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Sharma B, Upadhyaya D, Deshmukh P, Chakraborty S, Sahu K, Satapathy S, Majumder SK. Azadirachta indica (AI)leaf extract coated ZnO- AInanocore-shell particles for enhanced antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus(MRSA). Biomed Mater 2024; 19:025014. [PMID: 38215483 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/ad1df7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
With the rise in microbial resistance to traditional antibiotics and disinfectants, there is a pressing need for the development of novel and effective antibacterial agents. Two major approaches being adopted worldwide to overcome antimicrobial resistance are the use of plant leaf extracts and metallic nanoparticles (NPs). However, there are no reports on the antibacterial potential of NPs coated with plant extracts, which may lead to novel ways of treating infections. This study presents an innovative approach to engineer antibacterial NPs by leveraging the inherent antibacterial properties of zinc oxide NPs (ZnO NPs) in combination withAzadirachta indica(AI) leaf extract, resulting in enhanced antibacterial efficacy. ZnO NPs were synthesised by the precipitation method and subsequently coated withAIleaf extract to produce ZnO-AInanocore-shell structures. The structural and morphological characteristics of the bare and leaf extract coated ZnO NPs were analysed by x-ray diffraction and field emission scanning electron microscopy, respectively. The presence of anAIleaf extract coating on ZnO NPs and subsequent formation of ZnO-AInanocore-shell structures was verified through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and photoluminescence techniques. The antibacterial efficacy of both ZnO NPs and ZnO-AInanocore-shell particles was evaluated against methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureususing a zone of inhibition assay. The results showed an NP concentration-dependent increase in the diameter of the inhibition zone, with ZnO-AInanocore-shell particles exhibiting superior antibacterial properties, owing to the combined effect of ZnO NPs and the poly phenols present inAIleaf extract. These findings suggest that ZnO-AInanocore-shell structures hold promise for the development of novel antibacterial creams and hydrogels for various biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhumika Sharma
- Functional Biomaterials Lab, Laser Biomedical Applications Division, Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology, Indore 452013, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Dipika Upadhyaya
- Department of Biotechnology, Holkar Science College, Indore 452001, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Pratik Deshmukh
- Functional Biomaterials Lab, Laser Biomedical Applications Division, Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology, Indore 452013, Madhya Pradesh, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400094, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sourabrata Chakraborty
- Functional Biomaterials Lab, Laser Biomedical Applications Division, Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology, Indore 452013, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Khageswar Sahu
- Functional Biomaterials Lab, Laser Biomedical Applications Division, Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology, Indore 452013, Madhya Pradesh, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400094, Maharashtra, India
| | - Srinibas Satapathy
- Functional Biomaterials Lab, Laser Biomedical Applications Division, Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology, Indore 452013, Madhya Pradesh, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400094, Maharashtra, India
| | - Shovan Kumar Majumder
- Functional Biomaterials Lab, Laser Biomedical Applications Division, Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology, Indore 452013, Madhya Pradesh, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400094, Maharashtra, India
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2
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Gomaa S, Nassef M, Tabl G, Zaki S, Abdel-Ghany A. Doxorubicin and folic acid-loaded zinc oxide nanoparticles-based combined anti-tumor and anti-inflammatory approach for enhanced anti-cancer therapy. BMC Cancer 2024; 24:34. [PMID: 38178054 PMCID: PMC10768430 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-023-11714-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) have impressively shown their efficacy in targeting and therapy of cancer. The present research was designated to investigate the potential of ZnONP nanocomposites as a cancer chemotherapeutic-based drug delivery system and to assess the anti-tumor and anti-inflammatory effectiveness of ZnONP nanocomposites combination with systemic chemotherapeutic drugs doxorubicin (DOX) and folic acid (FA) in Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) tumor cell line both in vitro and in vivo. METHODS Anti-tumor potential of ZnONP nanocomposites: ZnONPs, ZnONPs/FA, ZnONPs/DOX and ZnONPs/DOX/FA against EAC tumor cell line was evaluated in vitro by MTT assay. Anti-tumor and anti-inflammatory efficacy of ZnONP nanocomposites were analyzed in vivo by examination of the proliferation rate and apoptosis rate of EAC tumor cells by flow cytometry, splenocytes count, level of inflammatory markers interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), as well as liver and kidney function in EAC-challenged mice. RESULTS In vitro results showed that ZnONP nanocomposites showed a high anti-proliferative potency against EAC tumor cells. Furthermore, the in vivo study revealed that the treatment EAC-challenged mice with ZnONPs, ZnONPs/DOX, ZnONPs/FA and ZnONPs/DOX/FA hindered the proliferation rate of implanted EAC tumor cells through lowering their number and increasing their apoptosis rate. Moreover, the treatment of EAC-challenged mice with ZnONPs/DOX/FA markedly decreased the level of IL-6 and TNF-α and remarkably ameliorated the liver and kidney damages that were elevated by implantation of EAC tumor cells, restoring the liver and kidney functions to be close to the naïve mice control. CONCLUSION ZnONP nanocomposites may be useful as a cancer chemotherapeutic-based drug delivery system. ZnONP nanocomposites: ZnONPs/DOX, ZnONPs/FA and ZnONPs/DOX/FA regimen may have anti-inflammatory approaches and a great potential to increase anti-tumor effect of conventional chemotherapy, overcoming resistance to cancer systemic chemotherapeutics and reducing their side effects, offering a promising regimen for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soha Gomaa
- Zoology department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed Nassef
- Zoology department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt
| | - Ghada Tabl
- Zoology department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt
| | - Somia Zaki
- Zoology department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt
| | - Asmaa Abdel-Ghany
- Zoology department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt
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Ciobotaru IC, Oprea D, Ciobotaru CC, Enache TA. Low-Cost Plant-Based Metal and Metal Oxide Nanoparticle Synthesis and Their Use in Optical and Electrochemical (Bio)Sensors. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:1031. [PMID: 38131791 PMCID: PMC10741781 DOI: 10.3390/bios13121031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Technological progress has led to the development of analytical tools that promise a huge socio-economic impact on our daily lives and an improved quality of life for all. The use of plant extract synthesized nanoparticles in the development and fabrication of optical or electrochemical (bio)sensors presents major advantages. Besides their low-cost fabrication and scalability, these nanoparticles may have a dual role, serving as a transducer component and as a recognition element, the latter requiring their functionalization with specific components. Different approaches, such as surface modification techniques to facilitate precise biomolecule attachment, thereby augmenting recognition capabilities, or fine tuning functional groups on nanoparticle surfaces are preferred for ensuring stable biomolecule conjugation while preserving bioactivity. Size optimization, maximizing surface area, and tailored nanoparticle shapes increase the potential for robust interactions and enhance the transduction. This article specifically aims to illustrate the adaptability and effectiveness of these biosensing platforms in identifying precise biological targets along with their far-reaching implications across various domains, spanning healthcare diagnostics, environmental monitoring, and diverse bioanalytical fields. By exploring these applications, the article highlights the significance of prioritizing the use of natural resources for nanoparticle synthesis. This emphasis aligns with the worldwide goal of envisioning sustainable and customized biosensing solutions, emphasizing heightened sensitivity and selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iulia Corina Ciobotaru
- National Institute of Materials Physics, 405A Atomistilor, 077125 Magurele, Romania; (I.C.C.); (D.O.); (C.C.C.)
| | - Daniela Oprea
- National Institute of Materials Physics, 405A Atomistilor, 077125 Magurele, Romania; (I.C.C.); (D.O.); (C.C.C.)
- Faculty of Physics, University of Bucharest, 405 Atomistilor, 077125 Magurele, Romania
| | | | - Teodor Adrian Enache
- National Institute of Materials Physics, 405A Atomistilor, 077125 Magurele, Romania; (I.C.C.); (D.O.); (C.C.C.)
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Cha SG, Rhim WK, Kim JY, Lee EH, Lee SY, Park JM, Lee JE, Yoon H, Park CG, Kim BS, Kwon TG, Lee Y, Lee DR, Han DK. Kidney tissue regeneration using bioactive scaffolds incorporated with differentiating extracellular vesicles and intermediate mesoderm cells. Biomater Res 2023; 27:126. [PMID: 38049879 PMCID: PMC10696796 DOI: 10.1186/s40824-023-00471-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To overcome the limitations of current alternative therapies for chronic kidney disease (CKD), tissue engineering-mediated regeneration strategies have demonstrated the possibilities for complete kidney tissue regeneration. Given the challenges associated with the reproducibility of renal basal cells, the incorporation of intermediate mesoderm (IM) cells and bioactive materials to control bioactivities of cells with supported scaffolds should be considered as a viable approach to enable the regeneration of the complex kidney structure via renal differentiation. METHODS We developed PMEZ scaffolds by combining crucial bioactive components, such as ricinoleic acid-grafted Mg(OH)2 (M), extracellular matrix (E), and alpha lipoic acid-conjugated ZnO (Z) integrated into biodegradable porous PLGA (P) platform. Additionally, we utilized differentiating extracellular vesicles (dEV) isolated during intermediate mesoderm differentiation into kidney progenitor cells, and IM cells were serially incorporated to facilitate kidney tissue regeneration through their differentiation into kidney progenitor cells in the 3/4 nephrectomy mouse model. RESULTS The use of differentiating extracellular vesicles facilitated IM differentiation into kidney progenitor cells without additional differentiation factors. This led to improvements in various regeneration-related bioactivities including tubule and podocyte regeneration, anti-fibrosis, angiogenesis, and anti-inflammation. Finally, implanting PMEZ/dEV/IM scaffolds in mouse injury model resulted in the restoration of kidney function. CONCLUSIONS Our study has demonstrated that utilizing biodegradable PLGA-based scaffolds, which include multipotent cells capable of differentiating into various kidney progenitor cells along with supporting components, can facilitate kidney tissue regeneration in the mouse model that simulates CKD through 3/4 nephrectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Gyu Cha
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, 335 Pangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam- si, 13488, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Kyu Rhim
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, 335 Pangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam- si, 13488, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Yong Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, 335 Pangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam- si, 13488, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, SKKU Institute for Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon-si, 16419, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
- Intelligent Precision of Healthcare Convergence, SKKU Institute for Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon-si, 16419, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Hye Lee
- Joint Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Jung-gu, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Yeon Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, 335 Pangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam- si, 13488, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Min Park
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, 335 Pangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam- si, 13488, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeoung Eun Lee
- Bundang Medical Center, CHA Advanced Research Institute, CHA University, Sungnam- si, 13488, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeji Yoon
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chun Gwon Park
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, SKKU Institute for Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon-si, 16419, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
- Intelligent Precision of Healthcare Convergence, SKKU Institute for Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon-si, 16419, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Bum Soo Kim
- Joint Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Jung-gu, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Jung-gu, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Gyun Kwon
- Joint Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Jung-gu, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Jung-gu, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngmi Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Ryul Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, 335 Pangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam- si, 13488, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
- Bundang Medical Center, CHA Advanced Research Institute, CHA University, Sungnam- si, 13488, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Keun Han
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, 335 Pangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam- si, 13488, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.
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Valtsifer VA, Sivtseva AV, Kondrashova NB, Shamsutdinov AS, Averkina AS, Valtsifer IV, Feklistova IN, Strelnikov VN. Influence of Synthesis Conditions on the Properties of Zinc Oxide Obtained in the Presence of Nonionic Structure-Forming Compounds. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2537. [PMID: 37764565 PMCID: PMC10536475 DOI: 10.3390/nano13182537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
This work investigated the influence of synthesis conditions, including the use of nonionic structure-forming compounds (surfactants) with different molecular weights (400-12,600 g/mol) and various hydrophilic/hydrophobic characteristics, as well as the use of a glass substrate and hydrothermal exposure on the texture and structural properties of ZnO samples. By X-ray analysis, it was determined that the synthesis intermediate in all cases is the compound Zn5(OH)8(NO3)2∙2H2O. It was shown that thermolysis of this compound at 600 °C, regardless of the physicochemical properties of the surfactants, leads to the formation of ZnO with a wurtzite structure and spherical or oval particles. The particle size increased slightly as the molecular weight and viscosity of the surfactants grew, from 30 nm using Pluronic F-127 (MM = 12,600) to 80 nm using Pluronic L-31 (MM = 1100), PE-block-PEG (MM = 500) and PEG (MM = 400). Holding the pre-washed synthetic intermediates (Zn5(OH)8(NO3)2∙2H2O) under hydrothermal conditions resulted in the formation of hexagonal ZnO rod crystal structures of various sizes. It was shown that the largest ZnO particles (10-15 μm) were observed in a sample obtained during hydrothermal exposure using Pluronic P-123 (MM = 5800). Atomic adsorption spectroscopy performed comparative quantitative analysis of residual Zn2+ ions in the supernatant of ZnO samples with different particle sizes and shapes. It was shown that the residual amount of Zn2+ ions was higher in the case of examining ZnO samples which have spherical particles of 30-80 nm. For example, in the supernatant of a ZnO sample that had a particle size of 30 nm, the quantitative content of Zn2+ ions was 10.22 mg/L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor A. Valtsifer
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Perm Federal Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 614013 Perm, Russia; (V.A.V.); (A.V.S.); (N.B.K.); (A.S.A.); (I.V.V.); (V.N.S.)
| | - Anastasia V. Sivtseva
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Perm Federal Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 614013 Perm, Russia; (V.A.V.); (A.V.S.); (N.B.K.); (A.S.A.); (I.V.V.); (V.N.S.)
| | - Natalia B. Kondrashova
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Perm Federal Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 614013 Perm, Russia; (V.A.V.); (A.V.S.); (N.B.K.); (A.S.A.); (I.V.V.); (V.N.S.)
| | - Artem S. Shamsutdinov
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Perm Federal Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 614013 Perm, Russia; (V.A.V.); (A.V.S.); (N.B.K.); (A.S.A.); (I.V.V.); (V.N.S.)
| | - Anastasia S. Averkina
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Perm Federal Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 614013 Perm, Russia; (V.A.V.); (A.V.S.); (N.B.K.); (A.S.A.); (I.V.V.); (V.N.S.)
| | - Igor V. Valtsifer
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Perm Federal Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 614013 Perm, Russia; (V.A.V.); (A.V.S.); (N.B.K.); (A.S.A.); (I.V.V.); (V.N.S.)
| | | | - Vladimir N. Strelnikov
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Perm Federal Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 614013 Perm, Russia; (V.A.V.); (A.V.S.); (N.B.K.); (A.S.A.); (I.V.V.); (V.N.S.)
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Mohammed YHI, Alghamdi S, Jabbar B, Marghani D, Beigh S, Abouzied AS, Khalifa NE, Khojali WMA, Huwaimel B, Alkhalifah DH, Hozzein WN. Green Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Using Cymbopogon citratus Extract and Its Antibacterial Activity. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:32027-32042. [PMID: 37692252 PMCID: PMC10483526 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c03908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Excessive use of antimicrobial medications including antibiotics has led to the emerging menace of antimicrobial resistance, which, as per the World Health Organization (WHO), is among the top ten public health threats facing humanity, globally. This necessitates that innovative technologies be sought that can aid in the elimination of pathogens and hamper the spread of infections. Zinc oxide (ZnO) has multifunctionality owing to its extraordinary physico-chemical properties and functionality in a range of applications. In this research, ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized from zinc nitrate hexahydrate, by a green synthesis approach using Cymbopogon citratus extract followed by characterization of the NPs. The obtained X-ray diffraction peaks of ZnO NPs matched with the standard JCPDS card (no. 89-510). The particles had a size of 20-24 nm, a wurtzite structure with a high crystallinity, and hexagonal rod-like shape. UV-Vis spectroscopy revealed absorption peaks between 369 and 374 nm of ZnO NPs synthesized from C. citratus extract confirming the formation of ZnO. Fourier transform infrared confirmed the ZnO NPs as strong absorption bands were observed in the range of 381-403 cm-1 corresponding to Zn-O bond stretching. Negative values of the highest occupied molecular orbital-lowest unoccupied molecular orbital for ZnO NPs indicated the good potential to form a stable ligand-protein complex. Docking results indicated favorable binding interaction between ZnO and DNA gyrase subunit b with a binding energy of -2.93 kcal/mol. ZnO NPs at various concentrations inhibited the growth of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Minimum inhibitory concentration values of ZnO NPs against E. coli and S. aureus were found to be 92.07 ± 0.13 and 88.13 ± 0.35 μg/mL, respectively, at a concentration of 2 mg/mL. AO/EB staining and fluorescence microscopy revealed the ability of ZnO NPs to kill E. coli and S. aureus cells. Through the findings of this study, it has been shown that C. citratus extract can be used in a green synthesis approach to generate ZnO NPs, which can be employed as alternatives to antibiotics and a tool to eliminate drug-resistant microbes in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasser Hussein Issa Mohammed
- Department
of Biochemistry, Faculty of Applied Science, University of Hajjah, Hajjah, Yemen
- Department
of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Science, University of Al-Razi, Al-Razi, Yemen
| | - Saad Alghamdi
- Laboratory
Medicine Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Basit Jabbar
- Centre
of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University
of the Punjab, Lahore 53700, Pakistan
| | - Dina Marghani
- Clinical
Laboratory Science Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Science, Taibah University, Madina 344, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saba Beigh
- Department
of Public Health, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Al-baha University, Al-baha 65431, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amr S. Abouzied
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail 81442, Saudi Arabia
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Organization
for Drug Control and Research (NODCAR), Giza 12553, Egypt
| | - Nasrin E. Khalifa
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University
of Ha’il, Hail 24381, Saudi Arabia
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University
of Khartoum, Khartoum 13315, Sudan
| | - Weam M. A. Khojali
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail 81442, Saudi Arabia
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Omdurman Islamic University, Omdurman 13315, Sudan
| | - Bader Huwaimel
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail 81442, Saudi Arabia
- Medical
and Diagnostic Research Centre, University
of Ha’il, Hail 55476, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dalal Hussien
M. Alkhalifah
- Department
of Biology, College of Science, Princess
Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, B.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wael N. Hozzein
- Botany
and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt
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7
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Kim DM, Baek SW, Park JM, Kim DS, Lee S, Lee JK, Park CG, Han DK. Multifunctional PDO Thread Coated with Mg(OH) 2/ZnO Nanoparticles and Asiaticoside for Improved Facial Lifting. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2220. [PMID: 37765189 PMCID: PMC10535954 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15092220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
As interest in skin aesthetics increases, treatments to suppress aging are increasing. Among them, a facelift is the most effective procedure for improving wrinkles. However, side effects including inflammatory reactions occur due to the limitations of the PDO thread itself used during the procedure. In this paper, to improve the function of PDO thread, inorganic particles such as magnesium hydroxide (MH) and zinc oxide (ZO) and a biologically active agent, asiaticoside, were coated on the surface of PDO thread using ultrasonic coating technology. The coated thread exhibited excellent biocompatibility, promoted collagen synthesis, reduced inflammation, and stimulated angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo. The multifunctional PDO thread has shown promising potential for skin regeneration without inducing fibrosis. Such a practical coating system and the developed multifunctional PDO thread suggest new possibilities for developing safer and more effective materials in cosmetic and regenerative medicine to prevent aging and improve skin aesthetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Min Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, 335 Pangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si 13488, Republic of Korea; (D.M.K.); (S.-W.B.); (J.M.P.); (D.-S.K.); (S.L.); (J.-K.L.)
| | - Seung-Woon Baek
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, 335 Pangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si 13488, Republic of Korea; (D.M.K.); (S.-W.B.); (J.M.P.); (D.-S.K.); (S.L.); (J.-K.L.)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, SKKU Institute for Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon-si 16419, Republic of Korea;
- Department of Intelligent Precision Healthcare Convergence, SKKU Institute for Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon-si 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Min Park
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, 335 Pangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si 13488, Republic of Korea; (D.M.K.); (S.-W.B.); (J.M.P.); (D.-S.K.); (S.L.); (J.-K.L.)
| | - Da-Seul Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, 335 Pangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si 13488, Republic of Korea; (D.M.K.); (S.-W.B.); (J.M.P.); (D.-S.K.); (S.L.); (J.-K.L.)
| | - Semi Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, 335 Pangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si 13488, Republic of Korea; (D.M.K.); (S.-W.B.); (J.M.P.); (D.-S.K.); (S.L.); (J.-K.L.)
| | - Jun-Kyu Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, 335 Pangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si 13488, Republic of Korea; (D.M.K.); (S.-W.B.); (J.M.P.); (D.-S.K.); (S.L.); (J.-K.L.)
| | - Chun Gwon Park
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, SKKU Institute for Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon-si 16419, Republic of Korea;
- Department of Intelligent Precision Healthcare Convergence, SKKU Institute for Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon-si 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Keun Han
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, 335 Pangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si 13488, Republic of Korea; (D.M.K.); (S.-W.B.); (J.M.P.); (D.-S.K.); (S.L.); (J.-K.L.)
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8
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Recent Advances in Metal-Organic Framework (MOF) Asymmetric Membranes/Composites for Biomedical Applications. Symmetry (Basel) 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/sym15020403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are a new class of porous crystalline materials composed of metal and organic material. MOFs have fascinating properties, such as fine tunability, large specific surface area, and high porosity. MOFs are widely used for environmental protection, biosensors, regenerative medicine, medical engineering, cell therapy, catalysts, and drug delivery. Recent studies have reported various significant properties of MOFs for biomedical applications, such as drug detection and delivery. In contrast, MOFs have limitations such as low stability and low specificity in binding to the target. MOF-based membranes improve the stability and specificity of conventional MOFs by increasing the surface area and developing the possibility of MOF-ligand binding, while conjugated membranes dramatically increase the area of active functional groups. This special property makes them attractive for drug and biosensor fabrication, as both the spreading and solubility components of the porosity can be changed. Asymmetric membranes are a structure with high potential in the biomedical field, due to the different characteristics on its two surfaces, the possibility of adjusting various properties such as the size of porosity, transfer rate and selectivity, and surface properties such as hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity. MOF assisted asymmetric membranes can provide a platform with different properties and characteristics in the biomedical field. The latest version of MOF materials/membranes has several potential applications, especially in medical engineering, cell therapy, drug delivery, and regenerative medicine, which will be discussed in this review, along with their advantages, disadvantages, and challenges.
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Morowvat MH, Kazemi K, Jaberi MA, Amini A, Gholami A. Biosynthesis and Antimicrobial Evaluation of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Using Chlorella vulgaris Biomass against Multidrug-Resistant Pathogens. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:842. [PMID: 36676578 PMCID: PMC9863921 DOI: 10.3390/ma16020842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The rampant increase in antibiotic resistance has created a global barrier to the treatment of multidrug-resistant infections. Biogenic synthesis of nanomaterials is a novel approach to producing nanostructures with biological resources. Algae are known to be clean, nontoxic, cost-beneficial, and environmentally acceptable. Chlorella vulgaris is a popular microalga for its broad applications in food, supplements, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics. In this study, we used Chlorella vulgaris biomass lyophilized powder as our green resource for the biosynthesis ZnONPs. Chlorella vulgaris culture was harvested at the end of the logarithmic phase, and the biomass was lyophilized. ZnONPs were synthesized using lyophilized biomass and 20 mM zinc acetate dihydrate at a temperature of 70 °C and continuous stirring in a water bath overnight. At the end of the reaction, UV-Vis absorption of colloidal suspension proved the synthesis of ZnONPs. The physicochemical characteristics of nanoparticles were analyzed using FTIR, DLS, TEM, and XRD. Based on FTIR spectra. The antibacterial activity of green synthesized nanostructures was evaluated against methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE). The synthesized ZnONPs have oxygen-containing groups on the surface that show the synthesized nanoparticles' stabilization. The Zeta potential was -27.4 mV, and the mean particle size was measured as 33.4 nanometers. Biogenic ZnONPs produced in this method have a notable size distribution and excellent surface energy, which can have vast applications like antimicrobial potential in pharmaceuticals as topical forms. Additionally, in order to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of ZnO nanoparticles, we used MRSA and VRE strains and the results showed the anti-MRSA activity at 400 and 625 μg mL-1, respectively. Thus, these biogenic ZnO nanoparticles revealed a substantial antibacterial effect against multidrug-resistant pathogens, associated with several serious systemic infections, and have the potential as an antimicrobial agent for further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hossein Morowvat
- Biotechnology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz P.O. Box 71468-64685, Iran
| | - Kimia Kazemi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz P.O. Box 71468-64685, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz P.O. Box 71468-64685, Iran
| | - Maral Ansari Jaberi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz P.O. Box 71468-64685, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz P.O. Box 71468-64685, Iran
| | - Abbas Amini
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Australian University (AU)-Kuwait, Mishref, Safat 13015, Kuwait
- Center for Infrastructure Engineering, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Ahmad Gholami
- Biotechnology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz P.O. Box 71468-64685, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz P.O. Box 71468-64685, Iran
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Ghahramani Y, Mokhberi M, Mousavi SM, Hashemi SA, Fallahi Nezhad F, Chiang WH, Gholami A, Lai CW. Synergistically Enhancing the Therapeutic Effect on Cancer, via Asymmetric Bioinspired Materials. Molecules 2022; 27:8543. [PMID: 36500636 PMCID: PMC9740908 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The undesirable side effects of conventional chemotherapy are one of the major problems associated with cancer treatment. Recently, with the development of novel nanomaterials, tumor-targeted therapies have been invented in order to achieve more specific cancer treatment with reduced unfavorable side effects of chemotherapic agents on human cells. However, the clinical application of nanomedicines has some shortages, such as the reduced ability to cross biological barriers and undesirable side effects in normal cells. In this order, bioinspired materials are developed to minimize the related side effects due to their excellent biocompatibility and higher accumulation therapies. As bioinspired and biomimetic materials are mainly composed of a nanometric functional agent and a biologic component, they can possess both the physicochemical properties of nanomaterials and the advantages of biologic agents, such as prolonged circulation time, enhanced biocompatibility, immune modulation, and specific targeting for cancerous cells. Among the nanomaterials, asymmetric nanomaterials have gained attention as they provide a larger surface area with more active functional sites compared to symmetric nanomaterials. Additionally, the asymmetric nanomaterials are able to function as two or more distinct components due to their asymmetric structure. The mentioned properties result in unique physiochemical properties of asymmetric nanomaterials, which makes them desirable materials for anti-cancer drug delivery systems or cancer bio-imaging systems. In this review, we discuss the use of bioinspired and biomimetic materials in the treatment of cancer, with a special focus on asymmetric nanoparticle anti-cancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasamin Ghahramani
- Department of Endodontics, Dental School, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7195615787, Iran
| | - Marzieh Mokhberi
- Dentist, Dental School, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7195615787, Iran
| | - Seyyed Mojtaba Mousavi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 106335, Taiwan
| | - Seyyed Alireza Hashemi
- Nanomaterials and Polymer Nanocomposites Laboratory, School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Fatemeh Fallahi Nezhad
- Oral and Dental Disease Research Center, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7195615787, Iran
| | - Wei-Hung Chiang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 106335, Taiwan
| | - Ahmad Gholami
- Biotechnology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7146864685, Iran
| | - Chin Wei Lai
- Nanotechnology and Catalysis Research Centre (NANOCAT), Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), University of Malaya (UM), Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
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Lim YY, Miskon A, Zaidi AMA. CuZn Complex Used in Electrical Biosensors for Drug Delivery Systems. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:ma15217672. [PMID: 36363264 PMCID: PMC9656173 DOI: 10.3390/ma15217672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
This paper is to discuss the potential of using CuZn in an electrical biosensor drug carrier for drug delivery systems. CuZn is the main semiconductor ingredient that has great promise as an electrochemical detector to trigger releases of active pharmaceutical ingredients (API). This CuZn biosensor is produced with a green metal of frameworks, which is an anion node in conductive polymers linked by bioactive ligands using metal-polymerisation technology. The studies of Cu, Zn, and their oxides are highlighted by their electrochemical performance as electrical biosensors to electrically trigger API. The three main problems, which are glucose oxidisation, binding affinity, and toxicity, are highlighted, and their solutions are given. Moreover, their biocompatibilities, therapeutic efficacies, and drug delivery efficiencies are discussed with details given. Our three previous investigations of CuZn found results similar to those of other authors' in terms of multiphases, polymerisation, and structure. This affirms that our research is on the right track, especially that related to green synthesis using plant extract, CuZn as a nanochip electric biosensor, and bioactive ligands to bind API, which are limited to the innermost circle of the non-enzymatic glucose sensor category.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yik Lim
- Faculty of Defence Science and Technology, National Defence University of Malaysia, Sungai Besi Prime Camp, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
| | - Azizi Miskon
- Faculty of Engineering, National Defence University of Malaysia, Sungai Besi Prime Camp, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +60-3-9051-3400 (ext. 3087)
| | - Ahmad Mujahid Ahmad Zaidi
- Faculty of Defence Science and Technology, National Defence University of Malaysia, Sungai Besi Prime Camp, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
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Luo S, Qin S, Oudeng G, Zhang L. Iron-Based Hollow Nanoplatforms for Cancer Imaging and Theranostics. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:3023. [PMID: 36080059 PMCID: PMC9457987 DOI: 10.3390/nano12173023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade, iron (Fe)-based hollow nanoplatforms (Fe-HNPs) have attracted increasing attention for cancer theranostics, due to their high safety and superior diagnostic/therapeutic features. Specifically, Fe-involved components can serve as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents (CAs) and Fenton-like/photothermal/magnetic hyperthermia (MTH) therapy agents, while the cavities are able to load various small molecules (e.g., fluorescent dyes, chemotherapeutic drugs, photosensitizers, etc.) to allow multifunctional all-in-one theranostics. In this review, the recent advances of Fe-HNPs for cancer imaging and treatment are summarized. Firstly, the use of Fe-HNPs in single T1-weighted MRI and T2-weighted MRI, T1-/T2-weighted dual-modal MRI as well as other dual-modal imaging modalities are presented. Secondly, diverse Fe-HNPs, including hollow iron oxide (IO) nanoparticles (NPs), hollow matrix-supported IO NPs, hollow Fe-complex NPs and hollow Prussian blue (PB) NPs are described for MRI-guided therapies. Lastly, the potential clinical obstacles and implications for future research of these hollow Fe-based nanotheranostics are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Luo
- Key Laboratory for Photoelectronic Technology and Application, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Shuijie Qin
- Key Laboratory for Photoelectronic Technology and Application, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Gerile Oudeng
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Shenzhen Children’s Hospital, Futian, Shenzhen 518038, China
| | - Li Zhang
- School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
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Chae SY, Park R, Hong SW. Surface-mediated high antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of astaxanthin-loaded ultrathin graphene oxide film that inhibits the overproduction of intracellular reactive oxygen species. Biomater Res 2022; 26:30. [PMID: 35794645 PMCID: PMC9258176 DOI: 10.1186/s40824-022-00276-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Astaxanthin (AST) is known as a powerful antioxidant that affects the removal of active oxygen and inhibits the production of lipid peroxide caused by ultraviolet light. However, it is easily decomposed by heat or light during production and storage because of the unsaturated compound nature with a structural double bond. The activity of AST can be reduced and lose its antioxidant capability. Graphene oxide (GO) is an ultrathin nanomaterial produced by oxidizing layered graphite. The chemical combination of AST with GO can improve the dispersion properties to maintain structural stability and antioxidant activity because of the tightly bonded functionalized GO surface. Methods Layered GO films were used as nanocarriers for the AST molecule, which was produced via flow-enabled self-assembly and subsequent controlled solution deposition of RGD peptide and AST molecules. Synthesis of the GO-AST complex was also carried out for the optimized concentration. The characterization of prepared materials was analyzed through transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), atomic force microscope (AFM), and Raman spectroscopy. Antioxidant activity was tested by 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) and 2.2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assays. The antibacterial effect and antioxidant effects were monitored for the ultrathin GO/RGD/AST Film. Further, reactive oxygen species (ROS) assay was used to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects on L-929 fibroblasts. Results Cotreatment of GO-AST solution demonstrated a high antioxidant combined effect with a high ABTS and DPPH radicals scavenging activity. The GO/RGD/AST film was produced by the self-assembly process exhibited excellent antibacterial effects based on physicochemical damage against E. coli and S. aureus. In addition, the GO/RGD/AST film inhibited H2O2-induced intracellular ROS, suppressed the toxicity of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cells, and restored it, thereby exhibiting strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Conclusion As GO nanocarrier-assisted AST exerted promising antioxidant and antibacterial reactions, presented a new concept to expand basic research into the field of tissue engineering. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40824-022-00276-4.
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Mariadoss AVA, Sivakumar AS, Lee CH, Kim SJ. Diabetes mellitus and diabetic foot ulcer: Etiology, biochemical and molecular based treatment strategies via gene and nanotherapy. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 151:113134. [PMID: 35617802 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a collection of metabolic and pathophysiological disorders manifested with high glucose levels in the blood due to the inability of β-pancreatic cells to secrete an adequate amount of insulin or insensitivity of insulin towards receptor to oxidize blood glucose. Nevertheless, the preceding definition is only applicable to people who do not have inherited or metabolic disorders. Suppose a person who has been diagnosed with Type 1 or Type 2DM sustains an injury and the treatment of the damage is complicated and prolonged. In that case, the injury is referred to as a diabetic foot ulcer (DFU). In the presence of many proliferating macrophages in the injury site for an extended period causes the damage to worsen and become a diabetic wound. In this review, the scientific information and therapeutic management of DM/DFU with nanomedicine, and other related data were collected (Web of Science and PubMed) from January 2000 to January 2022. Most of the articles revealed that standard drugs are usually prescribed along with hypoglycaemic medications. Conversely, such drugs stabilize the glucose transporters and homeostasis for a limited period, resulting in side effects such as kidney damage/failure, absorption/gastrointestinal problems, and hypoglycemic issues. In this paper, we review the current basic and clinical evidence about the potential of medicinal plants, gene therapy, chemical/green synthesized nanoparticles to improving the metabolic profile, and facilitating the DM and DFU associated complications. Preclinical studies also reported lower plasma glucose with molecular targets in DM and DFU. Research is underway to explore chemical/green synthesized nanoparticle-based medications to avoid such side effects. Hence, the present review is intended to address the current challenges, recently recognized factors responsible for DM and DFU, their pathophysiology, insulin receptors associated with DM, medications in trend, and related complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arokia Vijaya Anand Mariadoss
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University, College of Medicine, Hwaseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Allur Subramaniyan Sivakumar
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University, College of Medicine, Hwaseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Hun Lee
- Department of New Biology, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Jae Kim
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University, College of Medicine, Hwaseong, Republic of Korea.
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