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Tang X, Li S, Zhou J, Bian X, Wang J, Han N, Zhu X, Tao R, Wang W, Sun M, Li P, Zhang X, Li B. Recombinant bivalent subunit vaccine combining truncated VP4 from P[7] and P[23] induces protective immunity against prevalent porcine rotaviruses. J Virol 2024; 98:e0021224. [PMID: 38591886 PMCID: PMC11092341 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00212-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Porcine rotaviruses (PoRVs) cause severe economic losses in the swine industry. P[7] and P[23] are the predominant genotypes circulating on farms, but no vaccine is yet available. Here, we developed a bivalent subunit PoRV vaccine using truncated versions (VP4*) of the VP4 proteins from P[7] and P[23]. The vaccination of mice with the bivalent subunit vaccine elicited more robust neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) and cellular immune responses than its components, even at high doses. The bivalent subunit vaccine and inactivated bivalent vaccine prepared from strains PoRVs G9P[7] and G9P[23] were used to examine their protective efficacy in sows and suckling piglets after passive immunization. The immunized sows showed significantly elevated NAbs in the serum and colostrum, and the suckling piglets acquired high levels of sIgA antibodies from the colostrum. Challenging subunit-vaccinated or inactivated-vaccinated piglets with homologous virulent strains did not induce diarrhea, except in one or two piglets, which had mild diarrhea. Immunization with the bivalent subunit vaccine and inactivated vaccine also alleviated the microscopic lesions in the intestinal tissues caused by the challenge with the corresponding homologous virulent strain. However, all the piglets in the challenged group displayed mild to watery diarrhea and high levels of viral shedding, whereas the feces and intestines of the piglets in the bivalent subunit vaccine and inactivated vaccine groups had lower viral loads. In summary, our data show for the first time that a bivalent subunit vaccine combining VP4*P[7] and VP4*P[23] effectively protects piglets against the diarrhea caused by homologous virulent strains.IMPORTANCEPoRVs are the main causes of diarrhea in piglets worldwide. The multisegmented genome of PoRVs allows the reassortment of VP4 and VP7 genes from different RV species and strains. The P[7] and P[23] are the predominant genotypes circulating in pig farms, but no vaccine is available at present in China. Subunit vaccines, as nonreplicating vaccines, are an option to cope with variable genotypes. Here, we have developed a bivalent subunit candidate vaccine based on a truncated VP4 protein, which induced robust humoral and cellular immune responses and protected piglets against challenge with homologous PoRV. It also appears to be safe. These data show that the truncated VP4-protein-based subunit vaccine is a promising candidate for the prevention of PoRV diarrhea.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Female
- Mice
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Capsid Proteins/immunology
- Capsid Proteins/genetics
- Diarrhea/prevention & control
- Diarrhea/virology
- Diarrhea/veterinary
- Diarrhea/immunology
- Genotype
- Immunity, Cellular
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Rotavirus/immunology
- Rotavirus Infections/prevention & control
- Rotavirus Infections/veterinary
- Rotavirus Infections/immunology
- Rotavirus Infections/virology
- Rotavirus Vaccines/immunology
- Rotavirus Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Swine
- Swine Diseases/prevention & control
- Swine Diseases/virology
- Swine Diseases/immunology
- Vaccination
- Vaccines, Subunit/immunology
- Vaccines, Subunit/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/administration & dosage
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuechao Tang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Sufen Li
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinzhu Zhou
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Coinnovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- GuoTai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou, China
| | - Xianyu Bian
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianxin Wang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Nan Han
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Xuejiao Zhu
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Coinnovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- GuoTai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou, China
| | - Ran Tao
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Coinnovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- GuoTai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Coinnovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- GuoTai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou, China
| | - Min Sun
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Coinnovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- GuoTai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou, China
| | - Peng Li
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Xuehan Zhang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Coinnovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- GuoTai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou, China
| | - Bin Li
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
- Jiangsu Coinnovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- GuoTai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou, China
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Guo Z, Xing G, Wang L, Jin Q, Lu Q, Zhang G. Potential Pathogenicity and Genetic Characteristics of a Live-Attenuated Classical Swine Fever Virus Vaccine Derivative Variant. Transbound Emerg Dis 2024; 2024:1-6. [DOI: 10.1155/2024/7244445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Classical swine fever (CSF), caused by CSF virus (CSFV), is a highly contagious disease affecting pigs and causing massive pig production losses with severe global economic recession. The immunization of live-attenuated vaccines is still one of the key measures to CSFV management in endemic countries. However, there are also strong controversies about the usage of live-attenuated vaccines, particularly in pregnant sows and young pigs, such as in Europe, where domestic pigs are routinely not vaccinated until severe outbreaks occur. Here, we report a CSF outbreak in a pig farm in China, which affected more than 90% of the delivery sows and led to ∼45% birth loss. Surprisingly, phylogenetic analysis showed that the CSFV isolate (named CSFV/HeNLY2022, GenBank No. OR195698) was clustered into subgenotype 1.1a, closely together with the live-attenuated vaccine strains. Further genomic analysis also revealed that the isolate CSFV/HeNLY2022 shared the highest nucleotide identity of 99.7% with the C/HVRI vaccine strain (C-strain, GenBank No. AY805221). Moreover, compared to the C/HVRI strain, a total of eight amino acid mutations, distributed in Erns (H436thY and S476thR), E1 (T502thI and P581thT), E2 (M979thK and A1061thS), NS5A (A2980thT), and NS5B (I3818thM), were characterized in the CSFV/HeNLY2022 isolate. Our results suggested that the CSF outbreak was most likely caused by the live-attenuated CSFV vaccine or its derivative. It raises concern that the unscientific application of CSFV vaccines could potentially lead to CSFV spread in pigs. It is needed to perform a more rigorous evaluation of the safety of the C-strain-derived vaccines in combination with other different live-attenuated vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Guo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute for Animal Health, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Guangxu Xing
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute for Animal Health, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Leyi Wang
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine and the Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Qianyue Jin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute for Animal Health, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qingxia Lu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute for Animal Health, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Gaiping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute for Animal Health, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
- Longhu Modern Immunity Laboratory, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
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Jang G, Kim EJ, Cho SC, Moon SU, Lee MH, Ko JA, Ko SB, Lee J, Lee C. Monitoring and evaluation of provincial classical swine fever immunization implementation with an E2 subunit vaccine in Jeju Island, South Korea. Clin Exp Vaccine Res 2024; 13:54-62. [PMID: 38362374 PMCID: PMC10864886 DOI: 10.7774/cevr.2024.13.1.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose Accidental vaccination with a live attenuated low-virulence strain of Miyagi (LOM) vaccine led to the reemergence of classical swine fever virus (CSFV) in Jeju province, South Korea in 2014. To control the continual outbreaks of LOM-derived CSFV, the provincial government launched a provincial mass vaccination project using a CSF-E2 subunit vaccine. We conducted this study to assess the herd immunity level and outcomes of E2 vaccine-based immunization in breeding and growing herds on Jeju Island during 2020-2021. Materials and Methods A large-scale vaccination trial using the Bayovac CSF-E2 vaccine investigated its efficacy in breeding and growing herds under farm application conditions (10 CSFV-affected and three CSFV-naïve swine farms). Results The level of herd immunity in each farm was classified into three (S1-S3) and six (G1-G6) profiles in breeding and growing herds, respectively. Immunity monitoring revealed a remarkable improvement in the herd immunity status in all farms. The majority (10/13) of farms, including CSFV-free farms, showed the S1G1 immunity profile in 2021, indicating the appropriate implementation of the advised vaccination regime. Moreover, there were significant decreases in Erns seropositivity from 100% to 50% and 25.9% to 4.3% at farm and pig levels, respectively. In particular, all farms were confirmed as CSFV free in the growing-finishing herds. Conclusion Our large-scale trial demonstrated the effectiveness of the E2 subunit vaccine in establishing herd immunity stabilization and eliminating CSFV circulation in the affected farms and highlighted the need for a provincial vaccination policy to regain the CSF-free status on Jeju Island.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guehwan Jang
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Virus Vaccine Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea
| | - Eun-Joo Kim
- Animal Health Division, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province, Jeju, Korea
| | - Seong-Cheol Cho
- Animal Health Division, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province, Jeju, Korea
| | - Sung-Up Moon
- Animal Health Division, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province, Jeju, Korea
| | - Myeong Hwa Lee
- Veterinary Research Institute, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province, Jeju, Korea
| | - Jin A Ko
- Veterinary Research Institute, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province, Jeju, Korea
| | - Seung Bo Ko
- Veterinary Research Institute, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province, Jeju, Korea
| | - Jonghoo Lee
- Veterinary Research Institute, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province, Jeju, Korea
| | - Changhee Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Virus Vaccine Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea
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Manu M, Singha Mahapatra C, Pachauri R, Ompreethi B, Dhar P. Evaluation of an alternative method for determination of Protective Dose 50 of Classical swine fever vaccines. Virology 2023; 581:139-144. [PMID: 36963269 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
Classical Swine Fever (CSF) is still one of the most economically important viral diseases of pigs. The disease is controlled by vaccination in the endemic countries. Hence, availability or supply of efficacious and potent vaccine in the field settings is of utmost importance. Currently, as per requirement of any Pharmacopoea, a CSF vaccine must contain 100 PD50/dose which is determined by vaccinating pigs at 1/40th and 1/160th dilution of each dose followed by virulent challenge at 28 days post vaccination (dpv). Here, the control and the unprotected groups succumb to disease and need to be euthanized. Moreover, such challenge experiments are not feasible for each batch of the vaccine. In this communication, an alternate method of PD50 dose calculation of live-attenuated CSF vaccines by measuring Serum Neutralizing Titre i.e Fluorescent Antibody Virus Neutralization (FAVN) titre of the vaccinated pigs at 28 dpv was established. This alternative method do not require the vaccinated pigs to be challenged. Serum samples, generated out of QC testing of eight batches of CSF vaccines in the laboratory, were tested and found that pigs having FAVN titre ≥10 were protected against challenge. Initially this test was optimized in serum samples of 12 animals and then validated with another 56 serum samples. It was found that the alternate method is 100% correlating with the challenge experiment. Thus, based on FAVN titre of the vaccinated animal serum, it can be predicted whether the pigs would or would not come through the challenge infection. Using the predicted status (protected/succumbed), PD50 can be calculated by applying Reed and Muench formula, hence alternate method can be used as routine QC test for potency of CSF vaccines. The newly developed assay was specific since no signal was observed in controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Manu
- Division of Biological Standardization, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Chayna Singha Mahapatra
- Division of Biological Standardization, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Richa Pachauri
- Division of Biological Standardization, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - B Ompreethi
- Division of Biological Standardization, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Pronab Dhar
- Division of Biological Standardization, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Zhao P, Wang C, Xia Y, Hu Y, Fang R, Zhao J. Seroprevalence Investigation of Classic Swine Fever Virus Before, During, and After African Swine Fever Virus Outbreak in Some Provinces of China from 2017 to 2021. Viral Immunol 2022; 35:33-40. [PMID: 35020503 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2021.0109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Classic swine fever is a severe infectious and fatal disease in pigs caused by the classic swine fever virus (CSFV). Surveillance and investigation for CSFV seroprevalence contribute to knowing the immune efficiency of CSFV vaccines and reflect health status of swine herd, especially since the African swine fever virus (ASFV) outbreak in China in 2018. A total of 40,489 pig serum samples with related descriptive variables were obtained from 12 provinces and 2 cities of China from December 2017 to May 2021, covering before, during, and after three periods of ASFV outbreak. Pearson chi-square test and multivariable logistic regression analysis were used to identify impact factors related to variations in CSFV seroprevalence. Total CSFV seroprevalence was 60.40% (95% confidence interval: 59.92-60.88). Seroprevalence and antibody blocking rate mean of CSFV before outbreak of ASFV in China are higher and change gently compared with that after outbreak of ASFV. Serum collected from "summer and autumn," "north, southwest and northwest of China," "pig farm located in hill or mountain," " period before outbreak of ASFV," "PRRSV negative farm," and "replacement gilts, multiparous sows and boars" show high seroprevalence of CSFV. These results show trends in prevalence of CSFV antibody in recent years in China, especially when ASFV entered China. Identified impact factors provide references for improving immune efficiency of CSFV vaccine and benefit for prevention of CSFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chaofei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yingjun Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanli Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Rui Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Junlong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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Jang G, Kim EJ, Cho SC, Moon SU, Kim BS, Kim J, Jeong KJ, Song K, Mun SH, Kang WM, Lee J, Park C, Yang HS, Lee C. Field evaluation of the safety and immunogenicity of a classical swine fever virus E2 subunit vaccine in breeding and nursery animals on Jeju Island, South Korea. Clin Exp Vaccine Res 2022; 11:264-273. [DOI: 10.7774/cevr.2022.11.3.264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Guehwan Jang
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Virus Vaccine Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea
| | - Eun-Joo Kim
- Animal Health Division, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province, Jeju, Korea
| | - Seong-Cheol Cho
- Animal Health Division, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province, Jeju, Korea
| | - Sung-Up Moon
- Animal Health Division, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province, Jeju, Korea
| | - Byeong Soo Kim
- Veterinary Research Institute, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province, Jeju, Korea
| | - Jinhee Kim
- Veterinary Research Institute, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province, Jeju, Korea
| | - Kyoung Ju Jeong
- Veterinary Research Institute, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province, Jeju, Korea
| | - Kyungok Song
- Veterinary Research Institute, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province, Jeju, Korea
| | - Seong Hwan Mun
- Veterinary Research Institute, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province, Jeju, Korea
| | - Won-Myoung Kang
- Veterinary Research Institute, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province, Jeju, Korea
| | - Jonghoo Lee
- Jeju-si Livestock Division, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province, Jeju, Korea
| | - Changnam Park
- Seogwipo-si Livestock Division, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province, Jeju, Korea
| | - Hyoung-Seok Yang
- Seogwipo-si Livestock Division, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province, Jeju, Korea
| | - Changhee Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Virus Vaccine Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea
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