Cardioprotective effect of garlic extract in isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction in a rat model: assessment of pro-apoptotic caspase-3 gene expression

Metronidazole promotes oxidative stress and DNA fragmentation-mediated myocardial injury in albino mice

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the cardiotoxic effects of Metronidazole (Mtz) in albino mice. The mice were divided into four experimental groups: Gp.I (control group): saline, Gp.II:125 mg/kg b.w Mtz, Gp.III:250 mg/kg b.w, Gp.IV:500 mg/kg b.w Mtz. Heart weight ratio, markers of cardiac injury, markers of oxidative stress, histopathological examinations, DNA fragmentation and spectral analysis were used to determine cardiotoxicity. Administration of 125-500 mg/kg Mtz caused an increase in heart weight and a decrease in body weight. Administration of 500 mg/kg Mtz increased heart weight by 35.5% and decreased body weight by 21.9% compared with control. Mtz-treated mice showed a significant increase in cardiac injury biomarkers and serious alterations in cardiac oxidative stress markers. Histopathological changes of cardiac tissues observed in mice treated with Mtz include myocardial hypertrophy, fibrosis, myocarditis, separation of the muscle fibers, congestion-narrowing in vessels, necrosis, myocardium-vacuolation, myocytolysis, myocyte degeneration, nuclear aggregation, cytoplasmic fragmentation and prevalent nuclei. Mtz treatment already resulted in a significant decrease in the percentage of head DNA and an increase in the percentage of tail DNA. The most striking tail formation among the Mtz-treated groups was observed in the group receiving 500 mg/kg Mtz. In the presence of Mtz, there was a hypochromic shift in the absorption spectrum of DNA, and the potential DNA-Mtz interaction was found to occur in the intercalation mode. These results show that Mtz used against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa in gastrointestinal infections can cause severe cardiotoxic findings in albino mice and cause fragmentation in DNA.

In an experimental myocardial infarction model, L-arginine pre-intervention may exert cardioprotective effects by regulating OTULIN levels and mitochondrial dynamics

The experimental myocardial infarction (MI) model originating from isoproterenol (ISO) is frequently preferred in research due to its similarity to MI-induced damage in humans. Beneficial effects of L-arginine (L-Arg), a semi-essential amino acid, in cardiovascular diseases have been shown in many studies. This study was carried out to determine whether L-Arg pre-intervention has protective effects on heart tissue in the experimental MI model. The 28 rats used in the study were randomly divided into 4 equal groups: control, L-Arg, ISO, and L-Arg+ISO. Upon completion of all applications, cardiac markers in serum and biochemical, histopathological, and immunohistochemical examinations in cardiac tissues were performed. Cardiac markers, histopathological changes, oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis were increased in the experimental MI model. In addition, administration of ISO deregulated OTULIN levels and mitochondrial dynamics in heart tissue. However, L-Arg pre-intervention showed a significant protective effect against changes in ISO-induced MI. L-Arg supplementation with cardioprotective effect may reduce the risks of possible pathophysiological processes in MI.

Anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective effect of gypenoside against isoproterenol-induced cardiac remodeling in rats via alteration of inflammation and gut microbiota

BACKGROUND

Myocardial infarction (MI), commonly referred to as a heart attack, occurs when the blood flow to a portion of the heart is blocked, causing damage to the heart muscle. In this study, we scrutinized the cardioprotective effect of gypenoside against the isoproterenol (ISO)-induced myocardial injury (MI) in the rats.

METHODS

Wistar rats were divided into four groups as follow: normal, gypenoside (10 mg/kg), ISO control, and ISO control treated with the gypenoside (2.5, 5, and 10 mg/kg). Various parameters were estimated such as infract size, hemodynamic, inflammatory, antioxidant, cardiac, cytokines, and apoptotic markers. We also estimated the gut microbiota in the faces of the experimental rats. Finally, heart tissue histopathology performed.

RESULT

Dose-dependent treatment of gypenoside significantly (P < 0.001) reduced the infracted size along with suppression of the heart weight and heart ratio along with enhance the body weight. Gypenoside treatment considerably altered the level of cardiac parameters, cardiac membrane stabilizing enzyme, hemodynamic parameters, antioxidant, lipid parameters, hepatic parameters, renal parameters, inflammatory cytokines, and mediators. Gypenoside significantly (P < 0.001) suppressed the level of apoptotic markers such as caspase-3, caspase-6, and caspase-9. Gypenoside significantly (P < 0.001) altered the relative abundance of unclassified bacteria, Tenericutes, Candidatus_Saccharibacteria, Verrucomicrobia, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes and suppressed the ratio of F/B.

CONCLUSION

Gypenoside acts as a protective phytoconstituents against the ISO-induced myocardial infraction in the rats via alteration of gut microbiota, inflammatory, and oxidative stress.

Boeravinone B alleviates gut dysbiosis during myocardial infarction-induced cardiotoxicity in rats

Myocardial infarction (MI) is the most common heart disease, and also, it is one of the leading causes of death from cardiovascular disease. It is well known that MI causes additional injury during blood flow restoration in ischaemic myocardium. Boeravinone B (BB) is a well-known antioxidant and anti-inflammatory drug. We investigated the cardioprotective effect of BB drug against isoproterenol (ISO)-induced MI in rats in this experimental study, along with we analysed its underlying mechanism. Adult Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were treated subcutaneously with ISO (45 mg/kg), then divided into groups and then given BB drug was administered orally. The cardioprotective effect of BB on ISO-induced MI rats was analysed by estimating the heart injury markers, antioxidant pro-inflammatory cytokines and inflammatory parameters. We also detected quantified expression of inflammation and apoptosis-related marker protein family. We estimated the effect of BB drug on GUT microbiota in ISO-induced MI rats and scrutinized the histopathological variations in heart tissues. BB treatment significantly (P < .001) diminished the level of heart markers such as lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), troponin (TnT), creatine kinase (CK) and creatine kinase isoenzymes MB (CK-MB). BB treatment also altered the antioxidant parameters and reduced the pro-inflammatory cytokines in the serum and tissues. Additionally, the histopathological aspects demonstrated that the pathological changes observed in the heart tissue of the ISO group rats were suppressed by the BB treatment to varying degrees. Furthermore, the expressions of caspase-3, p53, caspase-9, Bax, interleukin-6 (IL-6), cytochrome C, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in the heart tissue were down-regulated whereas the Bcl-2 expression seemed to be enhanced. BB treatment not only alleviated ISO-induced gut dysbiosis by its enhanced specified Firmicutesto-Bacteroidetes (F/B) ratio but also maintained the relative abundance of major bacteria such as Clostridium IV, Butyricicoccus, Clostridium XIVs, Akkermansia and Roseburia. Collectively, our findings showed that the BB drug acted against myocardial infraction and prevented the damage by reducing the oxidative stress and controlling the inflammatory pathways, and gut microbiota.