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Mechmechani S, Yammine J, Alhuthali S, El Mouzawak M, Charvourou G, Ghasrsallaoui A, Chihib NE, Doulgeraki A, Karam L. Study of the Resistance of Staphylococcus aureus Biofilm, Biofilm-Detached Cells, and Planktonic Cells to Microencapsulated Carvacrol Used Alone or Combined with Low-pH Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7222. [PMID: 39000327 PMCID: PMC11242642 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25137222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Microbial biofilms pose severe problems in the medical field and food industry, as they are the cause of many serious infections and food-borne diseases. The extreme biofilms' resistance to conventional anti-microbial treatments presents a major challenge to their elimination. In this study, the difference in resistance between Staphylococcus aureus DSMZ 12463 biofilms, biofilm-detached cells, and planktonic cells against microcapsules containing carvacrol was assessed. The antimicrobial/antibiofilm activity of low pH disinfection medium containing the microencapsulated carvacrol was also studied. In addition, the effect of low pH on the in vitro carvacrol release from microcapsules was investigated. The minimum inhibitory concentration of microencapsulated carvacrol was 0.625 mg mL-1. The results showed that biofilms exhibited greater resistance to microencapsulated carvacrol than the biofilm-detached cells and planktonic cells. Low pH treatment alone, by hydrochloric acid addition, showed no bactericidal effect on any of the three states of S. aureus strain. However, microencapsulated carvacrol was able to significantly reduce the planktonic cells and biofilm-detached cells below the detection limit (no bacterial counts), and the biofilm by approximatively 3 log CFU mL-1. In addition, results showed that microencapsulated carvacrol combined with low pH treatment reduced biofilm by more than 5 log CFU mL-1. Thus, the use of microencapsulated carvacrol in acidic environment could be a promising approach to combat biofilms from abiotic surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samah Mechmechani
- Institut National de Recherche Pour L'agriculture, L'alimentation Et L'environnement (INRAE), University of Lille, Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS), 59120 Lille, France
| | - Jina Yammine
- Institut National de Recherche Pour L'agriculture, L'alimentation Et L'environnement (INRAE), University of Lille, Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS), 59120 Lille, France
| | - Sakhr Alhuthali
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 22233, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | | | - Georgia Charvourou
- Institute of Technology of Agricultural Products-Hellenic Agricultural Organization DIMITRA, S. Venizelou 1, 14123 Lycovrissi, Greece
| | - Adem Ghasrsallaoui
- Laboratoire d'Automatique, de Génie des Procédés et de Génie Pharmaceutique, CNRS, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 43 Bd 11 Novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Nour Eddine Chihib
- Institut National de Recherche Pour L'agriculture, L'alimentation Et L'environnement (INRAE), University of Lille, Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS), 59120 Lille, France
| | - Agapi Doulgeraki
- Institute of Technology of Agricultural Products-Hellenic Agricultural Organization DIMITRA, S. Venizelou 1, 14123 Lycovrissi, Greece
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Hygiene, Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Environment, School of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Layal Karam
- Human Nutrition Department, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar
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Araújo D, Silva AR, Fernandes R, Serra P, Barros MM, Campos AM, Oliveira R, Silva S, Almeida C, Castro J. Emerging Approaches for Mitigating Biofilm-Formation-Associated Infections in Farm, Wild, and Companion Animals. Pathogens 2024; 13:320. [PMID: 38668275 PMCID: PMC11054384 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13040320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The importance of addressing the problem of biofilms in farm, wild, and companion animals lies in their pervasive impact on animal health and welfare. Biofilms, as resilient communities of microorganisms, pose a persistent challenge in causing infections and complicating treatment strategies. Recognizing and understanding the importance of mitigating biofilm formation is critical to ensuring the welfare of animals in a variety of settings, from farms to the wild and companion animals. Effectively addressing this issue not only improves the overall health of individual animals, but also contributes to the broader goals of sustainable agriculture, wildlife conservation, and responsible pet ownership. This review examines the current understanding of biofilm formation in animal diseases and elucidates the complex processes involved. Recognizing the limitations of traditional antibiotic treatments, mechanisms of resistance associated with biofilms are explored. The focus is on alternative therapeutic strategies to control biofilm, with illuminating case studies providing valuable context and practical insights. In conclusion, the review highlights the importance of exploring emerging approaches to mitigate biofilm formation in animals. It consolidates existing knowledge, highlights gaps in understanding, and encourages further research to address this critical facet of animal health. The comprehensive perspective provided by this review serves as a foundation for future investigations and interventions to improve the management of biofilm-associated infections in diverse animal populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Araújo
- INIAV—National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinarian Research, Rua dos Lagidos, 4485-655 Vila do Conde, Portugal; (A.R.S.); (R.F.); (P.S.); (M.M.B.); (A.M.C.); (R.O.); (S.S.); (C.A.)
- CEB—Centre of Biological Engineering Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- LABBELS—Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Ana Rita Silva
- INIAV—National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinarian Research, Rua dos Lagidos, 4485-655 Vila do Conde, Portugal; (A.R.S.); (R.F.); (P.S.); (M.M.B.); (A.M.C.); (R.O.); (S.S.); (C.A.)
| | - Rúben Fernandes
- INIAV—National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinarian Research, Rua dos Lagidos, 4485-655 Vila do Conde, Portugal; (A.R.S.); (R.F.); (P.S.); (M.M.B.); (A.M.C.); (R.O.); (S.S.); (C.A.)
| | - Patrícia Serra
- INIAV—National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinarian Research, Rua dos Lagidos, 4485-655 Vila do Conde, Portugal; (A.R.S.); (R.F.); (P.S.); (M.M.B.); (A.M.C.); (R.O.); (S.S.); (C.A.)
| | - Maria Margarida Barros
- INIAV—National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinarian Research, Rua dos Lagidos, 4485-655 Vila do Conde, Portugal; (A.R.S.); (R.F.); (P.S.); (M.M.B.); (A.M.C.); (R.O.); (S.S.); (C.A.)
- CECAV—Veterinary and Animal Research Centre, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Ana Maria Campos
- INIAV—National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinarian Research, Rua dos Lagidos, 4485-655 Vila do Conde, Portugal; (A.R.S.); (R.F.); (P.S.); (M.M.B.); (A.M.C.); (R.O.); (S.S.); (C.A.)
| | - Ricardo Oliveira
- INIAV—National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinarian Research, Rua dos Lagidos, 4485-655 Vila do Conde, Portugal; (A.R.S.); (R.F.); (P.S.); (M.M.B.); (A.M.C.); (R.O.); (S.S.); (C.A.)
- LEPABE—Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- AliCE—Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Sónia Silva
- INIAV—National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinarian Research, Rua dos Lagidos, 4485-655 Vila do Conde, Portugal; (A.R.S.); (R.F.); (P.S.); (M.M.B.); (A.M.C.); (R.O.); (S.S.); (C.A.)
- CEB—Centre of Biological Engineering Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- LABBELS—Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Carina Almeida
- INIAV—National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinarian Research, Rua dos Lagidos, 4485-655 Vila do Conde, Portugal; (A.R.S.); (R.F.); (P.S.); (M.M.B.); (A.M.C.); (R.O.); (S.S.); (C.A.)
- CEB—Centre of Biological Engineering Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- LEPABE—Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- AliCE—Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana Castro
- INIAV—National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinarian Research, Rua dos Lagidos, 4485-655 Vila do Conde, Portugal; (A.R.S.); (R.F.); (P.S.); (M.M.B.); (A.M.C.); (R.O.); (S.S.); (C.A.)
- CEB—Centre of Biological Engineering Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
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Scandorieiro S, Teixeira FMMB, Nogueira MCL, Panagio LA, de Oliveira AG, Durán N, Nakazato G, Kobayashi RKT. Antibiofilm Effect of Biogenic Silver Nanoparticles Combined with Oregano Derivatives against Carbapenem-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12040756. [PMID: 37107119 PMCID: PMC10135348 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12040756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Resistant bacteria may kill more people than COVID-19, so the development of new antibacterials is essential, especially against microbial biofilms that are reservoirs of resistant cells. Silver nanoparticles (bioAgNP), biogenically synthesized using Fusarium oxysporum, combined with oregano derivatives, present a strategic antibacterial mechanism and prevent the emergence of resistance against planktonic microorganisms. Antibiofilm activity of four binary combinations was tested against enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) and Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase-producing K. pneumoniae (KPC): oregano essential oil (OEO) plus bioAgNP, carvacrol (Car) plus bioAgNP, thymol (Thy) plus bioAgNP, and Car plus Thy. The antibiofilm effect was accessed using crystal violet, MTT, scanning electron microscopy, and Chromobacterium violaceum anti-quorum-sensing assays. All binary combinations acted against preformed biofilm and prevented its formation; they showed improved antibiofilm activity compared to antimicrobials individually by reducing sessile minimal inhibitory concentration up to 87.5% or further decreasing biofilm metabolic activity and total biomass. Thy plus bioAgNP extensively inhibited the growth of biofilm in polystyrene and glass surfaces, disrupted three-dimensional biofilm structure, and quorum-sensing inhibition may be involved in its antibiofilm activity. For the first time, it is shown that bioAgNP combined with oregano has antibiofilm effect against bacteria for which antimicrobials are urgently needed, such as KPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Scandorieiro
- Laboratory of Basic and Applied Bacteriology, Department of Microbiology, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil
- Laboratory of Innovation and Cosmeceutical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center of Health Sciences, Hospital Universitário de Londrina, Londrina 86038-350, Brazil
| | - Franciele Maira M B Teixeira
- Department of Dermatological, Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculdade de Medicina de Sao Jose do Rio Preto, São José do Rio Preto 15090-000, Brazil
| | - Mara C L Nogueira
- Department of Dermatological, Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculdade de Medicina de Sao Jose do Rio Preto, São José do Rio Preto 15090-000, Brazil
| | - Luciano A Panagio
- Laboratory of Medical Mycology and Oral Microbiology, Department of Microbiology, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Admilton G de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology, Department of Microbiology, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil
- Laboratory of Electron Microscopy and Microanalysis, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Nelson Durán
- Institute of Biology, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Gerson Nakazato
- Laboratory of Basic and Applied Bacteriology, Department of Microbiology, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Renata K T Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Basic and Applied Bacteriology, Department of Microbiology, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil
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Chang SY, Lee JH, Oh HJ, An JW, Song DC, Cho HA, Park SH, Jeon KH, Cho SY, Kim DJ, Kim MS, Cho JH. Effect of different ratios of phytogenic feed additives on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, intestinal barrier integrity, and immune response in weaned pigs challenged with a pathogenic Escherichia coli. J Anim Sci 2023; 101:skad148. [PMID: 37167436 PMCID: PMC10226268 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skad148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the effects of supplementing different ratios of phytogenic feed additives (PFA) to weaned pigs challenged with pathogenic Escherichia coli on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, intestinal barrier integrity, and immune response, and to determine the optimal mixing ratio for post-weaning diarrhea (PWD) prevention. A total of 48 4-wk-old weaned pigs with initial body weight of 8.01 ± 0.39 kg were placed in individual metabolic cages, and then randomly assigned to eight treatment groups. The eight treatments were as follows: a basal diet without E. coli challenge (negative control, NC), a basal diet with E. coli challenge (positive control, PC), PC with supplementing 0.1% mixture of 20% bitter citrus extract (BCE), 10% microencapsulated blend of thymol and carvacrol (MEO), and 70% excipient (T1), PC with supplementing 0.1% mixture of 10% MEO, 20% premixture of grape seed and grape marc extract, green tea, and hops (PGE), and 60% excipient (T2), PC with supplementing 0.1% mixture of 10% BCE, 10% MEO, 10% PGE, and 70% excipient (T3), PC with supplementing 0.1% mixture of 20% BCE, 20% MEO, and 60% excipient (T4), PC with supplementing 0.1% mixture of 20% MEO, 20% PGE, and 60% excipient (T5), and PC with supplementing 0.1% mixture of 10% BCE, 20% MEO, 10% PGE, and 60% excipient (T6). The experiments progressed in 16 days, including 5 days before and 11 days after the first E. coli challenge (day 0). In the E. coli challenge treatments, all pigs were orally inoculated by dividing a total of 10 mL of E. coli F 18 for three consecutive days from day 0 postinoculation (PI). Compared with the PC group, the PFA2 and PFA6 groups significantly increased (P < 0.05) feed efficiency and decreased (P < 0.05) diarrhea during the entire period. At day 11 PI, the PFA6 group significantly improved (P < 0.05) gross energy digestibility compared to the PFA1 group. The PFA6 group significantly decreased (P < 0.05) tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 in serum and increased (P < 0.05) the villus height to crypt depth ratio (VH:CD). The PFA2 significantly decreased (P < 0.05) the relative protein expression of calprotectin in the ileum. In conclusion, improvements in growth performance, diarrhea reduction, and immunity enhancement are demonstrated when 10% BCE, 20% MEO, 10% PGE, and 60% excipient are mixed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se Yeon Chang
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, South Korea
| | - Ji Hwan Lee
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Han Jin Oh
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, South Korea
| | - Jae Woo An
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, South Korea
| | - Dong Cheol Song
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, South Korea
| | - Hyun Ah Cho
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, South Korea
| | - Se Hyun Park
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, South Korea
| | - Kyeong Ho Jeon
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, South Korea
| | | | - Dong Jun Kim
- Research Center, Eugene-Bio, Suwon 16675, South Korea
| | - Mi Suk Kim
- Research Center, Eugene-Bio, Suwon 16675, South Korea
| | - Jin Ho Cho
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, South Korea
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Antibiofilm Action of Plant Terpenes in Salmonella Strains: Potential Inhibitors of the Synthesis of Extracellular Polymeric Substances. Pathogens 2022; 12:pathogens12010035. [PMID: 36678383 PMCID: PMC9864247 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12010035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella can form biofilms that contribute to its resistance in food processing environments. Biofilms are a dense population of cells that adhere to the surface, creating a matrix composed of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) consisting mainly of polysaccharides, proteins, and eDNA. Remarkably, the secreted substances, including cellulose, curli, and colanic acid, act as protective barriers for Salmonella and contribute to its resistance and persistence when exposed to disinfectants. Conventional treatments are mostly ineffective in controlling this problem; therefore, exploring anti-biofilm molecules that minimize and eradicate Salmonella biofilms is required. The evidence indicated that terpenes effectively reduce biofilms and affect their three-dimensional structure due to the decrease in the content of EPS. Specifically, in the case of Salmonella, cellulose is an essential component in their biofilms, and its control could be through the inhibition of glycosyltransferase, the enzyme that synthesizes this polymer. The inhibition of polymeric substances secreted by Salmonella during biofilm development could be considered a target to reduce its resistance to disinfectants, and terpenes can be regarded as inhibitors of this process. However, more studies are needed to evaluate the effectiveness of these compounds against Salmonella enzymes that produce extracellular polymeric substances.
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Ding Y, Hu Y, Yao X, He Y, Chen J, Wu J, Wu S, Zhang H, He X, Song Z. Dietary essential oils improves the growth performance, antioxidant properties and intestinal permeability by inhibiting bacterial proliferation and altering the gut microbiota of yellow-feather broilers. Poult Sci 2022; 101:102087. [PMID: 36095866 PMCID: PMC9472070 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This experiment was conducted to investigate the antibacterial effects of essential oils (EO) in vitro and the influence of EO on growth performance, intestinal morphology and oxidation resistance and cecal microflora of yellow-feathered broilers. A total of 720 one-day-old male yellow feather broilers were randomly assigned into 4 treatments with 6 replicate cages of 30 broilers each. The groups were as follows: CON group (basal diet), EO200 group (basal diet + 200 mg/kg EO), EO400 group (basal diet + 400 mg/kg EO), and EO600 group (basal diet + 600 mg/kg EO). The experiment lasted for 48 d. Results showed that the growth and biofilm formation of avian pathogenic E. coli O78 and Salmonella pullorum were limited by adding EO to the diet (P < 0.05). Besides, birds fed with EO had greater (P < 0.05) average daily feed intake (ADFI), average daily gain (ADG), and body weight (BW) during d 1 to 21, 22 to 42, and 1 to 48 and lower (P < 0.05) feed: gain (F:G) than those fed with basal diet during d 22 to 42 and 1 to 48. Moreover, the activity of antioxidant enzyme and the intestinal permeability were improved in the EO400 and EO600 groups rather than the CON group on d 21 (P < 0.05). There were significant differences in cecal microbial composition and enrichment of metabolic pathways of birds among all groups by 16S-based sequencing. In summary, some dose of EO improved bacteriostatic ability, antioxidant ability, and intestinal health of broilers which contributed to the growth performance improvement of yellow-feathered broilers, which can be a promising antibiotic alternative for improving poultry production.
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Farajzadeh N, Özdemir S, Tollu G, Bayır ZA, Koçak MB. Biological properties of hexadeca-substituted metal phthalocyanines bearing different functional groups. J Inorg Biochem 2022; 234:111888. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2022.111888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Mechmechani S, Khelissa S, Gharsallaoui A, Omari KE, Hamze M, Chihib NE. Hurdle technology using encapsulated enzymes and essential oils to fight bacterial biofilms. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:2311-2335. [PMID: 35312826 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-11875-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Biofilm formation on abiotic surfaces has become a major public health concern because of the serious problems they can cause in various fields. Biofilm cells are extremely resistant to stressful conditions, because of their complex structure impedes antimicrobial penetration to deep-seated cells. The increased resistance of biofilm to currently applied control strategies underscores the urgent need for new alternative and/or supplemental eradication approaches. The combination of two or more methods, known as Hurdle technology, offers an excellent option for the highly effective control of biofilms. In this perspective, the use of functional enzymes combined with biosourced antimicrobial such as essential oil (EO) is a promising alternative anti-biofilm approach. However, these natural antibiofilm agents can be damaged by severe environmental conditions and lose their activity. The microencapsulation of enzymes and EOs is a promising new technology for enhancing their stability and improving their biological activity. This review article highlights the problems related to biofilm in various fields, and the use of encapsulated enzymes with essential oils as antibiofilm agents. KEY POINTS: • Problems associated with biofilms in the food and medical sectors and their subsequent risks on health and food quality. • Hurdle technology using enzymes and essential oils is a promising strategy for an efficient biofilms control. • The microencapsulation of enzymes and essential oils ensures their stability and improves their biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samah Mechmechani
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, INRAE, Centrale Lille, UMR 8207 - UMET - Unité Matériaux Et Transformations, Lille, France.,Laboratoire Microbiologie Santé Et Environnement (LMSE), Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Simon Khelissa
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, INRAE, Centrale Lille, UMR 8207 - UMET - Unité Matériaux Et Transformations, Lille, France
| | - Adem Gharsallaoui
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, LAGEPP UMR 5007, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Khaled El Omari
- Laboratoire Microbiologie Santé Et Environnement (LMSE), Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Monzer Hamze
- Laboratoire Microbiologie Santé Et Environnement (LMSE), Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Nour-Eddine Chihib
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, INRAE, Centrale Lille, UMR 8207 - UMET - Unité Matériaux Et Transformations, Lille, France.
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Farajzadeh N, Çelik Ç, Özdemir S, Gonca S, Koçak MB. Biological properties of novel mono and double-decker hexadeca-substituted metal phthalocyanines. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj05721a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This study reports chemical agents that exhibit efficient antibacterial photodynamic, antimicrobial, antioxidant, biofilm inhibition, and DNA cleavage activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazli Farajzadeh
- Department of Chemistry, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, 34469, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Çetin Çelik
- Department of Chemistry, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, 34469, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sadin Özdemir
- Food Processing Programme, Technical Science Vocational School, Mersin University, TR-33343 Yenisehir, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Serpil Gonca
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Mersin, Turkey, TR-33343 Yenisehir, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Makbule Burkut Koçak
- Department of Chemistry, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, 34469, Istanbul, Turkey
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Farajzadeh N, Çelik Ç, Atmaca GY, Özdemir S, Gonca S, Erdoğmuş A, Koçak MB. Photophysicochemical, sonochemical, and biological properties of novel hexadeca-substituted phthalocyanines bearing fluorinated groups. Dalton Trans 2021; 51:478-490. [PMID: 34755751 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt02919c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This study presents the preparation of a novel tetra-substituted phthalonitrile (1), namely, 3,6-bis(hexyloxy)-4,5-bis(4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenoxy)phthalonitrile (1) and its metal-free (2)/metal {M = Zn (3), Cu (4), Co (5), Lu(CH3COO) (6), Lu (7)} phthalocyanines. A series of various spectroscopic methods (UV-vis, FT-IR, mass, and 1H NMR spectroscopy) were performed for the characterization of the newly synthesized compounds. The potential of compounds 2, 3, and 6 as photosensitizing materials for photodynamic and sonophotodynamic therapies was evaluated by photophysical, photochemical, and sonochemical methods. The highest singlet quantum yields were obtained for the zinc phthalocyanine derivative 3 by performing photochemical and sonochemical methods. In addition, several biological activities of the new compounds 1-7 were investigated. The newly synthesized phthalocyanines exhibited excellent DPPH scavenging activity and also DNA nuclease activity. The antimicrobial activity of the new compounds was evaluated by the disc diffusion assay. Effective microbial cell viability inhibition was observed with phthalocyanine macromolecules. The photodynamic antimicrobial therapy of the phthalocyanines showed 100% bacterial inhibition when compared to the control. They also exhibited significant biofilm inhibition activity against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa. These results indicate that new phthalocyanines are promising photodynamic antimicrobial therapies for the treatment of infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazli Farajzadeh
- Department of Chemistry, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, 34469, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Çetin Çelik
- Department of Chemistry, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, 34469, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Göknur Yaşa Atmaca
- Department of Chemistry, Yildiz Technical University, Esenler, 34210, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sadin Özdemir
- Food Processing Programme, Technical Science Vocational School, Mersin University, TR-33343 Yenisehir, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Serpil Gonca
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Mersin, Turkey, TR-33343 Yenisehir, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Ali Erdoğmuş
- Department of Chemistry, Yildiz Technical University, Esenler, 34210, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Makbule Burkut Koçak
- Department of Chemistry, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, 34469, Istanbul, Turkey.
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11
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Pourkhosravani E, Dehghan Nayeri F, Mohammadi Bazargani M. Decoding antibacterial and antibiofilm properties of cinnamon and cardamom essential oils: a combined molecular docking and experimental study. AMB Express 2021; 11:143. [PMID: 34704145 PMCID: PMC8548479 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-021-01305-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
This study sets out to compare the antibacterial and antibiofilm profiles of Ci/Ca EOs alone and in combination together against infectious bacterial strains. MIC assay was carried out to survey the effectiveness of prepared EOs by two-fold serial dilution method and MTT evaluation. Synergic antibacterial properties of EOs against target strains were studied by using checkerboard titration method. Biofilm growth and development were evaluated using CV and XTT reduction assays. Antibacterial activity was observed for EOs against both bacterial strains with stronger activity for CiEO against both bacteria. The synergistic antibacterial effect was observed only against B. subtilis. Based on the FIC index, combinations could not inhibit the growth of E. coli. The pure EOs and their combination inhibited cell attachment for both studied bacteria with stronger effect on E. coli. CV and XTT reduction assays results showed that Ci EO and its combination with CaEO had the highest antibiofilm activity at lowest MIC value 0.08% and 0.04/0.02% against biofilm formed by E. coli and B. subtilis respectively, indicating a high antibiofilm potential. Computational docking analyses also postulated that the active constituents of evaluated EOs have the potential to interact with different bacterial targets, suggested binding mode of action of EOs metabolites. By and large, synergistic anti-biofilm properties of EOs may provide further options for developing novel formula to inhibit a variety of infectious clinical and industrial strains without (or less) toxicity effects on human body. ![]()
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12
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Chemical Composition, Antipathogenic and Cytotoxic Activity of the Essential Oil Extracted from Amorpha fruticosa Fruits. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26113146. [PMID: 34074063 PMCID: PMC8197342 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this paper was to characterize and investigate the antimicrobial potential of Amorpha fruticosa fruits essential oil (EO). The EO was extracted by hydrodistillation, analyzed by GC-MS, and then evaluated for its interaction with microbial and mammalian cells. The antimicrobial activity was assessed against bacterial and fungal strains, in a planktonic and adherent growth state, using qualitative and quantitative assays. The main components identified in A. fruticosa fruits EO were δ-cadinene, γ-muurolene, and α-muurolene. The Gram-positive strains proved to be more susceptible than Gram-negative bacteria and fungal strains. The EO exhibited good antibiofilm activity, inhibiting the microbial adherence to the inert (96-well plates and Foley catheter section) and cellular substrata. The flow cytometry analysis revealed as one of the possible mechanisms of antimicrobial action the alteration of cell membrane hydrophobicity. The cytotoxicity on the L929 cell line occurred at concentrations higher than 0.3 mg/mL. Taken together, our results demonstrate that A. fruticosa fruits EO contains active compounds with selective inhibitory effect on different microbial strains in planktonic and biofilm growth state, explained at least partially by the interference with microbial membranes due to their hydrophobic character.
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13
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Somrani M, Debbabi H, Palop A. Antibacterial and antibiofilm activity of essential oil of clove against Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella Enteritidis. FOOD SCI TECHNOL INT 2021; 28:331-339. [PMID: 33947265 DOI: 10.1177/10820132211013273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The antibacterial and antibiofilm activity of essential oil of clove against Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella Enteritidis were investigated. The chemical composition of the oil was characterized by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Stock solution of the essential oil of clove was prepared in 95% (v/v) ethanol (EOC). The antibacterial assays were performed by disk diffusion assay and minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC). The biomass of adhered cells and preformed biofilms after incubation with different concentrations of EOC was assessed by crystal violet. Eugenol was the major bioactive compound of clove essential oil, accounting for 78.85% of the total composition. The MIC values for L. monocytogenes and S. Enteritidis were 0.05 mg/ml and 0.1 mg/ml, respectively. The initial cell adhesion at MIC was inhibited by 61.8% for L. monocytogenes and 49.8% for S. Enteritidis. However, the effect of EOC was less marked on biofilm eradication than on cell adhesion. At MIC and within 1 hour of incubation with the EOC, the preformed biofilms were reduced by 30.2% and 20.3% for L. monocytogenes and S. Enteritidis, respectively. These results suggest that sanitizers based on clove essential oil could be a potential strategy to control biofilms in food-related environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariem Somrani
- Departamento de Ingeniería Agronómica, Instituto de Biotecnología Vegetal, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Cartagena, Spain.,Department of AgriFood Industries, UR17AGR01-PATIO, National Agronomic Institute of Tunisia, University of Carthage, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Hajer Debbabi
- Department of AgriFood Industries, UR17AGR01-PATIO, National Agronomic Institute of Tunisia, University of Carthage, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Alfredo Palop
- Departamento de Ingeniería Agronómica, Instituto de Biotecnología Vegetal, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Cartagena, Spain
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14
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Nehme R, Andrés S, Pereira RB, Ben Jemaa M, Bouhallab S, Ceciliani F, López S, Rahali FZ, Ksouri R, Pereira DM, Abdennebi-Najar L. Essential Oils in Livestock: From Health to Food Quality. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:330. [PMID: 33672283 PMCID: PMC7926721 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10020330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Using plant essential oils (EOs) contributes to the growing number of natural plants' applications in livestock. Scientific data supporting the efficacy of EOs as anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and antioxidant molecules accumulates over time; however, the cumulative evidence is not always sufficient. EOs antioxidant properties have been investigated mainly from human perspectives. Still, so far, our review is the first to combine the beneficial supporting properties of EOs in a One Health approach and as an animal product quality enhancer, opening new possibilities for their utilization in the livestock and nutrition sectors. We aim to compile the currently available data on the main anti-inflammatory effects of EOs, whether encapsulated or not, with a focus on mammary gland inflammation. We will also review the EOs' antioxidant activities when given in the diet or as a food preservative to counteract oxidative stress. We emphasize EOs' in vitro and in vivo ruminal microbiota and mechanisms of action to promote animal health and performance. Given the concept of DOHaD (Developmental Origin of Health and Diseases), supplementing animals with EOs in early life opens new perspectives in the nutrition sector. However, effective evaluation of the significant safety components is required before extending their use to livestock and veterinary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph Nehme
- Quality and Health Department, IDELE Institute, 149 rue de Bercy, 75595 Paris CEDEX 12, France;
- INRAE, Institut Agro, STLO, F-35042 Rennes, France;
| | - Sonia Andrés
- Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-Universidad de León, Finca Marzanas s/n, 24346 Grulleros, Spain; (S.A.); (S.L.)
| | - Renato B. Pereira
- REQUIMTE/LAQV Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Department of Chemistry Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto R Jorge Viterbo Ferreir 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (R.B.P.); (D.M.P.)
| | - Meriem Ben Jemaa
- Laboratory of Aromatic and Medicinal Plants, Biotechnology Center of Borj-Cédria, Hammam-Lif BP 901 2050, Tunisia; (M.B.J.); (F.Z.R.); (R.K.)
| | | | - Fabrizio Ceciliani
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milano, Italy;
| | - Secundino López
- Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-Universidad de León, Finca Marzanas s/n, 24346 Grulleros, Spain; (S.A.); (S.L.)
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Universidad de León, 24007 León, Spain
| | - Fatma Zohra Rahali
- Laboratory of Aromatic and Medicinal Plants, Biotechnology Center of Borj-Cédria, Hammam-Lif BP 901 2050, Tunisia; (M.B.J.); (F.Z.R.); (R.K.)
| | - Riadh Ksouri
- Laboratory of Aromatic and Medicinal Plants, Biotechnology Center of Borj-Cédria, Hammam-Lif BP 901 2050, Tunisia; (M.B.J.); (F.Z.R.); (R.K.)
| | - David M. Pereira
- REQUIMTE/LAQV Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Department of Chemistry Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto R Jorge Viterbo Ferreir 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (R.B.P.); (D.M.P.)
| | - Latifa Abdennebi-Najar
- Quality and Health Department, IDELE Institute, 149 rue de Bercy, 75595 Paris CEDEX 12, France;
- Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Sorbonne University, INSERM UMR_S_938, 75020 Paris, France
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15
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Tan BF, Lim T, Boontiam W. Effect of dietary supplementation with essential oils and a Bacillus probiotic on growth performance, diarrhoea and blood metabolites in weaned pigs. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1071/an18752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Context
Dietary supplementation of essential oils or in combination with a Bacillus probiotic was investigated as an antibiotic growth promoter for weaned pigs.
Aims
To evaluate the effect of essential oils (i.e. thymol and carvacrol mixture) or in combination with a probiotic strain (i.e. Bacillus subtilis PB6) on the growth performance, diarrhoea incidence, ammonia emission and serological profiles of weaned pigs.
Methods
A total of 96 crossbred ([Yorkshire × Landrace] × Duroc) weaned pigs were randomly allotted to one of six treatments based on sex and initial bodyweight. Each group was distributed into four replicates with four pigs each according to a randomised complete block design. The treatments were: (i) positive control, basal diet supplemented with colistin 150 g/tonne and amoxicillin 200 g/tonne; (ii) negative control, basal diet without supplementation; (iii) T3, basal diet supplemented with essential oils 300 g/tonne; (iv) T4, basal diet supplemented with essential oils 600 g/tonne; (v) T5, basal diet supplemented with essential oils 1000 g/tonne; and (vi) T6, basal diet supplemented with essential oils 300 g/tonne diet and Bacillus probiotics 1000 g/tonne.
Key results
The piglets fed with supplements had a significantly higher average daily gain and lower incidence of diarrhoea than the piglets in the negative control (P = 0.001). Feeding the essential oils alone or in combination with probiotics significantly reduced faecal ammonia emission (P = 0.027) and blood urea nitrogen (P = 0.039), while markedly increasing the serum immunoglobulin G concentration of weaned pigs compared with the negative control treatment (P = 0.014). The difference in time of blood collection had significant effects on blood urea nitrogen and immunoglobulins (P = 0.001). However, no significant differences emerged in average daily feed intake, gain: feed ratio, feed efficiency and antibody against swine fever among the treatments.
Conclusions
Diet supplementation with essential oils or in combination with probiotics improved growth performance and immunity, and lowered ammonia emissions and diarrhoea incidence of weaned pigs.
Implications
These findings provide a basis for the application of phytogenic compounds and probiotics as antibiotic growth promoter alternatives in post-weaning diets for pigs.
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Synergistic effect of fennel essential oil and hydrogen peroxide on bacterial biofilm. Postepy Dermatol Alergol 2020; 37:690-694. [PMID: 33240007 PMCID: PMC7675088 DOI: 10.5114/ada.2019.83621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Staphylococcal biofilm formation significantly challenges wound management. The causes of difficult-to-treat wounds are not only methicillin-resistant staphylococci, but also methicillin-sensitive strains with different patterns of resistance. Bacterial biofilm significantly limits the access and activity of antimicrobials used in dermatological infections. Aim To evaluate the synergistic effect of fennel essential oil (FEO) and H2O2 on biofilm formation by Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA and MRSA) reference strains. Material and methods Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values were determined for FEO and H2O2 against S. aureus reference strains by the broth microdilution method. The combined effects of the FEO and H2O2 were calculated and expressed in terms of a fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) using the checkerboard method. The FEO composition was analyzed by the GC-MS method. The data were analysed by one-way ANOVA. Results Decreased MIC values for FEO combined with H2O2 were observed in comparison to FEO itself. The combinations of FEO and H2O2 determined synergistic effects on all S. aureus reference strains. Subinhibitory concentration of FEO alone and in combination with 0.5 MIC of H2O2 significantly decreased the production of biofilm biomass in S. aureus strains and reduced the metabolic activity of attached cells. Conclusions Combination of fennel essential oil containing nearly 80% trans-anethole and H2O2 represents a potential for further basic and applied research on wound management.
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The Effects of Eugenol, Trans-Cinnamaldehyde, Citronellol, and Terpineol on Escherichia coli Biofilm Control as Assessed by Culture-Dependent and -Independent Methods. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25112641. [PMID: 32517201 PMCID: PMC7321256 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25112641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial biofilms contribute to problems with preserving food hygiene, jeopardizing any conventional intervention method used by the food industry. Hence, the approach of using essential oil (EO) compounds effective in biofilm control has considerable merit and deserves in-depth research. In this study, the effect of selected EO compounds (eugenol, trans-cinnamaldehyde, citronellol, and terpineol) was assessed on Escherichia coli biofilm control by plate count, resazurin assay, and Syto® 9/PI (-/propidium iodide) staining coupled with flow cytometry (FCM) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). The selected EO compounds effectively inhibited the growth of planktonic E. coli at low concentrations of 3–5 mM, revealing a high antimicrobial activity. EO compounds markedly interfered with biofilms too, with trans-cinnamaldehyde causing the most prominent effects. Its antibiofilm activity was manifested by a high reduction of cell metabolic activity (>60%) and almost complete reduction in biofilm cell culturability. In addition, almost 90% of the total cells had perturbed cell membranes. Trans-cinnamaldehyde further impacted the cell morphology resulting in the filamentation and, thus, in the creation of a mesh network of cells. Citronellol scored the second in terms of the severity of the observed effects. However, most of all, it strongly prevented native microcolony formation. Eugenol and terpineol also affected the formation of a typical biofilm structure; however, small cell aggregates were still repeatedly found. Overall, eugenol caused the mildest impairment of cell membranes where 50% of the total cells showed the Syto® 9+/PI– pattern coupled with healthy cells and another 48% with injured cells (the Syto® 9+/PI+). For terpineol, despite a similar percentage of healthy cells, another 45% was shared between moderately (Syto® 9+PI+) and heavily (Syto® 9–PI+) damaged cells. The results highlight the importance of a multi-method approach for an accurate assessment of EO compounds’ action against biofilms and may help develop better strategies for their effective use in the food industry.
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18
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Sakarikou C, Kostoglou D, Simões M, Giaouris E. Exploitation of plant extracts and phytochemicals against resistant Salmonella spp. in biofilms. Food Res Int 2019; 128:108806. [PMID: 31955766 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2019.108806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella is one of the most frequent causes of foodborne outbreaks throughout the world. In the last years, the resistance of this and other pathogenic bacteria to antimicrobials has become a prime concern towards their successful control. In addition, the tolerance and virulence of pathogenic bacteria, such as Salmonella, are commonly related to their ability to form biofilms, which are sessile structures encountered on various surfaces and whose development is considered as a universal stress response mechanism. Indeed, the ability of Salmonella to form a biofilm seems to significantly contribute to its persistence in food production areas and clinical settings. Plant extracts and phytochemicals appear as promising sources of novel antimicrobials due to their cost-effectiveness, eco-friendliness, great structural diversity, and lower possibility of antimicrobial resistance development in comparison to synthetic chemicals. Research on these agents mainly attributes their antimicrobial activity to a diverse array of secondary metabolites. Bacterial cells are usually killed by the rupture of their cell envelope and in parallel the disruption of their energy metabolism when treated with such molecules, while their use at sub-inhibitory concentrations may also disrupt intracellular communication. The purpose of this article is to review the current available knowledge related to antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella in biofilms, together with the antibiofilm properties of plant extracts and phytochemicals against these detrimental bacteria towards their future application to control these in food production and clinical environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Sakarikou
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of the Environment, University of the Aegean, Ierou Lochou 10 and Makrygianni, GR-81 400 Myrina, Lemnos, Greece.
| | - Dimitra Kostoglou
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of the Environment, University of the Aegean, Ierou Lochou 10 and Makrygianni, GR-81 400 Myrina, Lemnos, Greece
| | - Manuel Simões
- LEPABE, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto,Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Efstathios Giaouris
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of the Environment, University of the Aegean, Ierou Lochou 10 and Makrygianni, GR-81 400 Myrina, Lemnos, Greece
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19
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Walsh DJ, Livinghouse T, Goeres DM, Mettler M, Stewart PS. Antimicrobial Activity of Naturally Occurring Phenols and Derivatives Against Biofilm and Planktonic Bacteria. Front Chem 2019; 7:653. [PMID: 31632948 PMCID: PMC6779693 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilm-forming bacteria present formidable challenges across diverse settings, and there is a need for new antimicrobial agents that are both environmentally acceptable and relatively potent against microorganisms in the biofilm state. The antimicrobial activity of three naturally occurring, low molecular weight, phenols, and their derivatives were evaluated against planktonic and biofilm Staphylococcus epidermidis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The structure activity relationships of eugenol, thymol, carvacrol, and their corresponding 2- and 4-allyl, 2-methallyl, and 2- and 4-n-propyl derivatives were evaluated. Allyl derivatives showed a consistent increased potency with both killing and inhibiting planktonic cells but they exhibited a decrease in potency against biofilms. This result underscores the importance of using biofilm assays to develop structure-activity relationships when the end target is biofilm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danica J. Walsh
- Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States
- Center for Biofilm Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States
| | - Tom Livinghouse
- Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States
| | - Darla M. Goeres
- Center for Biofilm Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States
| | - Madelyn Mettler
- Center for Biofilm Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States
| | - Philip S. Stewart
- Center for Biofilm Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States
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20
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Omonijo FA, Ni L, Gong J, Wang Q, Lahaye L, Yang C. Essential oils as alternatives to antibiotics in swine production. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2018; 4:126-136. [PMID: 30140752 PMCID: PMC6104524 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 09/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This review article summarizes the efficacy, feasibility and potential mechanisms of the application of essential oils as antibiotic alternatives in swine production. Although there are numerous studies demonstrating that essential oils have several properties, such as antimicrobial, antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects, feed palatability enhancement and improvement in gut growth and health, there is still a need of further investigations to elucidate the mechanisms underlying their functions. In the past, the results has been inconsistent in both laboratory and field studies because of the varied product compositions, dosages, purities and growing stages and conditions of animals. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of essential oils needed for killing enteric pathogens may not ensure the optimal feed intake and the essential oils inclusion cost may be too high in swine production. With the lipophilic and volatile nature of essential oils, there is a challenge in effective delivery of essential oils within pig gut and this challenge can partially be resolved by microencapsulation and nanotechnology. The effects of essential oils on inflammation, oxidative stress, microbiome, gut chemosensing and bacterial quorum sensing (QS) have led to better production performance of animals fed essential oils in a number of studies. It has been demonstrated that essential oils have good potential as antibiotic alternatives in feeds for swine production. The combination of different essential oils and other compounds (synergistic effect) such as organic acids seems to be a promising approach to improve the efficacy and safety of essential oils in applications. High-throughput systems technologies have been developed recently, which will allow us to dissect the mechanisms underlying the functions of essential oils and facilitate the use of essential oils in swine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faith A. Omonijo
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Liju Ni
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
- Shanghai Lab-Animal Research Center, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Joshua Gong
- Guelph Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, ON N1G 5C9, Canada
| | - Qi Wang
- Guelph Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, ON N1G 5C9, Canada
| | - Ludovic Lahaye
- Jefo Nutrition Inc., Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 7B6, Canada
| | - Chengbo Yang
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
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Changes in the mutagenicity of heterocyclic amines, nitrite, and N-nitroso compound in pork patties during in vitro human digestion. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2018.01.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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22
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Kim HS, Hur SJ. Effect of In Vitro Human Digestion on Biogenic Amine (Tyramine) Formation in Various Fermented Sausages. J Food Prot 2018; 81:365-368. [PMID: 29401042 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-17-372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Biogenic amines are formed in various fermented foods by microbial amino acid decarboxylation activities, and ingestion of these amines may cause human illness. However, the effect of digestion on the biogenic amines in fermented sausages has not been studied. This study was conducted to determine the effect of in vitro human digestion with the enterobacteria Escherichia coli and Lactobacillus casei on concentrations of the biogenic amine tyramine in six types of fermented sausages. Tyramine concentration was not significantly changed until simulated digestion in the small intestine. However, tyramine concentration for all sausage samples was increased after simulated digestion in the large intestine. Addition of E. coli and L. casei dramatically increased the tyramine concentrations ( P < 0.05). This result indicates that enterobacteria increase biogenic amine concentrations during human digestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeong Sang Kim
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, 4726 Seodong-daero, Daedeok-myeon, Anseong-si, Gyeonggi 17546, Republic of Korea (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9386-5852 [S.J.H.])
| | - Sun Jin Hur
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, 4726 Seodong-daero, Daedeok-myeon, Anseong-si, Gyeonggi 17546, Republic of Korea (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9386-5852 [S.J.H.])
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23
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Gao Y, Mai B, Wang A, Li M, Wang X, Zhang K, Liu Q, Wei S, Wang P. Antimicrobial properties of a new type of photosensitizer derived from phthalocyanine against planktonic and biofilm forms of Staphylococcus aureus. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2018; 21:316-326. [PMID: 29307772 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacterial infection is a common clinical problem. Community-associated Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) infections can cause extensive tissue damage and necrosis. Photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy (PACT) has recently attracted attention as a feasible bacterial therapy. Octa-cationic zinc phthalocyanines are newly identified photosensitizers derived from phthalocyanines bearing 1, 2-ethanediamine groups and quaternized derivatives with different numbers of positive charges (ZnPcn+, n = 4 or 8). Here we report the antimicrobial effects of ZnPcn+-mediated PACT on planktonic and biofilm cultures of S. aureus. METHODS ZnPcn+ uptake was detected by photometry after alkaline lysis. Dark-toxicity and light-mediated antimicrobial effects of the drug was determined by the plate count method. The production of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) was detected by flow cytometry. SYTO 9 and propidium iodide (PI) were used to detect the bacterial cell membrane permeability. DNA damage after ZnPcn+-PACT was analyzed by flow cytometry and PI staining. The destruction of biofilm was evaluated by scanning electron microscope (SEM). RESULTS The study of uptake showed that the relative fluorescence intensity of ZnPcn+ in S. aureus peaked at 15 min. Generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by ZnPcn+ was enhanced in PACT treatment groups. SYTO 9 and PI staining indicated that cell membrane was damaged. Flow cytometry and PI staining revealed DNA damage. Biofilms were damaged in PACT treatment groups. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that light-activated ZnPcn+ can efficiently inhibit planktonic and biofilm cultures of S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiru Gao
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Ministry of Education, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, Shaanxi, China
| | - Bingjie Mai
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Ministry of Education, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ao Wang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biofunctional Materials, Nanjing Normal University, Wenyuan Road No.1, Nanjing, 210046, China
| | - Min Li
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Ministry of Education, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaobing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Ministry of Education, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, Shaanxi, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Ministry of Education, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, Shaanxi, China
| | - Quanhong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Ministry of Education, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shaohua Wei
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biofunctional Materials, Nanjing Normal University, Wenyuan Road No.1, Nanjing, 210046, China.
| | - Pan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Ministry of Education, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, Shaanxi, China.
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