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Çalışkan C, Kuday AD, Özcan T, Dağ N, Kınık K. Quantitative Metrics in Mass-Gathering Studies: A Comprehensive Systematic Review. Prehosp Disaster Med 2024; 39:195-205. [PMID: 38576262 DOI: 10.1017/s1049023x2400027x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mass gatherings are events where many people come together at a specific location for a specific purpose, such as concerts, sports events, or religious gatherings, within a certain period of time. In mass-gathering studies, many rates and ratios are used to assess the demand for medical resources. Understanding such metrics is crucial for effective planning and intervention efforts. Therefore, this systematic review aims to investigate the usage of rates and ratios reported in mass-gathering studies. METHODS In this systematic review, the PRISMA guidelines were followed. Articles published through December 2023 were searched on Web of Science, Scopus, Cochrane, and PubMed using the specified keywords. Subsequently, articles were screened based on titles, abstracts, and full texts to determine their eligibility for inclusion in the study. Finally, the articles that were related to the study's aim were evaluated. RESULTS Out of 745 articles screened, 55 were deemed relevant for inclusion in the study. These included 45 original research articles, three special reports, three case presentations, two brief reports, one short paper, and one field report. A total of 15 metrics were identified, which were subsequently classified into three categories: assessment of population density, assessment of in-event health services, and assessment of out-of-event health services. CONCLUSION The findings of this study revealed notable inconsistencies in the reporting of rates and ratios in mass-gathering studies. To address these inconsistencies and to standardize the information reported in mass-gathering studies, a Metrics and Essential Ratios for Gathering Events (MERGE) table was proposed. Future research should promote consistency in terminology and adopt standardized methods for presenting rates and ratios. This would not only enhance comparability but would also contribute to a more nuanced understanding of the dynamics associated with mass gatherings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cüneyt Çalışkan
- Department of Disaster Medicine, Hamidiye Institute of Health Sciences, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Türkiye
- Department of Emergency Aid and Disaster Management, Hamidiye Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Ahmet Doğan Kuday
- Department of Disaster Medicine, Hamidiye Institute of Health Sciences, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Tuğba Özcan
- Department of Disaster Medicine, Hamidiye Institute of Health Sciences, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Nihal Dağ
- Department of Disaster Medicine, Hamidiye Institute of Health Sciences, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Türkiye
- Department of Emergency Aid and Disaster Management, Hamidiye Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Kerem Kınık
- Department of Disaster Medicine, Hamidiye Institute of Health Sciences, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Türkiye
- Department of Emergency Aid and Disaster Management, Hamidiye Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Türkiye
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Diwan V, Sharma U, Ganeshkumar P, Thangaraj JWV, Muthappan S, Venkatasamy V, Parashar V, Soni P, Garg A, Pawar NS, Pathak A, Purohit MR, Madhanraj K, Hulth A, Ponnaiah M. Syndromic surveillance system during mass gathering of Panchkroshi Yatra festival, Ujjain, Madhya Pradesh, India. New Microbes New Infect 2023; 52:101097. [PMID: 36864894 PMCID: PMC9971318 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmni.2023.101097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The health implications surrounding a mass gathering pose significant challenges to public health officials. The use of syndromic surveillance provides an ideal method for achieving the public health goals and objectives at such events. In the absence of published reports of systematic documentation of public health preparedness in mass gatherings in the local context, we describe the public health preparedness and demonstrate the operational feasibility of a tablet-based participatory syndromic surveillance among pilgrims during the annual ritual circumambulation- Panchkroshi Yatra. Methods A real-time surveillance system was established from 2017-2019 to capture all the health consultations done at the designated points (medical camps) in the Panchkroshi yatra area of the city Ujjain in Madhya Pradesh. We also surveyed a subset of pilgrims in 2017 to gauge satisfaction with the public health measures such as sanitation, water, safety, food, and cleanliness. Results In 2019, injuries were reported in the highest proportion (16.7%; 794/4744); most numbers of fever cases (10.6%; 598/5600) were reported in 2018, while 2017 saw the highest number of patient presentations of abdominal pain (7.73%; 498/6435). Conclusion Public health and safety measures were satisfactory except for the need for setting up urinals along the fixed route of the circumambulation. A systematic data collection of selected symptoms among yatris and their surveillance through tablet could be established during the panchkroshi yatra, which can complement the existing surveillance for detecting early warning signals. We recommend the implementation of such tablet-based surveillance during such mass gathering events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Diwan
- ICMR- National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, India,Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden,Corresponding author. ICMR- National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, India.
| | - Upasana Sharma
- ICMR- National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ankit Garg
- R.D Gardi Medical College, Ujjain, India
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Yousefian S, Abbasabadi-Arab M, Saberian P, Kolivand P, Mobini A, Amin SM, Sahebi A. Risk Assessment of Arbaeen Mass Gathering in the Covid-19 Pandemic. DIALOGUES IN HEALTH 2022; 1:100061. [PMID: 36785640 PMCID: PMC9613783 DOI: 10.1016/j.dialog.2022.100061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Arbaeen is a religious ceremony held annually with the participation of a large number of pilgrims. During the pandemic of Covid-19, a mass gathering of Arbaeen pilgrims can strengthen the transmission of this disease and put more pressure on the health care system of countries. The aim of the study is to evaluate the risk of Arbaeen ceremony in the Covid-19 pandemic in 2021. Materials and methods A mixed method was performed to perform the study using qualitative and quantitative methods. A national risk assessment tool was used that consisted of hazard identification and assessment, scenario development, exposure assessment, vulnerability assessment and risk estimation. The national risk assessment tool was completed through a focused group discussion and the opinions of 20 representatives of the health system and the level of risks were estimated. Data were collected, analyzed, and integrated by the research team. Results Based on the results of risk matrix analysis, factors such as the increase in the number of new cases of COVID-19, the probability of exposure to a new variant of COVID-19, the probability of arrival of a new variant of COVID-19 to the country, the probability of increasing referrals to healthcare facilities (score 16), the probability of getting respiratory diseases, and the environmental contamination (score 12) occupied the red area of the matrix and were found to have the highest risk (unbearable risk), that needs immediate action. Conclusion Preparing for a mass gathering such as Arbaeen is very important in order to reduce the risk of communicable disease, and the first step in improving preparedness is risk assessment and its continuity in the various stages of the ceremony. Therefore, policy makers and planners of such events should conduct risk assessments with the participation of local and national public health authorities regularly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiva Yousefian
- National Medical Emergency Organization, Ministry of Health & Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Abbasabadi-Arab
- National Medical Emergency Organization, Ministry of Health & Medical Education, Tehran, Iran,Corresponding author
| | - Peyman Saberian
- National Medical Emergency Organization, Ministry of Health & Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pirhossein Kolivand
- National Medical Emergency Organization, Ministry of Health & Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
| | - Atieh Mobini
- National Medical Emergency Organization, Ministry of Health & Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Mehran Amin
- National Medical Emergency Organization, Ministry of Health & Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Sahebi
- Clinical Research Development Unit, Shahid Mostafa Khomeini Hospital, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
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Khan AA, Sabbagh AY, Ranse J, Molloy MS, Ciottone GR. Mass Gathering Medicine in Soccer Leagues: A Review and Creation of the SALEM Tool. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18199973. [PMID: 34639274 PMCID: PMC8508246 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18199973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Potential risks for public health incidents, outbreaks, and casualties are inferred at association football events, especially if event organizers have not taken appropriate preventative measures. This review explores the potential risks imposed by mass gathering (MG) football events, with particular emphasis on tools and methodologies to manage the risks of football MG events. Effective planning and implementation of MGs along with the mitigation of risks related to people’s health require special attention to all potential threats, especially in frequent and recurring MG events such as football leagues. The well-being of all participants can be compromised by ignoring a single risk. Healthcare systems should cooperate with all stakeholders and organizations who are involved in MG management and response. Provision of services during MG or a disaster must be performed by trained personnel or entities that have full access to available resources in accessible publicly known locations at the MG event site. Several MG assessment tools were developed worldwide; however, to adapt to the Saudi context, SALEM tool was developed to provide a guide for MG planning and assessment. SALEM assesses the risks of MG events with scores that help to categorize the risk of MG events by offering recommendations for required resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anas A. Khan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 12372, Saudi Arabia
- The Global Centre for Mass Gatherings Medicine, Ministry of Health, Riyadh 12372, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +966-11-806-6590
| | | | - Jamie Ranse
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast 4215, Australia;
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Gold Coast Health, Gold Coast 4215, Australia
| | - Michael S. Molloy
- University College Dublin School of Medicine and Medical Science, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland;
- Faculty Sports and Exercise Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, RCSI House 121 St. Stephen’s Green, D02 H903 Dublin, Ireland
- Disaster Medicine Fellowship, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 457 Brookline Ave., Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Wexford General Hospital, Ireland East Hospital Group, Carricklawn, Y35 Y17D Wexford, Ireland
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Abstract
[No Abstract Available].
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Affiliation(s)
- Saber Yezli
- The Global Centre for Mass Gatherings Medicine, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. E-mail.
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