1
|
Ha TS, Seong SB, Ha DS, Kim SJ. Upregulation of NADH/NADPH oxidase 4 by angiotensin II induces podocyte apoptosis. Kidney Res Clin Pract 2023; 42:202-215. [PMID: 37037482 PMCID: PMC10085724 DOI: 10.23876/j.krcp.22.198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Angiotensin II induces glomerular and podocyte injury via systemic and local vasoconstrictive or non-hemodynamic effects including oxidative stress. The release of reactive oxygen species (ROS) from podocytes may participate in the development of glomerular injury and proteinuria. We studied the role of oxidative stress in angiotensin II-induced podocyte apoptosis.Methods: Mouse podocytes were incubated in media containing various concentrations of angiotensin II at different incubation times and were transfected with NADH/NADPH oxidase 4 (Nox4) or angiotensin II type 1 receptor for 24 hours. The changes in intracellular and mitochondrial ROS production and podocyte apoptosis were measured according to the presence of angiotensin II.Results: Angiotensin II increased the generation of mitochondrial superoxide anions and ROS levels but suppressed superoxide dismutase activity in a dose- and time-dependent manner that was reversed by probucol, an antioxidant. Angiotensin II increased Nox4 protein and expression by a transcriptional mechanism that was also reversed by probucol. In addition, the suppression of Nox4 by small interfering RNA (siRNA) reduced the oxidative stress induced by angiotensin II. Angiotensin II treatment also upregulated AT1R protein. Furthermore, angiotensin II promoted podocyte apoptosis, which was reduced significantly by probucol and Nox4 siRNA and also recovered by angiotensin II type 1 receptor siRNA.Conclusion: Our findings suggest that angiotensin II increases the generation of mitochondrial superoxide anions and ROS levels via the upregulation of Nox4 and angiotensin II type 1 receptor. This can be prevented by Nox4 inhibition and/or antagonizing angiotensin II type 1 receptor as well as use of antioxidants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Sun Ha
- Department of Pediatrics, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
- Department of Pediatrics, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: Tae-Sun Ha Department of Pediatrics, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, 1 Chungdae-ro, Seowon-gu, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea. E-mail:
| | - Su-Bin Seong
- Department of Pediatrics, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Soo Ha
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Jung Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Evaluating the potential of tauroursodeoxycholic acid as add-on therapy in amelioration of streptozotocin-induced diabetic kidney disease. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 942:175528. [PMID: 36690052 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The bile acid tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) is of natural origin and is used in traditional Chinese medicine for centuries. Earlier its use was limited to biliary disorders but owing to its pleiotropic effects dietary TUDCA supplementation is under clinical trials for diseases including type 1 and 2 diabetic complications. The current study aims to evaluate the potential and underlying molecular mechanism of the TUDCA as a monotherapy and as an add-on therapy to telmisartan, an angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) blocker against diabetic kidney disease (DKD). We employed both in-vitro and in-vivo approaches where NRK-52E cells were incubated with high glucose, and DKD was induced in Wistar rats using streptozotocin (55 mg/kg, i.p.). After 4 weeks, animals were administered with TUDCA (250 mg/kg, i.p.), telmisartan (10 mg/kg, p.o.), and their combination for 4 weeks. Plasma was collected for the biochemical estimation and kidneys were used for immunoblotting, PCR, and histopathological analysis. Similarly, for in-vitro experiments, cells were exposed to 1000 μM of TUDCA and 10 μM of telmisartan, and their combination, followed by cell lysate collection and immunoblotting analysis. We observed that the addition of TUDCA to conventional telmisartan treatment was more effective in restoring the renal function decline and suppressing the apoptotic and fibrotic signaling as compared to monotherapies of AT1R blocker and ER stress inhibitor. The results implicate the utility of traditionally used TUDCA as a potential renoprotective compound. Since, both TUDCA and telmisartan are approved for clinical usage, thus concomitant administration of them could be a novel therapeutic strategy against DKD.
Collapse
|
3
|
Ala M. Sestrin2 Signaling Pathway Regulates Podocyte Biology and Protects against Diabetic Nephropathy. J Diabetes Res 2023; 2023:8776878. [PMID: 36818747 PMCID: PMC9937769 DOI: 10.1155/2023/8776878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Sestrin2 regulates cell homeostasis and is an upstream signaling molecule for several signaling pathways. Sestrin2 leads to AMP-activated protein kinase- (AMPK-) and GTPase-activating protein activity toward Rags (GATOR) 1-mediated inhibition of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), thereby enhancing autophagy. Sestrin2 also improves mitochondrial biogenesis via AMPK/Sirt1/peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1 alpha (PGC-1α) signaling pathway. Blockade of ribosomal protein synthesis and augmentation of autophagy by Sestrin2 can prevent misfolded protein accumulation and attenuate endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. In addition, Sestrin2 enhances P62-mediated autophagic degradation of Keap1 to release nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). Nrf2 release by Sestrin2 vigorously potentiates antioxidant defense in diabetic nephropathy. Impaired autophagy and mitochondrial biogenesis, severe oxidative stress, and ER stress are all deeply involved in the development and progression of diabetic nephropathy. It has been shown that Sestrin2 expression is lower in the kidney of animals and patients with diabetic nephropathy. Sestrin2 knockdown aggravated diabetic nephropathy in animal models. In contrast, upregulation of Sestrin2 enhanced autophagy, mitophagy, and mitochondrial biogenesis and suppressed oxidative stress, ER stress, and apoptosis in diabetic nephropathy. Consistently, overexpression of Sestrin2 ameliorated podocyte injury, mesangial proliferation, proteinuria, and renal fibrosis in animal models of diabetic nephropathy. By suppressing transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β)/Smad and Yes-associated protein (YAP)/transcription enhancer factor 1 (TEF1) signaling pathways in experimental models, Sestrin2 hindered epithelial-mesenchymal transition and extracellular matrix accumulation in diabetic kidneys. Moreover, modulation of the downstream molecules of Sestrin2, for instance, augmentation of AMPK or Nrf2 signaling and inhibition of mTORC1, has been protective in diabetic nephropathy. Regarding the beneficial effects of Sestrin2 on diabetic nephropathy and its interaction with several signaling molecules, it is worth targeting Sestrin2 in diabetic nephropathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Moein Ala
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Fuloria S, Subramaniyan V, Meenakshi DU, Sekar M, Chakravarthi S, Kumar DH, Kumari U, Vanteddu VG, Patel TD, Narra K, Sharma PK, Fuloria NK. Etiopathophysiological role of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system in age‐related muscular weakening: RAAS‐independent beneficial role of ACE2 in muscle weakness. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2022; 36:e23030. [DOI: 10.1002/jbt.23030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Vetriselvan Subramaniyan
- Faculty of Medicine, Bioscience and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine MAHSA University Jenjarom Selangor Malaysia
| | | | - Mahendran Sekar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Royal College of Medicine Perak Universiti Kuala Lumpur Ipoh Perak Malaysia
| | - Srikumar Chakravarthi
- Faculty of Medicine, Bioscience and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine MAHSA University Jenjarom Selangor Malaysia
| | - Darnal H. Kumar
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine & Health Sciences Monash University Johor Johor Bahru Malaysia
| | - Usha Kumari
- Faculty of Medicine AIMST University Kedah Malaysia
| | | | | | | | | | - Neeraj K. Fuloria
- Faculty of Pharmacy AIMST University Kedah Malaysia
- Center for Transdisciplinary Research, Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha Dental College and Hospital Saveetha University Chennai India
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Souza-Neto FV, Jiménez-González S, Delgado-Valero B, Jurado-López R, Genty M, Romero-Miranda A, Rodríguez C, Nieto ML, Martínez-Martínez E, Cachofeiro V. The Interplay of Mitochondrial Oxidative Stress and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Cardiovascular Fibrosis in Obese Rats. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10081274. [PMID: 34439522 PMCID: PMC8389298 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10081274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We have evaluated the role of mitochondrial oxidative stress and its association with endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress activation in the progression of obesity-related cardiovascular fibrosis. MitoQ (200 µM) was orally administered for 7 weeks to male Wistar rats that were fed a high-fat diet (HFD, 35% fat) or a control diet (CT, 3.5% fat). Obese animals presented cardiovascular fibrosis accompanied by increased levels of extracellular matrix proteins and profibrotic mediators. These alterations were associated with ER stress activation characterized by enhanced levels (in heart and aorta vs. CT group, respectively) of immunoglobulin binding protein (BiP; 2.1-and 2.6-fold, respectively), protein disulfide-isomerase A6 (PDIA6; 1.9-fold) and CCAAT-enhancer-binding homologous protein (CHOP; 1.5- and 1.8-fold, respectively). MitoQ treatment was able to prevent (p < 0.05) these modifications at cardiac and aortic levels. MitoQ (5 nM) and the ER stress inhibitor, 4-phenyl butyric acid (4 µM), were able to block the prooxidant and profibrotic effects of angiotensin II (Ang II, 10−6 M) in cardiac and vascular cells. Therefore, the data show a crosstalk between mitochondrial oxidative stress and ER stress activation, which mediates the development of cardiovascular fibrosis in the context of obesity and in which Ang II can play a relevant role.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco V. Souza-Neto
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (F.V.S.-N.); (S.J.-G.); (B.D.-V.); (R.J.-L.); (M.G.); (A.R.-M.)
| | - Sara Jiménez-González
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (F.V.S.-N.); (S.J.-G.); (B.D.-V.); (R.J.-L.); (M.G.); (A.R.-M.)
| | - Beatriz Delgado-Valero
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (F.V.S.-N.); (S.J.-G.); (B.D.-V.); (R.J.-L.); (M.G.); (A.R.-M.)
| | - Raquel Jurado-López
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (F.V.S.-N.); (S.J.-G.); (B.D.-V.); (R.J.-L.); (M.G.); (A.R.-M.)
| | - Marie Genty
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (F.V.S.-N.); (S.J.-G.); (B.D.-V.); (R.J.-L.); (M.G.); (A.R.-M.)
| | - Ana Romero-Miranda
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (F.V.S.-N.); (S.J.-G.); (B.D.-V.); (R.J.-L.); (M.G.); (A.R.-M.)
| | - Cristina Rodríguez
- Institut de Recerca del Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08025 Barcelona, Spain;
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica Sant Pau (IB Sant Pau), 08025 Barcelona, Spain
- Ciber de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220 Majadahonda, Spain;
| | - María Luisa Nieto
- Ciber de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220 Majadahonda, Spain;
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, CSIC-Universidad de Valladolid, 47002 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Ernesto Martínez-Martínez
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (F.V.S.-N.); (S.J.-G.); (B.D.-V.); (R.J.-L.); (M.G.); (A.R.-M.)
- Ciber de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220 Majadahonda, Spain;
- Correspondence: (E.M.-M.); (V.C.); Tel.: +34-913941483 (E.M.-M.); +34-913941489 (V.C.)
| | - Victoria Cachofeiro
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (F.V.S.-N.); (S.J.-G.); (B.D.-V.); (R.J.-L.); (M.G.); (A.R.-M.)
- Ciber de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220 Majadahonda, Spain;
- Correspondence: (E.M.-M.); (V.C.); Tel.: +34-913941483 (E.M.-M.); +34-913941489 (V.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Delgado-Valero B, de la Fuente-Chávez L, Romero-Miranda A, Visitación Bartolomé M, Ramchandani B, Islas F, Luaces M, Cachofeiro V, Martínez-Martínez E. Role of endoplasmic reticulum stress in renal damage after myocardial infarction. Clin Sci (Lond) 2021; 135:143-159. [PMID: 33355632 DOI: 10.1042/cs20201137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI) is associated with renal alterations resulting in poor outcomes in patients with MI. Renal fibrosis is a potent predictor of progression in patients and is often accompanied by inflammation and oxidative stress; however, the mechanisms involved in these alterations are not well established. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) plays a central role in protein processing and folding. An accumulation of unfolded proteins leads to ER dysfunction, termed ER stress. Since the kidney is the organ with highest protein synthesis fractional rate, we herein investigated the effects of MI on ER stress at renal level, as well as the possible role of ER stress on renal alterations after MI. Patients and MI male Wistar rats showed an increase in the kidney injury marker neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) at circulating level or renal level respectively. Four weeks post-MI rats presented renal fibrosis, oxidative stress and inflammation accompanied by ER stress activation characterized by enhanced immunoglobin binding protein (BiP), protein disulfide-isomerase A6 (PDIA6) and activating transcription factor 6-alpha (ATF6α) protein levels. In renal fibroblasts, palmitic acid (PA; 50-200 µM) and angiotensin II (Ang II; 10-8 to 10-6M) promoted extracellular matrix, superoxide anion production and inflammatory markers up-regulation. The presence of the ER stress inhibitor, 4-phenylbutyric acid (4-PBA; 4 µM), was able to prevent all of these modifications in renal cells. Therefore, the data show that ER stress mediates the deleterious effects of PA and Ang II in renal cells and support the potential role of ER stress on renal alterations associated with MI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Delgado-Valero
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucía de la Fuente-Chávez
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Romero-Miranda
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain
| | - María Visitación Bartolomé
- Departmento de Inmunología, Oftalmología y Otorrinolaringología, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Complutense Madrid, Spain
- Ciber de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Bunty Ramchandani
- Servicio de Cirugía Cardiaca Infantil, Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fabián Islas
- Servicio de Cardiología, Instituto Cardiovascular, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Luaces
- Servicio de Cardiología, Instituto Cardiovascular, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Victoria Cachofeiro
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain
- Ciber de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ernesto Martínez-Martínez
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain
- Ciber de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Dorotea D, Koya D, Ha H. Recent Insights Into SREBP as a Direct Mediator of Kidney Fibrosis via Lipid-Independent Pathways. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:265. [PMID: 32256356 PMCID: PMC7092724 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sterol regulatory-element binding proteins (SREBPs) are classical regulators of cellular lipid metabolism in the kidney and other tissues. SREBPs are currently recognized as versatile transcription factors involved in a myriad of cellular processes. Meanwhile, SREBPs have been recognized to mediate lipotoxicity, contributing to the progression of kidney diseases. SREBP1 has been shown to bind to the promoter region of TGFβ, a major pro-fibrotic signaling mechanism in the kidney. Conversely, TGFβ activates SREBP1 transcriptional activity suggesting a positive feedback loop of SREBP1 in TGFβ signaling. Public ChIP-seq data revealed numerous non-lipid transcriptional targets of SREBPs that plausibly play roles in progressive kidney disease and fibrosis. This review provides new insights into SREBP as a mediator of kidney fibrosis via lipid-independent pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Debra Dorotea
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Daisuke Koya
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Hunjoo Ha
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Cao X, Lu XM, Tuo X, Liu JY, Zhang YC, Song LN, Cheng ZQ, Yang JK, Xin Z. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 regulates endoplasmic reticulum stress and mitochondrial function to preserve skeletal muscle lipid metabolism. Lipids Health Dis 2019; 18:207. [PMID: 31775868 PMCID: PMC6882339 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-019-1145-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and mitochondrial function affected intramuscular fat accumulation. However, there is no clear evident on the effect of the regulation of ER stress and mitochondrial function by Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) on the prevention of intramuscular fat metabolism. We investigated the effects of ACE2 on ER stress and mitochondrial function in skeletal muscle lipid metabolism. Methods The triglyceride (TG) content in skeletal muscle of ACE2 knockout mice and Ad-ACE2-treated db/db mice were detected by assay kits. Meanwhile, the expression of lipogenic genes (ACCα, SREBP-1c, LXRα, CPT-1α, PGC-1α and PPARα), ER stress and mitochondrial function related genes (GRP78, eIF2α, ATF4, BCL-2, and SDH6) were analyzed by RT-PCR. Lipid metabolism, ER stress and mitochondrial function related genes were analyzed by RT-PCR in ACE2-overexpression C2C12 cell. Moreover, the IKKβ/NFκB/IRS-1 pathway was determined using lysate sample from skeletal muscle of ACE2 knockout mice. Results ACE2 deficiency in vivo is associated with increased lipid accumulation in skeletal muscle. The ACE2 knockout mice displayed an elevated level of ER stress and mitochondrial dysfunctions in skeletal muscle. In contrast, activation of ACE2 can ameliorate ER stress and mitochondrial function, which slightly accompanied by reduced TG content and down-regulated the expression of skeletal muscle lipogenic proteins in the db/db mice. Additionally, ACE2 improved skeletal muscle lipid metabolism and ER stress genes in the C2C12 cells. Mechanistically, endogenous ACE2 improved lipid metabolism through the IKKβ/NFκB/IRS-1 pathway in skeletal muscle. Conclusions ACE2 was first reported to play a notable role on intramuscular fat regulation by improving endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondrial function. This study may provide a strategy for treating insulin resistance in skeletal muscle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xi Cao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Research and Care, Beijing Diabetes institute, Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Xin-Meng Lu
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100015, China
| | - Xiu Tuo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Research and Care, Beijing Diabetes institute, Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Jing-Yi Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Research and Care, Beijing Diabetes institute, Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Yi-Chen Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Research and Care, Beijing Diabetes institute, Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Li-Ni Song
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Research and Care, Beijing Diabetes institute, Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Jin-Kui Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Research and Care, Beijing Diabetes institute, Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100730, China.
| | - Zhong Xin
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Research and Care, Beijing Diabetes institute, Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100730, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wang J, Fu D, Senouthai S, You Y. Critical roles of PI3K/Akt/NF‑κB survival axis in angiotensin II‑induced podocyte injury. Mol Med Rep 2019; 20:5134-5144. [PMID: 31638199 PMCID: PMC6854545 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have reported that angiotensin (Ang) II, nephrin, and podocin serve pivotal roles in podocyte injury, and thus can lead to the occurrence of proteinuria and the progression of kidney diseases. This study aimed to investigate the effects of Ang II on the production of nephrin and podocin, and their relationship with podocyte injury. We also aimed to determine whether nephrin, podocin and caspase-9 production depends on the PI3K/Akt/nuclear factor (NF)-κB signaling pathway in cultured mouse podocytes. We treated mouse podocytes with different doses of Ang II (10−9, 10−8, 10−7 and 10−6 mol/l) for 12, 24, and 48 h to analyse cell viability, and at 10−6 mol/l Ang II for 12, 24, and 48 h to evaluate cell apoptosis. Cells were treated with 10−6 mol/l of Ang II and/or LY294002 (inhibitor of Akt) or 740Y-P (activator of PI3K) for 48 h to detect Akt, phosphorylated (phospho)-Akt, p65 NF-κB, and phospho-p65 NF-κB, nephrin, podocin and caspase-9 expression, and podocyte apoptosis. Treatment with Ang II suppressed the viability and promoted the apoptosis of podocytes in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Ang II decreased phospho-Akt, phospho-p65 NF-κB, nephrin, and podocin and increased caspase-9 expression, while podocyte apoptosis was promoted. LY294002 further enhanced Ang II-induced downregulation of Akt and p65 NF-κB activation, as well as upregulation of caspase-9 mRNA and protein, and promoted the apoptosis of podocytes. Of note, 740Y-P restored Ang II-induced downregulation of Akt and p65 NF-κB activation, and upregulation of caspase-9, and decreased podocyte apoptosis. Interestingly, LY294002 and 740Y-P were determined to have no notable effects on the expression of nephrin and podocin. The data suggested that Ang II could regulate the expression of nephrin, podocin and caspase-9. Collectively, our findings suggested that the PI3K/Akt/NF-κB survival axis may serve a pivotal role in podocyte injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Wang
- Department of Nephrology, The Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 533000, P.R. China
| | - Dongdong Fu
- Department of Nephrology, The Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 533000, P.R. China
| | - Soulixay Senouthai
- Department of Nephrology, The Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 533000, P.R. China
| | - Yanwu You
- Department of Nephrology, The Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 533000, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Cao X, Song LN, Zhang YC, Li Q, Shi TT, Yang FY, Yuan MX, Xin Z, Yang JK. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 inhibits endoplasmic reticulum stress-associated pathway to preserve nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2019; 35:e3123. [PMID: 30604460 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.3123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous works indicated that the stress on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) affected nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, there is no clear evident on the effect of the regulation of ER stress by angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) on the prevention of NAFLD. METHODS HepG2 cells were treated with thapsigargin (Tg) or palmitic acid (PA). We analysed ACE2 expression using Western-blotting analyses. ER stress-related proteins were detected in ACE2 knockout mice and Ad-ACE2-treated db/db mice by immunofluorescence or Western-blotting analyses. In ACE2-overexpression HepG2 cells, the triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), and glycogen content were detected by assay kits. Meanwhile, the expression of hepatic lipogenic proteins (ACCα, SREBP-1c, FAS, and LXRα), enzymes for gluconeogenesis (PEPCK, G6Pase, and IRS2), and IKKβ/NFκB/IRS1/Akt pathway were analysed by Western-blotting analyses. RESULTS ACE2 was significantly increased in Tg/PA-induced cultured hepatocytes. Additionally, ACE2 knockout mice displayed elevated levels of ER stress, while Ad-ACE2-treated db/db mice showed reduced ER stress in liver. Furthermore, activation of ACE2 can ameliorate ER stress, accompanied by decreased TG content, increased intracellular glycogen, and downregulated expression of hepatic lipogenic proteins and enzymes for gluconeogenesis in Tg/PA-induced hepatocytes. As a consequence of anti-ER stress, the activation of ACE2 led to improved glucose and lipid metabolism through the IKKβ/NFκB/IRS1/Akt pathway. CONCLUSIONS This is the first time documented that ACE2 had a notable alleviating role in ER stress-induced hepatic steatosis and glucose metabolism via the IKKβ/NFκB/IRS1/Akt-mediated pathway. This study may further provide insight into a novel underlying mechanism and a strategy for treating NAFLD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xi Cao
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Research and Care, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Diabetes institute, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Physiology and Center for Metabolism and Obesity Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Li-Ni Song
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Research and Care, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Diabetes institute, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yi-Chen Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Research and Care, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Diabetes institute, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Research and Care, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Diabetes institute, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ting-Ting Shi
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Research and Care, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Diabetes institute, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Fang-Yuan Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Research and Care, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Diabetes institute, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ming-Xia Yuan
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Research and Care, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Diabetes institute, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhong Xin
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Research and Care, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Diabetes institute, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jin-Kui Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Research and Care, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Diabetes institute, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Min SY, Ha DS, Ha TS. Puromycin aminonucleoside triggers apoptosis in podocytes by inducing endoplasmic reticulum stress. Kidney Res Clin Pract 2018; 37:210-221. [PMID: 30254845 PMCID: PMC6147198 DOI: 10.23876/j.krcp.2018.37.3.210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Puromycin aminonucleoside (PAN) is a known podocytotoxin. PAN-induced nephrosis is a widely used animal model for studying human idiopathic nephrotic syndrome. Abnormal protein accumulation associated with podocyte-specific endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress damages cells structurally and functionally, which in turn induces apoptosis and severe proteinuria. In the present study, we investigated the effect of PAN on ER stress and apoptosis in podocytes in vitro. Methods Mouse podocytes were cultured and treated with various concentrations of PAN. ER stress markers were then evaluated by western blotting, and apoptosis was evaluated by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assays. Results PAN treatment increased ER stress markers such as activating transcription factor (ATF) 6α and caspase-12 in a dose-dependent manner at 12 and 24 hours, respectively. These markers were reduced by chemical chaperones, such as sodium 4-phenylbutyric acid and tauroursodeoxycholic acid. PAN treatment also increased 78 kD glucose-regulated protein (GRP78)/binding immunoglobulin protein (BiP) at the earlier stage of 12 hours. PAN significantly induced podocyte apoptosis in concentration- and time-dependent manners, as seen using FACS and TUNEL assays. This result was improved by Nox4 siRNA, ATF6 siRNA, and chemical chaperones. LY294002, a PI3-kinase inhibitor, significantly boosted ER stress and apoptosis. PAN-induced ER stress increased oxidative stress and subsequently induced apoptosis, and could be mitigated by inhibition of PI3-kinase signaling. Conclusion Our findings suggest that PAN induces ER stress in podocytes mainly through the GRP78/BiP, ATF6α, and caspase-12 pathways, which trigger apoptosis via induction of oxidative stress. This stress is mitigated by inhibiting PI3-kinase signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seo-Yun Min
- Department of Pediatrics, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Dong-Soo Ha
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Korea
| | - Tae-Sun Ha
- Department of Pediatrics, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Cardoso VG, Gonçalves GL, Costa-Pessoa JM, Thieme K, Lins BB, Casare FAM, de Ponte MC, Camara NOS, Oliveira-Souza M. Angiotensin II-induced podocyte apoptosis is mediated by endoplasmic reticulum stress/PKC-δ/p38 MAPK pathway activation and trough increased Na +/H + exchanger isoform 1 activity. BMC Nephrol 2018; 19:179. [PMID: 30005635 PMCID: PMC6043975 DOI: 10.1186/s12882-018-0968-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Angiotensin II (Ang II) contributes to the progression of renal diseases associated with proteinuria and glomerulosclerosis mainly by inducing podocyte apoptosis. In the present study, we investigated whether the chronic effects of Ang II via AT1 receptor (AT1R) would result in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress/PKC-delta/p38 MAPK stimulation, and consequently podocyte apoptosis. Methods Wistar rats were treated with Ang II (200 ng·kg−1·min−1, 42 days) and or losartan (10 mg·kg−1·day−1, 14 days). Immortalized mouse podocyte were treated with 1 μM Ang II and/or losartan (1 μM) or SB203580 (0.1 μM) (AT1 receptor antagonist and p38 MAPK inhibitor) for 24 h. Kidney sections and cultured podocytes were used to evaluate protein expression by immunofluorescence and immunoblotting. Apoptosis was evaluated by flow cytometry and intracellular pH (pHi) was analyzed using microscopy combined with the fluorescent probe BCECF/AM. Results Compared with controls, Ang II via AT1R increased chaperone GRP 78/Bip protein expression in rat glomeruli (p < 0.001) as well as in podocyte culture (p < 0.01); increased phosphorylated eIf2-α (p < 0.05), PKC-delta (p < 0.01) and p38 MAPK (p < 0.001) protein expression. Furthermore, Ang II induced p38 MAPK-mediated late apoptosis and increased the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio (p < 0.001). Simultaneously, Ang II via AT1R induced p38 MAPK-NHE1-mediated increase of pHi recovery rate after acid loading. Conclusion Together, our results indicate that Ang II-induced podocyte apoptosis is associated with AT1R/ER stress/PKC-delta/p38 MAPK axis and enhanced NHE1-mediated pHi recovery rate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Gerolde Cardoso
- Laboratory of Renal Physiology, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Lopes Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Renal Physiology, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Juliana Martins Costa-Pessoa
- Laboratory of Renal Physiology, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Karina Thieme
- Laboratory of Carbohydrates and Radioimmunoassays (LIM-18), Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruna Bezerra Lins
- Laboratory of Renal Physiology, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Fernando Augusto Malavazzi Casare
- Laboratory of Renal Physiology, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Mariana Charleaux de Ponte
- Laboratory of Renal Physiology, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Niels Olsen Saraiva Camara
- Laboratory for Transplantation Immunobiology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Oliveira-Souza
- Laboratory of Renal Physiology, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, 05508-900, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ke B, Zhu N, Luo F, Xu Y, Fang X. Targeted inhibition of endoplasmic reticulum stress: New hope for renal fibrosis (Review). Mol Med Rep 2017. [PMID: 28627612 PMCID: PMC5562070 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) has a very high mortality rate and remains a global health challenge. Inhibiting renal fibrosis is one of the most promising therapeutic strategies for CKD. Recent studies have indicated that endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) serves an active role in the development of acute and chronic kidney disease, especially with regards to renal fibrosis. In the current review, the authors summarize the latest understanding of the role of ERS during the onset of renal fibrosis. ERS promotes renal fibrosis through multiple signaling pathways, such as transforming growth factor-β, epithelial-mesenchymal transition and oxidative stress. In addition, ERS also causes podocyte damage, leading to increased proteinuria and the development of renal fibrosis in rat models. In conclusion, targeted inhibition of ERS may become a promising therapeutic strategy for renal fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ben Ke
- Department of Nephrology, The Third Hospital of Nanchang, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330009, P.R. China
| | - Na Zhu
- Nanchang University School of Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Fuli Luo
- Department of Nephrology, Chinese Medicine Hospital in Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Yang Xu
- Department of Nephrology, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Xiangdong Fang
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Li TX, Mao JH, Huang L, Fu HD, Chen SH, Liu AM, Liang YQ. Beneficial effects of Huaiqihuang on hyperglycemia-induced MPC5 podocyte dysfunction through the suppression of mitochondrial dysfunction and endoplasmic reticulum stress. Mol Med Rep 2017. [PMID: 28627684 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was performed to investigate the effect of Huaiqihuang (HQH) on hyperglycemia (HG)-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in MPC5 podocytes. The effects of HQH and HG on cell viability were assessed using an MTT assay. mRNA and protein expression levels were evaluated using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis, respectively. Cell apoptosis was assessed using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end labeling, whereas reactive oxygen species production and alterations in mitochondrial membrane potential were assessed using flow cytometry. DNA damage was evaluated using a comet assay. The results demonstrated that treatment of podocytes with HQH markedly suppressed the HG‑induced generation of reactive oxygen species. HQH also significantly improved mitochondrial membrane potential in podocytes exposed to HG. When the podocytes were treated with HG, Ca2+ levels were significantly increased, compared with those in the control group, whereas treatment of the podocytes with HQH significantly reversed the HG‑induced upregulation of Ca2+ secretion. Treatment of the podocytes with HQH significantly reversed the HG‑induced upregulation of glucose‑related protein 78 (GRP78) and C/EBP‑homologous protein, which were used as indicators of ER stress. Furthermore, GRP78 loss‑of‑function attenuated HG‑induced podocyte dysfunction, including cell apoptosis and DNA damage. In conclusion, beneficial effects of HQH on HG‑induced MPC5 podocyte dysfunction were observed, and occurred through the suppression of mitochondrial dysfunction and ER stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Xia Li
- Department of Nephrology, The Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Hua Mao
- Department of Nephrology, The Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Lei Huang
- Department of Nephrology, The Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Hai-Dong Fu
- Department of Nephrology, The Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Shuo-Hui Chen
- Department of Nephrology, The Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Ai-Min Liu
- Department of Nephrology, The Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Qin Liang
- Department of Nephrology, The Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
CD2-associated protein/phosphoinositide 3-kinase signaling has a preventive role in angiotensin II-induced podocyte apoptosis. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2016; 79:370-381. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2016.08.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|