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Kamel MS, Davidson JL, Verma MS. Strategies for Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD) Diagnosis and Prognosis: A Comprehensive Overview. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:627. [PMID: 38396598 PMCID: PMC10885951 DOI: 10.3390/ani14040627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite significant advances in vaccination strategies and antibiotic therapy, bovine respiratory disease (BRD) continues to be the leading disease affecting the global cattle industry. The etiology of BRD is complex, often involving multiple microbial agents, which lead to intricate interactions between the host immune system and pathogens during various beef production stages. These interactions present environmental, social, and geographical challenges. Accurate diagnosis is essential for effective disease management. Nevertheless, correct identification of BRD cases remains a daunting challenge for animal health technicians in feedlots. In response to current regulations, there is a growing interest in refining clinical diagnoses of BRD to curb the overuse of antimicrobials. This shift marks a pivotal first step toward establishing a structured diagnostic framework for this disease. This review article provides an update on recent developments and future perspectives in clinical diagnostics and prognostic techniques for BRD, assessing their benefits and limitations. The methods discussed include the evaluation of clinical signs and animal behavior, biomarker analysis, molecular diagnostics, ultrasound imaging, and prognostic modeling. While some techniques show promise as standalone diagnostics, it is likely that a multifaceted approach-leveraging a combination of these methods-will yield the most accurate diagnosis of BRD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed S. Kamel
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Department of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt
| | - Josiah Levi Davidson
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Mohit S. Verma
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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Berman J. Literature Review of the Principal Diagnostic Tests to Detect Bovine Respiratory Disease in Pre-Weaned Dairy and Veal Calves. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:329. [PMID: 38275791 PMCID: PMC10812408 DOI: 10.3390/ani14020329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is an infection of the upper and lower respiratory tract, characterized by an inflammation of the lung. Different diagnostic tests can be used to detect BRD, including clinical respiratory scoring systems, thoracic auscultation, and imaging tests like thoracic ultrasonography and thoracic radiography. Although commonly used, none of these diagnostic tests are perfect for detecting BRD. This article reviews the advantages and drawbacks of these techniques and their performance in detecting BRD in pre-weaned dairy and veal calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Berman
- Département des Sciences Cliniques, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
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Khalphallah A, Elmeligy E, Khesruf KA, Mohammed HH, Abdulkarim A, Abu-Seida AM, Al-lethie ALA. Echocardiographic characterization of cardiac chambers and vasculatures in buffaloes ( Bubalus bubalis) during diastolic and systolic phases. Open Vet J 2023; 13:1239-1250. [PMID: 38027396 PMCID: PMC10658029 DOI: 10.5455/ovj.2023.v13.i10.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ultrasonography had diagnostic importance in the evaluation of different diseases in buffaloes, including cardiovascular diseases. Aim The current work describes the normal echocardiographic findings in healthy buffaloes, along with establishing reference values for echocardiographic dimensions for both sides of the heart, i.e., left and right ones. Methods About 30 healthy adult buffaloes that belonged to private farms in Assiut, Egypt, were included in this study. Each animal underwent a complete clinical evaluation as well as hematological analyses, lipid profile indices, liver functions, cardio-thoracic radiography, and echocardiography to confirm no diseased conditions were detected. The study was conducted on healthy buffaloes (n = 30) in Assiut Governorate, Egypt. Results The obtained results reported healthy buffaloes with normal clinical findings as well as indices of blood pictures and serum biochemicals that were within the reference intervals. Radiography revealed a free reticulum and a well-defined diaphragm. The heart was seen as a typical radio-opaque organ. Ultrasonographically, using grayscale B-mode and M-mode, the heart was commonly imaged from the left fourth intercostal space. Different echocardiographic views were described, including the four chamber view, i.e., right atrium (RA), right ventricle (RV), tricuspid valve (TCV), left atrium, left ventricle, mitral valve, and interventricular septum (IVS), and the right ventricular outflow tract, i.e., RA, TCV, RV, pulmonary artery (PA), and pulmonary valve. Cross sections in each of the apex and base of the heart were described. Echocardiographic dimensions during cardiac diastole and systole, including diameters and wall thickness of each of the atria and ventricles, were demonstrated. Interventricular septal thickness wall thickness as well as diameters of the aorta and PA, were stated. Conclusion The work tried to put reference values on the normal echocardiographic dimensions using 2-D B-mode gray scale ultrasonography in healthy adult buffaloes. These echocardiographic reference dimensions with normal echocardiographic imaging will be very helpful in enhancing the diagnostic efficacy of ultrasounds for recognizing abnormal findings related to cardiac disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arafat Khalphallah
- Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt
| | - Enas Elmeligy
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt
| | - Khaled A. Khesruf
- Department of Animal diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aleppo University, Aleppo, Syria
| | - Haitham H. Mohammed
- Department of Rangeland, Wildlife and Fisheries Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | | | - Ashraf M. Abu-Seida
- Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, P.O. Box 12211, Giza, Egypt
| | - Al-lethie A. Al-lethie
- Department of Surgery, Anaesthesiology and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aswan University, Aswan 81528, Egypt
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Tommasoni C, Fiore E, Lisuzzo A, Gianesella M. Mastitis in Dairy Cattle: On-Farm Diagnostics and Future Perspectives. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2538. [PMID: 37570346 PMCID: PMC10417731 DOI: 10.3390/ani13152538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Mastitis is one of the most important diseases in dairy cattle farms, and it can affect the health status of the udder and the quantity and quality of milk yielded. The correct management of mastitis is based both on preventive and treatment action. With the increasing concern for antimicrobial resistance, it is strongly recommended to treat only the mammary quarters presenting intramammary infection. For this reason, a timely and accurate diagnosis is fundamental. The possibility to detect and characterize mastitis directly on farm would be very useful to choose the correct management protocol. Some on-field diagnostic tools are already routinely applied to detect mastitis, such as the California Mastitis Test and on-farm culture. Other instruments are emerging to perform a timely diagnosis and to characterize mastitis, such as Infra-Red Thermography, mammary ultrasound evaluation and blood gas analysis, even if their application still needs to be improved. The main purpose of this article is to present an overview of the methods currently used to control, detect, and characterize mastitis in dairy cows, in order to perform a timely diagnosis and to choose the most appropriate management protocol, with a specific focus on on-farm diagnostic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Tommasoni
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (E.F.); (A.L.); (M.G.)
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Fiore E, Lisuzzo A, Beltrame A, Contiero B, Gianesella M, Schiavon E, Tessari R, Morgante M, Mazzotta E. Lung Ultrasonography and Clinical Follow-Up Evaluations in Fattening Bulls Affected by Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD) during the Restocking Period and after Tulathromycin and Ketoprofen Treatment. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12080994. [PMID: 35454241 PMCID: PMC9032330 DOI: 10.3390/ani12080994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is a global infectious disease, causing decreased well-being and economic losses in livestock, frequently during the restocking period. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of thoracic ultrasonography (TUS) to assess BRD in restocked animals, and the effectiveness of tulathromycin and ketoprofen treatment in sick animals. A total of 60 Limousin fattening bulls were enrolled. On the day of restocking (T0), the animals were divided into two groups based on TUS assessment of six lung areas: group C (ultrasonography score (US score) < 3) and group D (US score ≥ 3). Group D received a single administration of tulathromycin and ketoprofen at T0: this group was revaluated after 1.5, 3, 7, and 14 days. Both groups were revaluated after 21 days. The two groups showed a significant difference both in US score and clinical symptoms (respiratory score, nasal and ocular discharges, and rectal temperature) at T0. In group D, the treatment was effective in improving the clinical symptoms and US score, particularly reducing the severity of lung lesions. TUS represents a non-invasive and cost-effective tool for BRD early diagnosis and for monitoring treatment efficacy in restocked livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Fiore
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (A.L.); (B.C.); (M.G.); (R.T.); (M.M.); (E.M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Anastasia Lisuzzo
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (A.L.); (B.C.); (M.G.); (R.T.); (M.M.); (E.M.)
| | | | - Barbara Contiero
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (A.L.); (B.C.); (M.G.); (R.T.); (M.M.); (E.M.)
| | - Matteo Gianesella
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (A.L.); (B.C.); (M.G.); (R.T.); (M.M.); (E.M.)
| | - Eliana Schiavon
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Viale dell’Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, Italy;
| | - Rossella Tessari
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (A.L.); (B.C.); (M.G.); (R.T.); (M.M.); (E.M.)
| | - Massimo Morgante
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (A.L.); (B.C.); (M.G.); (R.T.); (M.M.); (E.M.)
| | - Elisa Mazzotta
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (A.L.); (B.C.); (M.G.); (R.T.); (M.M.); (E.M.)
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Viale dell’Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, Italy;
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Cuevas-Gómez I, McGee M, Sánchez JM, O'Riordan E, Byrne N, McDaneld T, Earley B. Association between clinical respiratory signs, lung lesions detected by thoracic ultrasonography and growth performance in pre-weaned dairy calves. Ir Vet J 2021; 74:7. [PMID: 33766106 PMCID: PMC7992334 DOI: 10.1186/s13620-021-00187-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is the main cause of mortality among 1-to-5 month old calves in Ireland, accounting for approximately one-third of deaths. Despite widespread use of clinical respiratory signs for diagnosing BRD, lung lesions are detected, using thoracic ultrasonography (TUS) or following post-mortem, in calves showing no clinical signs. This highlights the limitation of clinical respiratory signs as a method of detecting sub-clinical BRD. Using 53 purchased artificially-reared male dairy calves, the objectives of this study were to: (i) characterise the BRD incidence detected by clinical respiratory signs and/or TUS, (ii) investigate the association between clinical respiratory signs and lung lesions detected by TUS, and (iii) assess the effect of BRD on pre-weaning growth. Results Clinical BRD (based on Wisconsin clinical respiratory score and/or rectal temperature > 39.6 ºC) was detected in 43 % and sonographic changes (lung lesions) were detected in 64 % of calves from purchase (23 (SD; 6.2) days of age) until weaning, 53 days post-arrival. Calves with clinical BRD were treated. Sixty-one per cent calves affected with clinical BRD had lung lesions 10.5 days (median) before detection of clinical signs. Moderate correlations (rsp 0.70; P < 0.05) were found between cough and severe lung lesions on arrival day, and between rectal temperature > 39.6 ºC and lung lesions ≥ 2 cm2 on day 7 (rsp 0.40; P < 0.05) post-arrival. Mean average daily live weight gain (ADG) of calves from purchase to weaning was 0.75 (SD; 0.10) kg; calves with or without clinical BRD did not differ in ADG (P > 0.05), whereas ADG of those with severe lung lesions (lung lobe completely consolidated or pulmonary emphysema) was 0.12 kg/d less (P < 0.05) than calves without lung lesions. Conclusions Thoracic ultrasonography detected lung consolidation in calves that did not show signs of respiratory disease. The presence of severe lung lesions was associated with reduced pre-weaning growth. These findings emphasise the importance of using TUS in addition to clinical respiratory scoring of calves for an early and accurate detection of clinical and sub-clinical BRD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inmaculada Cuevas-Gómez
- Teagasc, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre (AGRIC), Grange, Co. Meath, Dunsany, Ireland
| | - Mark McGee
- Teagasc, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre (AGRIC), Grange, Co. Meath, Dunsany, Ireland
| | - José María Sánchez
- Teagasc, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre (AGRIC), Grange, Co. Meath, Dunsany, Ireland
| | - Edward O'Riordan
- Teagasc, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre (AGRIC), Grange, Co. Meath, Dunsany, Ireland
| | - Nicky Byrne
- Teagasc, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre (AGRIC), Grange, Co. Meath, Dunsany, Ireland
| | - Tara McDaneld
- Meat Animal Research Center, USDA, ARS, Nebraska, Clay Center, USA
| | - Bernadette Earley
- Teagasc, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre (AGRIC), Grange, Co. Meath, Dunsany, Ireland.
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Asgharpour P, Dezfouli MRM, Nadealian MG, Eftekhari Z, Borojeni GRN. Effects of 1, 25-dihydroxy vitamin D3 on clinical symptoms, pro-inflammatory and inflammatory cytokines in calves with experimental pneumonia. Res Vet Sci 2020; 132:186-193. [PMID: 32593863 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
1, 25-dihydroxycholecalciferol is recognized as a potent immune-modulator which can fight against the pathogens via the activation of vitamin D3 receptors (VDRs), as well as stimulating various cytokines in infectious diseases. In the present study, because of the vitamin D3 has an appropriate immunomodulatory, the effects of this vitamin on the levels of pre-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines have been investigated in calves with experimental pasteurellosis. This study was experimentally carried out on 10 Holstein crossbred male calves (2-4 months) that were divided into two groups. Prepared Pasteurella multocida (3 × 109 CFU/mL) was inoculated in the trachea with a lavage catheter and then the treatment group was injected with 1, 25-dihydroxycholecalciferol after confirming pneumonia. Blood sampling, clinical symptoms scoring and radiological evaluation were recorded for both groups at different time intervals. The prescription of, vitamin D3 to the treatment group caused a decline in clinical symptoms score and changed interstitial and alveolo-interstitial lung pattern to such a degree that it could recover in comparison with the control group. The concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines (i.e., IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α) and the chemokine (IL-8) showed a significant decrease in the treatment group while the concentration of IL-10 increased in the treatment groups following the vitamin D3 injection (P = .001). The evidence from the current study suggests that vitamin D3 exert the immunomodulatory effects in infectious diseases through the regulation of cytokines and activation of VDR pathways to produce antimicrobial peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Asgharpour
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Mokhber Dezfouli
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran.; Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran; Postal Code: 1419963111.
| | - Mohammad Goli Nadealian
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zohre Eftekhari
- Quality Control Department, Research & Production Complex, Pasteur Institute of Iran
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