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Cho H, Kang K, Kang H, Jeon S, Lee M, Park E, Hong S, Seo S. Repeatability of feed efficiency and its relationship with carcass traits in Hanwoo steers during their entire growing and fattening period. Anim Biosci 2024; 37:1568-1580. [PMID: 38665083 PMCID: PMC11366531 DOI: 10.5713/ab.24.0074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study investigated the repeatability of feed efficiency and its association with carcass traits in Hanwoo steers during the entire growing and fattening periods. METHODS The growth and intake of thirty-six Hanwoo steers (259±19.7 kg; nine months) were monitored throughout five periods, including two growing periods (GP) and three fattening periods (FP). The steers were fed two types of concentrate mixes with varying nutrient compositions until they reached a target weight of 800 kg for slaughter. For each period, steers were categorized into three classes based on their feed efficiency rankings using residual feed intake (RFI) and feed conversion ratio (FCR). Feed efficiency repeatability was assessed using the Spearman correlation coefficient, decomposition of random errors, and the Theil segregation index (TSI). The Pearson correlation coefficient was used to examine the relationship between feed efficiency and carcass traits. RESULTS The results demonstrated a significant and high correlation with RFI, but not FCR, during the growing or fattening stages (r>0.5; p<0.01). When steers were classified according to their feed efficiency rankings, 58% of the animals in the high RFI class (low efficient) initially (GP 1) remained in the same class by the last period (FP 3), whereas steers were randomly distributed based on FCR. The repeatability, assessed by the decomposition of random errors, was higher for RFI (0.61) than for FCR (0.15). The TSI also indicated that RFI rankings, rather than FCR rankings, are more likely to be maintained. Moreover, a weak association was observed between feed efficiency and carcass traits. CONCLUSION In conclusion, RFI repeatability throughout the GP and FP surpassed that of the FCR, with steers classified as high RFI during the GP more likely to remain in the same class during the FP. Feed efficiency was weakly correlated with carcass traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunjin Cho
- Division of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134,
Korea
| | - Kyewon Kang
- Division of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134,
Korea
| | - Hamin Kang
- Division of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134,
Korea
| | - Seoyoung Jeon
- Division of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134,
Korea
| | - Mingyung Lee
- Division of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134,
Korea
| | - Eunkyu Park
- Woosung Feed Co., Ltd., Daejeon 34379,
Korea
| | | | - Seongwon Seo
- Division of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134,
Korea
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Oh J, Cho H, Jeong S, Kang K, Lee M, Jeon S, Kang H, Seo S. Effects of Dietary Crude Protein Level of Concentrate Mix on Growth Performance, Rumen Characteristics, Blood Metabolites, and Methane Emissions in Fattening Hanwoo Steers. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:469. [PMID: 38338112 PMCID: PMC10854555 DOI: 10.3390/ani14030469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effect of varying levels of dietary crude protein (CP) on growth performance, rumen characteristics, blood metabolites, and methane emissions in fattening Hanwoo steers. Twenty-four steers, weighing 504 ± 33.0 kg (16 months old), were assigned to four dietary treatments with different CP concentrations (15, 18, 19, and 21% of CP on a dry matter (DM) basis). A linear increasing trend in the average daily gain (ADG) was observed (p = 0.066). With increased dietary CP levels, the rumen ammonia concentration significantly increased (p < 0.001), while the propionate proportion linearly decreased (p = 0.004) and the proportions of butyrate and valerate linearly increased (p ≤ 0.003). The blood urea exhibited a linear increase (p < 0.001), whereas the blood non-esterified fatty acids and cholesterol showed a linear decrease (p ≤ 0.003) with increasing dietary CP. The methane concentration from eructation per intake (ppm/kg), forage neutral detergent fiber (NDF) intake, total NDF intake, and ADG exhibited linear decreases (p ≤ 0.014) across the treatments. In conclusion, increasing the dietary CP up to 21% in concentrates demonstrated a tendency to linearly increase the ADG and significantly decrease the propionate while increasing the butyrate. The methane concentration from eructation exhibited a tendency to linearly decrease with increasing dietary CP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joonpyo Oh
- Cargill Animal Nutrition Korea, Seongnam 13630, Republic of Korea;
| | - Hyunjin Cho
- Division of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea; (H.C.); (S.J.); (K.K.); (M.L.); (S.J.); (H.K.)
| | - Sinyong Jeong
- Division of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea; (H.C.); (S.J.); (K.K.); (M.L.); (S.J.); (H.K.)
| | - Kyewon Kang
- Division of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea; (H.C.); (S.J.); (K.K.); (M.L.); (S.J.); (H.K.)
| | - Mingyung Lee
- Division of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea; (H.C.); (S.J.); (K.K.); (M.L.); (S.J.); (H.K.)
| | - Seoyoung Jeon
- Division of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea; (H.C.); (S.J.); (K.K.); (M.L.); (S.J.); (H.K.)
| | - Hamin Kang
- Division of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea; (H.C.); (S.J.); (K.K.); (M.L.); (S.J.); (H.K.)
| | - Seongwon Seo
- Division of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea; (H.C.); (S.J.); (K.K.); (M.L.); (S.J.); (H.K.)
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Cho H, Jeong S, Kang K, Lee M, Jeon S, Kang H, Kim H, Seo J, Oh J, Seo S. Effects of Dietary Fat Level of Concentrate Mix on Growth Performance, Rumen Characteristics, Digestibility, Blood Metabolites, and Methane Emission in Growing Hanwoo Steers. Animals (Basel) 2023; 14:139. [PMID: 38200870 PMCID: PMC10778547 DOI: 10.3390/ani14010139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of different dietary fat levels in concentrate mixes on the growth performance, rumen characteristics, digestibility, blood metabolites, and methane emissions in growing Hanwoo steers. Thirty steers (386 ± 24.6 kg of body weight [BW]; 12 months old), blocked by BW, were randomly assigned to three dietary treatments with varying fat concentrations in concentrate mix (48, 74, and 99 g of ether extract per kg dry matte [DM]). The fat intake of the low-fat treatment represented 4.15% of the total dry matter intake (DMI), while the medium- and high-fat treatments accounted for 5.77% and 7.23% of total DMI, respectively. Concentrate mix DMI decreased with increasing fat level (p < 0.01). The growth rate and digestibility did not significantly differ based on the fat level (p > 0.05). As the fat level increased, propionate in the total ruminal volatile fatty acids increased, and butyrate and acetate-to-propionate decreased (p < 0.01). Cholesterol in blood serum increased significantly with increasing dietary fat levels (p < 0.01). Methane emissions exhibited a linear decrease with increasing fat level (p < 0.05). In conclusion, elevating fat content in the concentrates up to 100 g/kg DM reduced methane emissions without compromising the growth performance of growing Hanwoo steers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunjin Cho
- Division of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea; (H.C.); (S.J.); (K.K.); (M.L.); (S.J.); (H.K.)
| | - Sinyong Jeong
- Division of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea; (H.C.); (S.J.); (K.K.); (M.L.); (S.J.); (H.K.)
| | - Kyewon Kang
- Division of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea; (H.C.); (S.J.); (K.K.); (M.L.); (S.J.); (H.K.)
| | - Mingyung Lee
- Division of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea; (H.C.); (S.J.); (K.K.); (M.L.); (S.J.); (H.K.)
| | - Seoyoung Jeon
- Division of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea; (H.C.); (S.J.); (K.K.); (M.L.); (S.J.); (H.K.)
| | - Hamin Kang
- Division of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea; (H.C.); (S.J.); (K.K.); (M.L.); (S.J.); (H.K.)
| | - Hanbeen Kim
- Department of Animal Science, Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Republic of Korea; (H.K.); (J.S.)
| | - Jakyeom Seo
- Department of Animal Science, Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Republic of Korea; (H.K.); (J.S.)
| | - Joonpyo Oh
- Cargill Animal Nutrition Korea, Seongnam 13630, Republic of Korea;
| | - Seongwon Seo
- Division of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea; (H.C.); (S.J.); (K.K.); (M.L.); (S.J.); (H.K.)
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Kang K, Cho H, Jeong S, Jeon S, Lee M, Lee S, Baek Y, Oh J, Seo S. Application of a hand-held laser methane detector for measuring enteric methane emissions from cattle in intensive farming. J Anim Sci 2022; 100:6603902. [PMID: 35671336 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The hand-held laser methane detector (LMD) technique has been suggested as an alternative method for measuring methane (CH4) emissions from enteric fermentation of ruminants in the field. This study aimed to establish a standard procedure for using LMD to assess CH4 production in cattle and evaluate the efficacy of the protocol to detect differences in CH4 emissions from cattle fed with diets of different forage-to-concentrate (FC) ratios. Experiment 1 was conducted with four Hanwoo steers (584 ± 57.4 kg body weight (BW)) individually housed in metabolic cages. The LMD was installed on a tripod aimed at the animal's nostril, and the CH4 concentration in the exhaled gas was measured for 6 min every hour for two consecutive days. For the data processing, the CH4 concentration peaks were identified by the automatic multi-scale peak detection algorithm. The peaks were then separated into those from respiration and eructation by fitting combinations of two of the four distribution functions (normal, log-normal, gamma, and Weibull) using the mixdist R package. In addition, the most appropriate time and number of consecutive measurements to represent the daily average CH4 concentration were determined. In Experiment 2, 30 Hanwoo growing steers (343 ± 24.6 kg BW), blocked by body weight, were randomly divided into three groups. Three different diets were provided to each group: high FC ratio (35:65) with low energy concentrate (HFC-LEC), high FC ratio with high energy concentrate (HFC-HEC), and low FC ratio (25:75) with high energy concentrate (LFC-HEC). After ten days of feeding the diets, the CH4 concentrations for all steers were measured and analyzed in duplicate according to the protocol established in Experiment 1. In Experiment 1, the mean correlation coefficient between the CH4 concentration from respiration and eructation was highest when a combination of two normal distributions was assumed (r = 0.79). The most appropriate measurement times were four times, two hours and one hour before, and one hour and two hours after morning feeding. Compared with LFC-HEC, HFC-LEC showed 49% and 57% higher CH4 concentrations in exhaled gas from respiration and eructation, respectively (P < 0.01). In conclusion, the LMD method can be applied to evaluate differences in CH4 emissions in cattle using the protocol established in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyewon Kang
- Division of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjin Cho
- Division of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sinyong Jeong
- Division of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seoyoung Jeon
- Division of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Mingyung Lee
- Division of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seul Lee
- Division of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yulchang Baek
- National Institute of Animal Science, Kongjwipatjwi-ro, Iseo-myeon, Wanju-Gun, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Joonpyo Oh
- Cargill Animal Nutrition Korea, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongwon Seo
- Division of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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Woo S, Kim S, Ye S, Kim SR, Seol J, Dooyum UD, Kim J, Hong DH, Kim JN, Ha Y. Effect of temperature on single- and mixed-strain fermentation of ruminant feeds. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2020; 62:227-238. [PMID: 32292930 PMCID: PMC7142282 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2020.62.2.227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Use of raw feedstuffs for livestock is limited by low digestibility. Recently,
fermentation of feedstuffs has been highlighted as a new way to improve nutrient
absorption through the production of organic acids using inoculated
microorganisms, which can also play a probiotic role. However, standard
procedures for feedstuff fermentation have not been clearly defined because the
process is influenced by climatic variation, and an analytical standard for
fermented feedstuffs is lacking. This study aimed to evaluate the
microbiological and biochemical changes of feedstuffs during fermentation at
temperatures corresponding to different seasons (10°C, 20°C,
30°C, and 40°C). We also investigated the effects of yeast, lactic
acid bacteria (LAB), and Bacillus spp. on fermentation and
determined the results of their interactions during fermentation. The viable
cells were observed within 8 days in single-strain fermentation. However, when
feedstuffs were inoculated with a culture of mixed strains, LAB were predominant
at low temperatures (10°C and 20°C), while
Bacillus spp. was predominant at high temperatures
(30°C and 40°C). A significant drop in pH from 6.5 to 4.3 was
observed when LAB was the dominant strain in the culture, which correlated with
the concentrations of lactic acid. Slight ethanol production was detected above
20°C regardless of the incubation temperature, suggesting active
metabolism of yeast, despite this organism making up a marginal portion of the
microbes in the mixed culture. These results suggested that fermentation
temperature significantly affects microbiological profiles and biochemical
parameters, such as pH and the lactic acid concentration, of fermented
feedstuffs. Our data provide valuable information for the determination of
industrial standards for fermented feedstuffs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungmin Woo
- Department of Bio Industrial Machinery Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
| | - Sooah Kim
- Department of Environment Science & Biotechnology, Jeonju University, Jeonju 55069, Korea
| | - Suji Ye
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
| | - Soo Rin Kim
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
| | - Jeongman Seol
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
| | - Uyeh Daniel Dooyum
- Department of Bio Industrial Machinery Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
| | - Junhee Kim
- Department of Bio Industrial Machinery Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
| | - Dong Hyuck Hong
- Department of Bio Industrial Machinery Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
| | - Jong Nam Kim
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Dongseo University, Busan 47011, Korea
| | - Yushin Ha
- Department of Bio Industrial Machinery Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
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Jeon S, Jeong S, Lee M, Seo J, Kam DK, Kim JH, Park J, Seo S. Effects of reducing inclusion rate of roughages by changing roughage sources and concentrate types on intake, growth, rumen fermentation characteristics, and blood parameters of Hanwoo growing cattle (Bos Taurus coreanae). ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2019; 32:1705-1714. [PMID: 31480139 PMCID: PMC6817784 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.19.0269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Objective Reducing roughage feeding without negatively affecting rumen health is of interest in ruminant nutrition. We investigated the effects of roughage sources and concentrate types on growth performance, ruminal fermentation, and blood metabolite levels in growing cattle. Methods In this 24-week trial, 24 Hanwoo cattle (224±24.7 kg) were fed similar nitrous and energy levels of total mixed ration formulated using two kinds of roughage (timothy hay and ryegrass straw) and two types of concentrate mixes (high starch [HS] and high fiber [HF]). The treatments were arranged in a 2×2 factorial, consisting of 32% timothy–68% HS, 24% timothy–76% HF, 24% ryegrass–76% HS, and 17% ryegrass–83% HF. Daily feed intakes were measured. Every four weeks, blood were sampled, and body weight was measured before morning feeding. Every eight weeks, rumen fluid was collected using a stomach tube over five consecutive days. Results The mean dry matter intake (7.33 kg) and average daily gain (1,033 g) did not differ among treatments. However, significant interactions between roughage source and concentrate type were observed for the rumen and blood parameters (p<0.05). Total volatile fatty acid concentration was highest (p<0.05) in timothy–HF-fed calves. With ryegrass as the roughage source, decreasing the roughage inclusion rate increased the molar proportion of propionate and decreased the acetate-to-propionate ratio; the opposite was observed with timothy as the roughage source. Similarly, the effects of concentrate types on plasma total protein, alanine transaminase, Ca, inorganic P, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and creatinine concentrations differed with roughage source (p<0.05). Conclusion Decreasing the dietary roughage inclusion rate by replacing forage neutral detergent fiber with that from non-roughage fiber source might be a feasible feeding practice in growing cattle. A combination of low-quality roughage with a high fiber concentrate might be economically beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seoyoung Jeon
- Division of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Sinyong Jeong
- Division of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Mingyung Lee
- Division of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Jakyeom Seo
- Division of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea.,Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Department of Animal Science, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Korea
| | | | | | - Jaehwa Park
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea
| | - Seongwon Seo
- Division of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
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Kim JN, Song J, Kim EJ, Chang J, Kim CH, Seo S, Chang MB, Bae GS. Effects of short-term fasting on in vivo rumen microbiota and in vitro rumen fermentation characteristics. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2018; 32:776-782. [PMID: 30208688 PMCID: PMC6498081 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.18.0489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Objective Fasting may lead to changes in the microbiota and activity in the rumen. In the present study, the effects of fasting on rumen microbiota and the impact of fasting on in vitro rumen fermentation were evaluated using molecular culture-independent methods. Methods Three ruminally cannulated Holstein steers were fed rice straw and concentrates. The ruminal fluids were obtained from the same steers 2 h after the morning feeding (control) and 24 h after fasting (fasting). The ruminal fluid was filtrated through four layers of muslin, collected for a culture-independent microbial analysis, and used to determine the in vitro rumen fermentation characteristics. Total DNA was extracted from both control and fasting ruminal fluids. The rumen microbiota was assessed using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Microbial activity was evaluated in control and fasting steers at various intervals using in vitro batch culture with rice straw and concentrate at a ratio of 60:40. Results Fasting for 24 h slightly affected the microbiota structure in the rumen as determined by DGGE. Additionally, several microorganisms, including Anaerovibrio lipolytica, Eubacterium ruminantium, Prevotella albensis, Prevotella ruminicola, and Ruminobacter amylophilus, decreased in number after fasting. In addition, using the ruminal fluid as the inoculum after 24 h of fasting, the fermentation characteristics differed from those obtained using non-fasted ruminal fluid. Compared with the control, the fasting showed higher total gas production, ammonia, and microbial protein production (p<0.05). No significant differences, however, was observed in pH and dry matter digestibility. Conclusion When in vitro techniques are used to evaluate feed, the use of the ruminal fluid from fasted animals should be used with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Nam Kim
- Deparment of Animal Biosystem Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea.,Department of Food Science & Nutrition, Dongseo University, Busan 47011, Korea
| | - Jaeyong Song
- Department of Animal Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Korea
| | - Eun Joong Kim
- Department of Animal Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Korea
| | - Jongsoo Chang
- Department of Agricultural Science, Korea National Open University, Seoul 03087, Korea
| | - Chang-Hyun Kim
- Department of Animal Life and Environmental science, Hankyung National University, Anseong 17579, Korea
| | - Seongwon Seo
- Deparment of Animal Biosystem Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Moon Baek Chang
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Korea
| | - Gui-Seck Bae
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Korea
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