oocyte transcriptome following ART interventions, or in the context of maternal aging, suboptimal lifestyle, or reproductive health issues. OUTCOMES ART success is susceptible to external factors, maternal aging, lifestyle factors (smoking, BMI), and infertility due to endometriosis or polycystic ovary syndrome. Indeed, all of these are likely to increase oxidative stress and alter mitochondrial processes in the foreground. Concerning ART techniques themselves, there is evidence that different ovarian stimulation regimens shape the oocyte transcriptome. The perturbation of processes related to the mitochondrion, oxidative phosphorylation, and metabolism is observed with IVM. Cryopreservation might dysregulate genes belonging to transcriptional regulation, ubiquitination, cell cycle, and oocyte growth pathways. For other ART laboratory factors such as temperature, oxygen tension, air pollution, and light, the evidence remains scarce. Focusing on genes involved in chromatin-based processes such as DNA methylation, heterochromatin modulation, histone modification, and chromatin remodeling complexes, but also genomic imprinting, we observed systematic dysregulation of such genes either after ART intervention or lifestyle exposure, as well as due to internal factors such as maternal aging and reproductive diseases. Alteration in the expression of such epigenetic regulators may be a common mechanism linked to adverse oocyte environments, explaining global transcriptomic modifications. WIDER IMPLICATIONS Many IVF factors and additional external factors have the potential to impair oocyte transcriptomic integrity, which might not be innocuous for the developing embryo. Fortunately, it is likely that such dysregulations can be minimized by adapting ART protocols or reducing adverse exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastien Ducreux
- Université Bourgogne Franche-Comtés-Equipe Génétique des Anomalies du Développement (GAD) INSERM UMR1231, Dijon, France
| | - Catherine Patrat
- Université de Paris Cité, Faculty of Medicine, Inserm 1016, Paris, France
- Department of Reproductive Biology-CECOS, aphp.centre-Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Jacquetta Trasler
- Department of Pediatrics, McGill University and Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University and Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University and Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Patricia Fauque
- Université Bourgogne Franche-Comtés-Equipe Génétique des Anomalies du Développement (GAD) INSERM UMR1231, Dijon, France
- CHU Dijon Bourgogne, Laboratoire de Biologie de la Reproduction-CECOS, Dijon, France
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Lee SJ, Kim J, Han G, Hong SP, Kim D, Cho C. Impaired Blastocyst Formation in Lnx2-Knockdown Mouse Embryos. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021385. [PMID: 36674899 PMCID: PMC9867088 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Ligand of Numb-protein X 2 (LNX2) is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that is known to regulate Notch signaling by participating in NUMB protein degradation. Notch signaling is important for differentiation and proliferation in mammals, and plays a significant role in blastocyst formation during early embryonic development. In this study, we investigated Lnx2 in mouse preimplantation embryos. Expression analysis showed that Lnx2 is expressed in oocytes and preimplantation embryos. Lnx2-knockdown embryos normally progress to the morula stage, but the majority of them do not develop into normal blastocysts. Transcript analysis revealed that the expression levels of genes critical for cell lineage specification, including octamer-binding transcription factor 4 (Oct4), are increased in Lnx2 knockdown embryos. Furthermore, the expression levels of Notch and Hippo signaling-related genes are also increased by Lnx2 knockdown. Collectively, our results show that Lnx2 is important for blastocyst formation in mice, suggest that this may act via lineage specification of inner cell mass, and further show that Lnx2 may be involved in transcriptionally regulating various genes implicated in early embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Jae Lee
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehwan Kim
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
- Developmental Epigenetics Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Gwidong Han
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Pyo Hong
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Dayeon Kim
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Chunghee Cho
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence:
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The effect of discrete wavelengths of visible light on the developing murine embryo. J Assist Reprod Genet 2022; 39:1825-1837. [PMID: 35737174 PMCID: PMC9428105 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-022-02555-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE A current focus of the IVF field is non-invasive imaging of the embryo to quantify developmental potential. Such approaches use varying wavelengths to gain maximum biological information. The impact of irradiating the developing embryo with discrete wavelengths of light is not fully understood. Here, we assess the impact of a range of wavelengths on the developing embryo. METHODS Murine preimplantation embryos were exposed daily to wavelengths within the blue, green, yellow, and red spectral bands and compared to an unexposed control group. Development to blastocyst, DNA damage, and cell number/allocation to blastocyst cell lineages were assessed. For the longer wavelengths (yellow and red), pregnancy/fetal outcomes and the abundance of intracellular lipid were investigated. RESULTS Significantly fewer embryos developed to the blastocyst stage when exposed to the yellow wavelength. Elevated DNA damage was observed within embryos exposed to blue, green, or red wavelengths. There was no effect on blastocyst cell number/lineage allocation for all wavelengths except red, where there was a significant decrease in total cell number. Pregnancy rate was significantly reduced when embryos were irradiated with the red wavelength. Weight at weaning was significantly higher when embryos were exposed to yellow or red wavelengths. Lipid abundance was significantly elevated following exposure to the yellow wavelength. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate that the impact of light is wavelength-specific, with longer wavelengths also impacting the embryo. We also show that effects are energy-dependent. This data shows that damage is multifaceted and developmental rate alone may not fully reflect the impact of light exposure.
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Toxic effect of light on oocyte and pre-implantation embryo: a systematic review. Arch Toxicol 2021; 95:3161-3169. [PMID: 34448882 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-021-03139-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In the female reproductive tract, oocytes and embryos are in a dark environment, while during the in vitro fertilization (IVF) they are exposed to various visible and invisible lights such as daylight, microscope, and laminar hood fluorescent lights. Studies have shown that light could damage cellular compartments of oocytes and embryos and consequently decrease rates of fertilization, development, and blastocyst formation. However, due to the lack of consensus about the effects of light on the embryos, and subsequently the inability to make definitive decisions regarding the light exposure management to improve IVF results, in the present study, we systematically reviewed the effect of light with different wavelengths and intensities on pre-implantation embryos. The toxic impact of light depends on the wavelength, intensity, and duration of light exposure and also the stage of embryo. Therefore, reducing the observation time of embryos out of the incubator and also using light filters can alleviate the detrimental effect of light in IVF labs.
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Hao J, Yang X, Zhang C, Zhang XT, Shi M, Wang SH, Mi L, Zhao YT, Cao H, Wang Y. KLF3 promotes the 8-cell-like transcriptional state in pluripotent stem cells. Cell Prolif 2020; 53:e12914. [PMID: 32990380 PMCID: PMC7653263 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Mouse embryonic stem cell (mESC) culture contains various heterogeneous populations, which serve as excellent models to study gene regulation in early embryo development. The heterogeneity is typically defined by transcriptional activities, for example, the expression of Nanog or Rex1 mRNA. Our objectives were to identify mESC heterogeneity that are caused by mechanisms other than transcriptional control. MATERIALS AND METHODS Klf3 mRNA and protein were analysed by RT-qPCR, Western blotting or immunofluorescence in mESCs, C2C12 cells, early mouse embryos and various mouse tissues. An ESC reporter line expressing KLF3-GFP fusion protein was made to study heterogeneity of KLF3 protein expression in ESCs. GFP-positive mESCs were sorted for further analysis including RT-qPCR and RNA-seq. RESULTS In the majority of mESCs, KLF3 protein is actively degraded due to its proline-rich sequence and highly disordered structure. Interestingly, KLF3 protein is stabilized in a small subset of mESCs. Transcriptome analysis indicates that KLF3-positive mESCs upregulate genes that are initially activated in 8-cell embryos. Consistently, KLF3 protein but not mRNA is dramatically increased in 8-cell embryos. Forced expression of KLF3 protein in mESCs promotes the expression of 8-cell-embryo activated genes. CONCLUSIONS Our study identifies previously unrecognized heterogeneity due to KLF3 protein expression in mESCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Hao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xi Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xue-Tao Zhang
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Shi
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Shao-Hua Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Li Mi
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-Ting Zhao
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Huiqing Cao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yangming Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China
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Yasen A, Aini A, Wang H, Li W, Zhang C, Ran B, Tuxun T, Maimaitinijiati Y, Shao Y, Aji T, Wen H. Progress and applications of single-cell sequencing techniques. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2020; 80:104198. [PMID: 31958516 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Single-cell sequencing (SCS) is a next-generation sequencing method that is mainly used to analyze differences in genetic and protein information between cells, to obtain genetic information on microorganisms that are difficult to cultivate at a single-cell level and to better understand their specific roles in the microenvironment. By sequencing the whole genome, transcriptome and epigenome of a single cell, the complex heterogeneous mechanisms involved in disease occurrence and progression can be revealed, further improving disease diagnosis, prognosis prediction and monitoring of the therapeutic effects of drugs. In this study, we mainly summarized the methods and application fields of SCS, which may provide potential references for its future clinical applications, including the analysis of embryonic and organ development, the immune system, cancer progression, and parasitic and infectious diseases as well as stem cell research, antibody screening, and therapeutic research and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimaiti Yasen
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Xinjiang Medical University, 393 Xin Yi Road, Urumqi 830011, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China; The first affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China; Department of Hepatobiliary and Hydatid Disease, Digestive and Vascular Surgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Abudusalamu Aini
- The first affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China; Department of Hepatobiliary and Hydatid Disease, Digestive and Vascular Surgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Wang
- Clinical Medical Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830011, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Wending Li
- The first affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuanshan Zhang
- Clinical Medical Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830011, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Ran
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Hydatid Disease, Digestive and Vascular Surgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Tuerhongjiang Tuxun
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Hydatid Disease, Digestive and Vascular Surgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Yusufukadier Maimaitinijiati
- The first affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China; Department of Hepatobiliary and Hydatid Disease, Digestive and Vascular Surgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingmei Shao
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Hydatid Disease, Digestive and Vascular Surgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Tuerganaili Aji
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Xinjiang Medical University, 393 Xin Yi Road, Urumqi 830011, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China; Department of Hepatobiliary and Hydatid Disease, Digestive and Vascular Surgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hao Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Xinjiang Medical University, 393 Xin Yi Road, Urumqi 830011, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China; Department of Hepatobiliary and Hydatid Disease, Digestive and Vascular Surgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China.
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