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Gkolemis K, Giannoutsou E, Adamakis IDS, Galatis B, Apostolakos P. Cell wall anisotropy plays a key role in Zea mays stomatal complex movement: the possible role of the cell wall matrix. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 113:331-351. [PMID: 38108950 PMCID: PMC10730690 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-023-01393-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
The opening of the stomatal pore in Zea mays is accomplished by the lateral displacement of the central canals of the dumbbell-shaped guard cells (GCs) towards their adjacent deflating subsidiary cells that retreat locally. During this process, the central canals swell, and their cell wall thickenings become thinner. The mechanical forces driving the outward displacement of the central canal are applied by the asymmetrically swollen bulbous ends of the GCs via the rigid terminal cell wall thickenings of the central canal and the polar ventral cell wall (VW) ends. During stomatal pore closure, the shrinking bulbous GC ends no longer exert the mechanical forces on the central canals, allowing them to be pushed back inwards, towards their initial position, by the now swelling subsidiary cells. During this process, the cell walls of the central canal thicken. Examination of immunolabeled specimens revealed that important cell wall matrix materials are differentially distributed across the walls of Z. mays stomatal complexes. The cell walls of the bulbous ends and of the central canal of the GCs, as well as the cell walls of the subsidiary cells were shown to be rich in methylesterified homogalacturonans (HGs) and hemicelluloses. Demethylesterified HGs were, in turn, mainly located at the terminal cell wall thickenings of the central canal, at the polar ends of the VW, at the lateral walls of the GCs and at the periclinal cell walls of the central canal. During stomatal function, a spatiotemporal change on the distribution of some of the cell wall matrix materials is observed. The participation of the above cell wall matrix polysaccharides in the well-orchestrated response of the cell wall during the reversible movements of the stomatal complexes is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Gkolemis
- Section of Botany, Department of Biology, School of Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - E Giannoutsou
- Section of Botany, Department of Biology, School of Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
| | - I-D S Adamakis
- Section of Botany, Department of Biology, School of Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - B Galatis
- Section of Botany, Department of Biology, School of Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - P Apostolakos
- Section of Botany, Department of Biology, School of Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
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Saridis P, Georgiadou X, Shtein I, Pouris J, Panteris E, Rhizopoulou S, Constantinidis T, Giannoutsou E, Adamakis IDS. Stomata in Close Contact: The Case of Pancratium maritimum L. (Amaryllidaceae). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:3377. [PMID: 36501416 PMCID: PMC9740904 DOI: 10.3390/plants11233377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A special feature found in Amaryllidaceae is that some guard cells of the neighboring stomata form a "connection strand" between their dorsal cell walls. In the present work, this strand was studied in terms of both its composition and its effect on the morphology and function of the stomata in Pancratium maritimum L. leaves. The structure of stomata and their connection strand were studied by light and transmission electron microscopy. FM 4-64 and aniline blue staining and application of tannic acid were performed to detect cell membranes, callose, and pectins, respectively. A plasmolysis experiment was also performed. The composition of the connection strand was analyzed by fluorescence microscopy after immunostaining with several cell-wall-related antibodies, while pectinase treatment was applied to confirm the presence of pectins in the connection strand. To examine the effect of this connection on stomatal function, several morphological characteristics (width, length, size, pore aperture, stomatal distance, and cell size of the intermediate pavement cell) were studied. It is suggested that the connecting strand consists of cell wall material laid through the middle of the intermediate pavement cell adjoining the two stomata. These cell wall strands are mainly comprised of pectins, and crystalline cellulose and extensins were also present. Connected stomata do not open like the single stomata do, indicating that the connection strand could also affect stomatal function. This trait is common to other Amaryllidaceae representatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavlos Saridis
- Section of Botany, Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece
| | - Xenia Georgiadou
- Section of Botany, Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece
- Section of Ecology and Systematics, Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece
| | - Ilana Shtein
- Eastern Region Resarch and Development Center, Milken Campus, Ariel 40700, Israel
| | - John Pouris
- Section of Botany, Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece
| | - Emmanuel Panteris
- Department of Botany, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Sophia Rhizopoulou
- Section of Botany, Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece
| | - Theophanis Constantinidis
- Section of Ecology and Systematics, Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece
| | - Eleni Giannoutsou
- Section of Botany, Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece
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Yuan Z, Zhao Y, Mo Z, Liu H. A Bacillus licheniformis Glycoside Hydrolase 43 Protein Is Recognized as a MAMP. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214435. [PMID: 36430908 PMCID: PMC9697650 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycoside hydrolases from pathogens have often been reported as inducers of immune responses. However, the roles of glycoside hydrolase from plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) in the resistance of plants against pathogens is not well studied. In this study, we identified a glycoside hydrolase 43 protein, H1AD43, produced by Bacillus licheniformis BL06 that can trigger defense responses, including cell death. Ion-exchange and size-exclusion chromatography were used for separation, and the amino acid sequence was identified by mass spectrometry. The recombinant protein generated by prokaryotic expression was able to elicit a hypersensitive response (HR) in Nicotiana benthamiana and trigger early defense responses, including reactive oxygen species (ROS) burst, callose accumulation, and the induction of defense genes. In addition, the protein could induce resistance in N. benthamiana, in which it inhibited infection by Phytophthora capsici Leonian and tobacco mosaic virus-green fluorescent protein (TMV-GFP) expression. H1AD43 thus represents a microbe-associated molecular pattern (MAMP) of PGPR that induces plant disease resistance and may provide a new method for the biological control of plant disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixiang Yuan
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ying Zhao
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhitong Mo
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Hongxia Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-025-8439-5240
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