Variability and variation in Rhyncholestes raphanurus Osgood (Paucituberculata, Caenolestidae)

Review of the extinct ‘shrew-opossums’ (Marsupialia: Caenolestidae), with descriptions of two new genera and three new species from the Early Miocene of southern South America

We present a systematic review of the extinct species included in the family Caenolestidae, one of the few South American metatherian groups that has survived to the present. We perform a cladistic analysis based on a data matrix consisting of all extant and extinct species that have been referred to this family, 100 morphological characters and two sets of molecular data (cytochrome b and cytochrome c oxidase I). Morphological and molecular data were analysed separately and in combination, under maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood methods. As a result, caenolestids are recovered as a monophyletic group within which we formally recognize three new taxa: Caenolestoides miocaenicus gen. & sp. nov., Gaimanlestes pascuali gen. & sp. nov. and Stilotherium parvum sp. nov. from the Early Miocene of Patagonia, Argentina. Stilotherium is the earliest diverging lineage of caenolestids followed by Gaimanlestes, while C. miocaenicus was recovered as the extinct species most closely related to extant caenolestids.