Types of pain and their psychosocial impact in women with rheumatoid arthritis

A portable optical detection system for rapid quantification of two rheumatoid arthritis biomarkers

BACKGROUND

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease that causes joint damage and progressive destruction of adjacent cartilage and bones. Quick and accurate detection of rheumatoid factors (RF) and anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies (anti-CCP) in serum is effective in diagnosing RA and preventing its progression. However, current methods for detecting these two biomarkers are costly, time-consuming, labor-intensive, and require specialized equipment. To address these limitations, a new microfluidic chip was developed to automatically conduct the dual-RA biomarker detection assay.

RESULTS

The integrated chip, which was equipped with micropumps, microvalves, and micromixers, was positioned underneath an optical detection module composed of a light-emitting diode, optical filters, condenser lenses, and a silicon photomultiplier to quantify the fluorescence signals of magnetic bead-bound analytes in two separate micro-chambers. The dual-target assay required only 5 μL of serum and took only 100 min to complete, accurately measuring RF and anti-CCP at concentrations ranging from 0.8 to 106.0 IU/mL and 6.0-59.0 U/mL, respectively. Compared with the gold standard, the accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of the developed on-chip assays were 95.5 %, 94.4 %, 100.0 %, 100.0 %, 80.0 % for both RF and anti-CCP detection with 30 clinical samples.

SIGNIFICANCE

With its compact size of only 350 mm × 238 mm x 153 mm and low volumes of samples/reagents required, this system shows promise for point-of-care testing. The compact size, low sample volume requirement, and high performance of the developed system could significantly improve RA management and patient outcomes by providing rapid and accurate diagnostics in clinical settings.

Incremental Cardiovascular Risk of Menopause in Women with Psoriasis, Psoriatic Arthritis or Spondyloarthritis?

PURPOSE OF THE REVIEW

This narrative review aims to discuss the most recent studies regarding the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in women with psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis (PsA) and spondyloarthritis (SpA). In addition, the potential of menopause to modulate/increase CVD risk in women with these diseases will also be explored. It is of major interest to gain more understanding into this topic because it can have meaningful implications for screening and treatment of CVD risk in these women.

RECENT FINDINGS

Literature shows that psoriasis, PsA, SpA and menopause itself cause higher CVD risks and higher CVD prevalence. This is predominantly explained by the increase of chronic systemic inflammation. No existing literature conclusively demonstrates or studies specifically whether the menopause amplifies this effect caused by psoriasis, PsA, or SpA.

CONCLUSION

Differences in pathophysiology of psoriasis, SpA and PsA versus the menopausal transition could suggest that menopause may increase the risk of CVD. However, the hypothesis that menopause represents an additional CV risk factor in women with psoriasis, PsA and SpA still needs to be thoroughly investigated and more clinical studies are required for further understanding and conclusions.

The Relationship Between Pain Acceptance and Acceptance of Illness in Individuals with Rheumatoid Arthritis

Objective

Managing treatment and symptoms of chronic diseases without accepting the illness is challenging. This study aimed to determine the relationship between pain acceptance and the acceptance of illness in individuals with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

Methods

In this descriptive study of 123 people diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), data were collected through a questionnaire. The questionnaire included a Patient Information Form, Visual Analog Scale (VAS), Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ), Disease Activity Score 28 (DAS28), Chronic Pain Acceptance Questionnaire (CPAQ), and Acceptance of Illness Scale (AIS).

Results

The mean chronic pain acceptance score of individuals with RA was 55.32 ± 12.96, and the mean acceptance of illness score was 25.00 ± 8.02. A statistically significant relationship existed between levels of pain measured by VAS and CPAQ (r=-0.184, P=.042). A statistically significant correlation existed between AIS and CPAQ total score (r=0.284, P=.001).

Conclusion

As the levels of pain acceptance increased in RA patients, the levels of pain decreased, and the levels of acceptance of the illness increased. Patients must first acknowledge and accept their illness to follow their treatment plan effectively. Considering that the pain acceptance of individuals diagnosed with RA affects the level of acceptance of illness, it is essential to evaluate patients' pain and disease acceptance processes and support patients to increase treatment success.

Identification of novel TACE inhibitors using DNN based- virtual screening, molecular dynamics and biological evaluation

Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is a well-known autoimmune inflammatory disease, distressing roughly 1% of the adult population throughout the globe. Many studies have suggested that overexpression of TNF-α, a pro-inflammatory cytokine, is responsible for the progression of RA. Furthermore, inhibition of the shedding rate of TNF-α is regulated by the TACE (TNF-α converting enzyme) protein and, hence is considered as an important therapeutic target for the prevention of progressive synovial joint destruction in rheumatoid arthritis. In the present study, we have proposed a deep neural network (DNN)-based workflow for the virtual screening of compounds towards the identification of potential inhibitors against the TACE proteins. Subsequently, a set of compounds were shortlisted, based on the molecular docking and subjected to the biological evaluation to validate the inhibitory activities of the screened compounds, determine the practical applicability of the DNN-based model, and strengthen the hypothesis. Out of seven, three compounds (BTB10246, BTB10247, and BTB10245) showed significant inhibition at 10 µM and 0.1 µM concentration. These three compounds also showed a stable and significant interaction potential against the TACE protein as compared with the re-docked complex system and can serve as a novel scaffold for further design of new molecules with improved inhibitory activities against TACE.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Neuropathic and Nociplastic Pain Profiles are Common in Adult Chronic Nonbacterial Osteitis (CNO)

Chronic nonbacterial osteitis (CNO) is a rare musculoskeletal disease causing chronic bone pain. It is known that chronic musculoskeletal pain may involve other mechanisms than nociceptive pain only. We investigate the prevalence of neuropathic and nociplastic pain in adult CNO and their association with clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes. Survey study among the Dutch adult CNO cohort (n = 84/195 participated), including PAIN-detect for neuropathic pain, and the Central Sensitization Inventory (CSI), Fibromyalgia Rapid Screening Tool (FiRST), and ACTTION-APS Pain Taxonomy (AAPT) for nociplastic pain. Clinical characteristics and CNO-related bone pain scores were compared between patients with exclusive nociceptive pain and those with nociceptive pain plus neuropathic and/or nociplastic pain (mixed pain). 31% (95% CI 21-41) of patients classified as likely having neuropathic pain according to PAIN-detect. 53% (41-64) of patients displayed central sensitization on CSI, 61% (50-72) screened positive for fibromyalgia on FiRST and 14% (7-23) of patients fulfilled the AAPT criteria, all indicative of nociplastic pain. Mixed pain was associated with longer diagnostic delay (mean difference 2.8 years, 95% CI 0.4-5.2, p = 0.023), lower educational level (72% versus 20%, p < 0.001), and opioid use (37% versus 13%, p = 0.036). Despite comparable disease severity and extent, patients with mixed pain reported significantly higher CNO-related bone pain scores. This study demonstrates the high prevalence of mixed pain in adult CNO, in which neuropathic and nociplastic pain exist alongside nociceptive inflammatory bone pain. Disease burden in CNO may extend beyond inflammatory activity, highlighting the need for a multifaceted management approach.

Characteristics Associated with Good Self-Perceived Mental Health among United States Adults with Arthritis

Mental health disorders are prevalent among United States (US) adults with arthritis. Yet, little is known about characteristics associated with mental health among US adults with arthritis. This retrospective cross-sectional study used 2019 Medical Expenditures Panel Survey data to assess the association between multiple personal characteristics and mental health status among US adults with arthritis. Hierarchical logistic regression models modeled associations between personal characteristics and mental health status. Model 1 included predisposing factors, model 2 included predisposing and enabling factors, while model 3 included predisposing, enabling, and need factors. The a priori alpha level was 0.05. Analyses accounted for the complex survey design and were weighted to produce national estimates. Among 28,512 individuals, 4984 met the inclusion criteria. Of these, 4181 had good mental health (85.5%, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 84.3%, 86.7%). The following characteristics were associated with good mental health status in the final adjusted model: age 18–64 vs. ≥65 (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 0.29, 95% CI = 0.12, 0.71), Midwest vs. West census region (AOR = 5.17, 95% CI = 1.63, 16.46), no degree vs. higher than high school education (AOR = 0.34, 95% CI = 0.12, 0.92), and high school diploma vs. higher than high school education (AOR = 0.40, 95% CI = 0.18, 0.86). In conclusion, this study suggests such characteristics may be targeted to help improve mental health among this population. Additional efforts are needed to help satisfy the unmet need for mental healthcare among this population.

Pain in midlife women: a growing problem in need of further research

More than 10% of American adults experience some level of daily pain, and nearly 40 million (17.6%) experience episodes of severe pain annually. Women are particularly impacted by both episodic and chronic pain with higher prevalence and a greater level of pain-related disability compared to men. Midlife is a critical period for women during which the frequency of pain complaints begins to increase. Although pain is known to be influenced and controlled by sex hormones, it has not been widely recognized as a symptom of the menopausal transition outside of the menopause research community. The recent thematic series in this journal has specifically highlighted pain related conditions including rheumatoid arthritis, migraine and abdominal pain for which the significance among midlife women is not typically recognized. The studies presented in this thematic series present a small fraction of relevant, understudied questions regarding pain and its impact on women in midlife. Addressing the gaps in knowledge will require longitudinal studies that consider the emergence of pain symptomatology in relation to midlife trajectories of other symptoms and health determinants, as well as further study of new and emerging therapies.

Dietary polyphenols for management of rheumatoid arthritis: Pharmacotherapy and novel delivery systems

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, complex, systemic autoimmune disease causing chronic inflammation, swelling, and pain. It affects pulmonary and ocular physiology, gastrointestinal disturbance, skeletal disorders, and renal malfunctioning. Although conventional and biological drugs available to treat RA are potent and effective, they lead to life-threatening side effects and patient discomfort. Hence, alternative therapies are explored for their treatment which is safe, effective, and economical. Herbal drugs are widely used as an alternative therapy and some medicinal plants, especially dietary polyphenols proved their efficacy in treating RA. Polyphenols are secondary metabolites of plants possessing several pharmacological actions. They exert anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory and anti-rheumatoid activity by modulating tumor necrosis factor, mitogen-activated protein kinase, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells, and c-Jun N-terminal kinases. Thus, polyphenols could be a promising option for the management of RA. Unfortunately, polyphenols suffer from poor bioavailability due to their physicochemical properties and incorporation into novel delivery systems such as liposomes, nanoparticles, nanoemulsions, micelles improved their oral bioavailability. This review article summarizes dietary polyphenols, their pharmacological actions and novel delivery systems for the treatment of RA. Nevertheless, the commercial translation of polyphenols could be only possible after establishing their safety profile and successful clinical trials.

Psychosocial and clinical impact of COVID-19 pandemic and its relationship to the quality of life in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a cross-sectional study, Egypt

Background

Data have been pouring on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on patients with chronic diseases. This study aimed to address the relationship between the perceived fears of COVID-19 virus (FCV), psychological status, and quality of life (QoL) among patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) during the pandemic. This study included 100 patients with RA and an equal number of control subjects, who were recruited from Zagazig University rheumatology outpatient clinics, Egypt. All subjects were interviewed using the fear of COVID-19 scale (FCV-19S), Symptom Checklist-90 scale (SCL-90), and World Health Organization Quality of Life Scale (WHOQOL-BREF). Patients were additionally assessed using the Disease Activity Score 28 (DAS28) and Modified Health Assessment Questionnaire (MHAQ).

Results

There were significant differences between both groups in all QoL domains and most psychological dimensions. Most patients with RA experienced moderate-to-high disease activity and mild-to-moderate functional impairment (85% and 80%, respectively). FCV was correlated with the number of family members (P-value 0.020), and obsessive-compulsive (P-value 0.006), interpersonal sensitivity (P-value 0.035), hostility (P-value 0.017), phobia (P-value 0.010), and psychoticism (P-value 0.034) symptoms. Moderate-to-high disease activity was associated with reduced psychological QoL. Patients with moderate-to-severe functional impairment had worse QoL in all domains (except social). Prolonged illness duration was associated with worse social QoL.

Conclusions

QoL was adversely affected in patients with RA during the pandemic. There was a robust relationship between FCV and the emergence of psychological symptoms. RA-related clinical factors like illness duration, disease activity, and functional disability were associated with reduced QoL in those patients.

Impact of rheumatoid arthritis on sexuality: adaptation and validation of the Qualisex questionnaire for use in Spain

Patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) have a significantly increased risk of sexual dysfunction. However, it is not properly included in commonly used questionnaires to assess health-related quality of life in RA. Qualisex is a questionnaire developed in France to assess the impact of RA on patients´ sexual function. Our aim was to adapt and validate this questionnaire for use with Spanish RA patients. Two independent translations and a backward translation were obtained. The final version was tested in a pilot study with 10 RA patients to detect any aspects that could hinder interpretation. The validity and reliability of the linguistically validated questionnaire were studied in a multicenter cross-sectional study, with a longitudinal component for reliability estimation. 125 RA patients were included. The response process, discrimination, internal consistency, internal structure, convergent validity (correlation with MGH-SFQ questionnaire, DAS-28, physician global assessment, patient global health assessment, RAID, HAQ, HADS and SF-12^©) and reliability were analyzed. The inclusion of two extra items was proposed in the pilot study. The validity analysis detected responses for item 10 that were not coherent with responses for the rest of items. The Cronbach alpha coefficient was 0.971. The highest correlation (0.665) was obtained with MGH-SFQ (questionnaire measuring sexual functioning), followed by RAID (0.516). The intra-class correlation was 0.880 (95% CI 0.815; 0.923), higher than 0.85, which indicates excellent reliability. All parameters used to assess this questionnaire show highly acceptable values. Qualisex allows for a global score of RA patients' sexual functioning and can be self-administered.

Se-[(2,2-Dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl)methyl] 4-Chlorobenzoselenolate Attenuates Inflammatory Response, Nociception, and Affective Disorders Related to Rheumatoid Arthritis in Mice

Despite major advances, not all patients achieve rheumatoid arthritis (RA) remission, thus highlighting a pressing need for new therapeutic treatments. Given this scenario, this study sought to evaluate Se-[(2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl)methyl] 4-chlorobenzoselenolate (Se-DMC) potential on a complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced unilateral arthritis model. The effects of Se-DMC (5 mg/kg; oral dose) and meloxicam (5 mg/kg; oral dose), both administered to animals daily for 14 days, on paw edema, mechanical sensitivity, neurobehavioral deficits (anxiogenic- and depressive-like behaviors), Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase activity, oxidative stress, and inflammation were evaluated in male Swiss mice exposed to CFA (intraplantar injection of 0.1 mL; 10 mg/mL). Se-DMC reduced the paw withdrawal threshold and CFA-induced paw edema. Histopathological results revealed the antiedematogenic potential of the compound, which was evidenced by lower quantities of dilated lymphatic vessels compared with the CFA group. Se-DMC reduced mRNA relative expression levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) in the hippocampus and paw of CFA mice. The CFA-induced anxiogenic- and depressive-like behaviors were reversed by Se-DMC to the control levels in the elevated plus-maze and tail suspension tests. Se-DMC reduced the paw reactive species levels and restored the superoxide dismutase (hippocampus and paw) and Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase (hippocampus) activities previously increased by CFA. Moreover, CFA administration inhibited serum creatinine kinase activity, albeit the Se-DMC effects did not appear to involve the modulation of this enzyme and were equal to or greater than meloxicam. Se-DMC attenuates CFA-induced inflammatory response, nociception, and neurobehavioral deficits in mice.

Alcohol amplifies cingulate cortex signaling and facilitates immobilization-induced hyperalgesia in female rats

Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) is a musculoskeletal pain condition that often develops after limb injury and/or immobilization. Although the exact mechanisms underlying CRPS are unknown, the syndrome is associated with central and autonomic nervous system dysregulation and peripheral hyperalgesia symptoms. These symptoms also manifest in alcoholic neuropathy, suggesting that the two conditions may be pathophysiologically accretive. Interestingly, people assigned female at birth (AFAB) appear to be more sensitive to both CRPS and alcoholic neuropathy. To better understand the biobehavioral mechanisms underlying these conditions, we investigated a model of combined CRPS and alcoholic neuropathy in female rats. Animals were pair-fed either a Lieber-DeCarli alcohol liquid diet or a control diet for ten weeks. CRPS was modeled via unilateral hind limb cast immobilization for seven days, allowing for the other limb to serve as a within-subject control for hyperalgesia measures. To investigate the role of circulating ovarian hormones on pain-related behaviors, half of the animals underwent ovariectomy (OVX). Using the von Frey procedure to record mechanical paw withdrawal thresholds, we found that cast immobilization and chronic alcohol drinking separately and additively produced mechanical hyperalgesia observed 3 days after cast removal. We then examined neuroadaptations in AMPA GluR1 and NMDA NR1 glutamate channel subunits, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), and cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) in bilateral motor and cingulate cortex across all groups. Consistent with increased pain-related behavior, chronic alcohol drinking increased GluR1, NR1, ERK, and CREB phosphorylation in the cingulate cortex. OVX did not alter any of the observed effects. Our results suggest accretive relationships between CRPS and alcoholic neuropathy symptoms and point to novel therapeutic targets for these conditions.

Chronic Pain in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

Chronic pain is highly prevalent in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and can cause various physical and psychological impairments. Unfortunately, the appropriate diagnosis of chronic pain syndromes in this population can be challenging because pain may be primary to RA-specific inflammation and/or secondary to other conditions, typically osteoarthritis (OA) and fibromyalgia (FM). This disparity further poses a clinical challenge, given that chronic pain can often be discordant or undetected with standard RA-specific surveillance strategies, including serological markers and imaging studies. In this review, we provide a robust exploration of chronic pain in the RA population with emphasis on epidemiology, mechanisms, and management strategies.

RECENT FINDINGS

Chronic pain associated with RA typically occurs in patients with anxiety, female sex, and elevated inflammatory status. Up to 50% of these patients are thought to have chronic pain despite appropriate inflammatory suppression, typically due to peripheral and central sensitization as well as secondary OA and FM. In addition to the standard-of-care management for OA and FM, patients with RA and chronic pain benefit from behavioral and psychological treatment options. Moreover, early and multimodal therapies, including non-pharmacological, pharmacological, interventional, and surgical strategies, exist, albeit with varying efficacy, to help suppress inflammation, provide necessary analgesia, and optimize functional outcomes. Overall, chronic pain in RA is a difficult entity for both patients and providers. Early diagnosis, improved understanding of its mechanisms, and initiation of early, targeted approaches to pain control may help to improve outcomes in this population.

Effects of illness perceptions on health-related quality of life in patients with rheumatoid arthritis in China

Objectives

For patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in China, little is known of how their illness perceptions affect their health-related quality of life (HRQoL). The present study investigated associations between specific illness perceptions due to RA and HRQoL features.

Methods

For 191 patients with RA, illness perceptions were measured using the Brief Illness Perceptions Questionnaire (BIPQ) comprising 8 domains. HRQoL was determined with the Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36). Multivariate linear regression analyses were performed.

Results

The overall BIPQ of patients with RA was 49.09 ± 11.06. The highest and lowest scores were for concern (9.15 ± 1.81) and personal control (4.30 ± 2.52), respectively. Multivariate stepwise regression analyses showed that the overall BIPQ was significantly negatively associated with each HRQoL feature, and HRQoL total score (β = − 0.343, P < 0.001, 95% CI − 7.080 to − 4.077). Positive associations between BIPQ features and HRQoL included personal control (β = 0.119, P = 0.004, 95% CI 2.857–14.194) and treatment control (β = 0.084, P = 0.029, 95% CI 0.640–12.391). Negative associations with HRQoL were identity (β = − 0.105, P = 0.034, 95% CI − 13.159 to − 0.430) and emotional response (β = − 0.207, P < 0.001, 95% CI − 18.334 to − 6.811).

Conclusions

Patients with RA in China perceive their illness in ways that affect their HRQoL. These results suggest that strategies that target these perceptions may improve the quality of life of these patients.

Pain in Women: A Perspective Review on a Relevant Clinical Issue that Deserves Prioritization

Introduction

Gender equity and gender medicine are opportunities not to be missed, and this Expert Group Opinion Paper on pain in women aims to review the treatment of pain conditions mainly affecting women, as well as the fundamental aspects of the different clinical response to drug treatment between the genders, and what can be done for gender-specific rehabilitation.

Methods

Perspective review.

Results

Genotypic and phenotypic differences in pain between the sexes are conditioned by anatomical, physiological, neural, hormonal, psychological, social, and cultural factors, such as the response to pharmacological treatment to control pain. The examination of these factors shows that women are affected by pain diseases more frequently and severely than men and that they report pain more frequently and with a lower pain threshold than men. Some forms of pain are inherently related to gender differences, such as pain related to the genitourinary system. However, other forms of chronic pain are seen more frequently in women than men, such as migraine, rheumatological, and musculoskeletal pain, in particular fibromyalgia.

Discussion

Research is needed into the pathophysiological basis for gender differences in the generation of acute pain and maintenance of chronic pain, including the factors that put women at higher risk for developing chronic pain. In addition, different specialties need to collaborate to develop gender-related diagnostic and therapeutic guidelines, and healthcare professionals need to upskill themselves in the appropriate management of pain using existing diagnostic tools and therapeutic options.

Hemokinin-1 as a Mediator of Arthritis-Related Pain via Direct Activation of Primary Sensory Neurons

The tachykinin hemokinin-1 (HK-1) is involved in immune cell development and inflammation, but little is known about its function in pain. It acts through the NK1 tachykinin receptor, but several effects are mediated by a yet unidentified target. Therefore, we investigated the role and mechanism of action of HK-1 in arthritis models of distinct mechanisms with special emphasis on pain. Arthritis was induced by i.p. K/BxN serum (passive transfer of inflammatory cytokines, autoantibodies), intra-articular mast cell tryptase or Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA, active immunization) in wild type, HK-1- and NK1-deficient mice. Mechanical- and heat hyperalgesia determined by dynamic plantar esthesiometry and increasing temperature hot plate, respectively, swelling measured by plethysmometry or micrometry were significantly reduced in HK-1-deleted, but not NK1-deficient mice in all models. K/BxN serum-induced histopathological changes (day 14) were also decreased, but early myeloperoxidase activity detected by luminescent in vivo imaging increased in HK-1-deleted mice similarly to the CFA model. However, vasodilation and plasma protein extravasation determined by laser Speckle and fluorescent imaging, respectively, were not altered by HK-1 deficiency in any models. HK-1 induced Ca2+-influx in primary sensory neurons, which was also seen in NK1-deficient cells and after pertussis toxin-pretreatment, but not in extracellular Ca2+-free medium. These are the first results showing that HK-1 mediates arthritic pain and cellular, but not vascular inflammatory mechanisms, independently of NK1 activation. HK-1 activates primary sensory neurons presumably via Ca2+ channel-linked receptor. Identifying its target opens new directions to understand joint pain leading to novel therapeutic opportunities.

Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Injectable Betamethasone-Loaded Tyramine-Modified Gellan Gum/Silk Fibroin Hydrogels

Rheumatoid arthritis is a rheumatic disease for which a healing treatment does not presently exist. Silk fibroin has been extensively studied for use in drug delivery systems due to its uniqueness, versatility and strong clinical track record in medicine. However, in general, natural polymeric materials are not mechanically stable enough, and have high rates of biodegradation. Thus, synthetic materials such as gellan gum can be used to produce composite structures with biological signals to promote tissue-specific interactions while providing the desired mechanical properties. In this work, we aimed to produce hydrogels of tyramine-modified gellan gum with silk fibroin (Ty–GG/SF) via horseradish peroxidase (HRP), with encapsulated betamethasone, to improve the biocompatibility and mechanical properties, and further increase therapeutic efficacy to treat rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The Ty–GG/SF hydrogels presented a β-sheet secondary structure, with gelation time around 2–5 min, good resistance to enzymatic degradation, a suitable injectability profile, viscoelastic capacity with a significant solid component and a betamethasone-controlled release profile over time. In vitro studies showed that Ty–GG/SF hydrogels did not produce a deleterious effect on cellular metabolic activity, morphology or proliferation. Furthermore, Ty–GG/SF hydrogels with encapsulated betamethasone revealed greater therapeutic efficacy than the drug applied alone. Therefore, this strategy can provide an improvement in therapeutic efficacy when compared to the traditional use of drugs for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.

Rheumatoid Arthritis: The Impact of Mental Health on Disease: A Narrative Review

Over 60% of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients achieve a good response after 12 months of treatment when following the European league against rheumatism (EULAR) guidelines for treatment. However, almost half of patients still suffer from moderate to severe disease activity despite this. In addition, mental health problems may remain despite reduced measures of inflammation systemically and within joints. Depression is two times more common in RA patients than in the general population, and intriguingly a bi-directional relationship with RA has been shown in cross-sectional studies. Chronic inflammation impairs the physiological responses to stress including effective coping behaviours, resulting in depression, which leads to a worse long-term outcome in RA. In RA patients, the pain score is not always solely related to inflammatory arthritis and immunological disease activity by Bąk et al. (Patient Prefer Adherence 13:223-231, [1]). Non-inflammatory pain secondary to anxiety, depression, sleep disturbance and the psychosocial situation needs to be considered whilst fibromyalgia, mechanical pain and neuropathic pain can also contribute to overall pain scores by Chancay et al. (Women's Midlife Health 5:3, [2]). Hence, the UK National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) guideline for the management of RA included psychological interventions for fatigue, low mood and social well-being (NICE NG100, 2018) [3], and the NICE clinical guidelines (CG91) [4] suggest managing mental health and depression in chronic medical conditions to improve treatment outcomes. This is a narrative review of the impact of mental health on RA disease activity in terms of patient-reported outcomes (PROs).

Depression has an impact on disease activity and health-related quality of life in rheumatoid arthritis: A systematic review and meta-analysis

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to explore the impact of depression on pain, disease activity, functional disability and quality of life in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

METHODS

English (PubMed, the Cochrane Library, Web of Science and PsycINFO) and Chinese (Wan Fang Database and Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure) databases were systematically and independently searched from their inception until 30 September, 2019. Studies evaluating the impact of depression on pain, disease activity, functional disability and quality of life with the use of the Short Form-36 questionnaire (SF-36) scoring system were included. Statistical analyses were performed with Revman5.3. Data were pooled using a fixed or random-effects model according to heterogeneity.

RESULTS

A total of 7 identified studies matched the inclusion criteria, reporting on a total of 1078 patients with RA in the analysis. The total Disease Activity Score in 28 joints was significantly higher in patients with depression than in patients without depression [standardized mean difference (SMD) =0.47, 95% CI 0.10-0.85, P = .01]. All SF-36 dimensions (physical function, role physical function, emotional role function, vitality, mental health, social function, body pain, general health, physical component scale, mental component scale) were lower in patients with depression than in groups without depression. Interestingly, the results of this meta-analysis showed no significant difference between patients with and without depression in pain (SMD = 0.57, 95% CI - 0.03-1.17, P = .06) and functional disability (SMD = 0.48, 95% CI - 0.03-0.99, P = .43).

CONCLUSION

This meta-analysis showed that RA patients with depression tended to have higher disease activity and lower quality of life than patients without depression.