Lifestyle modification practice and associated factors among diagnosed hypertensive patients in selected hospitals, South Ethiopia

Self-care practice and associated factors among hypertensive follow-up patients at East Gojam zone public hospitals, North West Ethiopia, 2021

Uncontrolled hypertension leads to cardiovascular complications and organ damage. Self-care practice is crucial for the prevention and management of hypertension by improving quality of life, preventing complications and decreasing health care expenditure. The study aimed to assess self-care practice and its associated factors among hypertensive follow up patients at East Gojjam Zone public hospitals; in Northwest Ethiopia. Quantitative cross-sectional study design and qualitative phenomenological approach were applied. The quantitative result was supported by in-depth interview. Out of 480 patients included in the study, 49% have good self-care practices. Out of the total participants 44.6% have poor in antihypertensive medication adherence, 92.5% have low in diet management, 82.8% were poorly practiced physical activity and 62.5% poor practice to weight management. Participants who cannot read and write (AOR = 3.1, 95% CI: 1.6-5.9), and have no comorbidity (AOR = 0.4, 95% CI: 0.2-0.6), uncontrolled blood pressure status (AOR = 2.1, 95% CI: 1.2-3.6), poor social support status (AOR = 2.5, 95% CI: 1.5-4.3) and unfavorable attitude (AOR = 3.1, 95% CI: 1.9-5.2) are the factors for poor self-care practice. During interview; family meal preparation habits, inadequate information about self-care practice during follow-up time, inconvenient working environment, pressure during social events to share food, negligence, and poor self-efficacy were highly described as challenges for practicing and sustaining self- care. The level of hypertension self-care practices was found to be low. Therefore, hypertension self-care practices should be strengthened throughout their follow-up time, and creating awareness in the community is highly encouraged.

Hypertension self-care practice and its associated factors in Bale Zone, Southeast Ethiopia: A multi-center cross-sectional study

BACKGROUND

Hypertension is a serious threat to public health globally owing to its high prevalence and related complications. It is the main risk factor for cardiovascular disease, kidney disease, eye problems, and death. Self-care practices have been emphasized as a major element in reducing and preventing complications from hypertension. Thus, this study aimed to assess hypertension self-care practices and associated factors in Bale Zone, Southeast Ethiopia.

METHODS

A health facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted at three public hospitals from April 1 to May 31, 2021. Data were entered into Epi-Data version 4.6 and exported to Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25.0 for analysis. The study participants were characterized using descriptive statistics. The associations between self-care practice and independent variables were modeled using binary logistic regression analysis. Adjusted odds ratios with a 95% confidence interval were used to estimate the association between self-care practice and independent variables. The statistical significance of the association was declared at p < 0.05.

RESULTS

This study involved 405 hypertensive patients, with a response rate of 96.7%. The overall level of good self-care practice was 33.1% (95% CI: 28.6, 37.5). The multivariable logistic regression model showed that age under 65 years (AOR = 3.77, 95% CI: 1.60-8.89), good knowledge of hypertension self-care practice (AOR = 6.36, 95% CI: 2.07-19.56), absence of a depression (AOR = 6.08, 95% CI: 1.24-29.73) and good self-efficacy (AOR = 3.33, 95% CI: 1.12-9.87) were independent predictors of good self-care practice.

CONCLUSION

The level of good hypertension self-care practice in the study area was low. Hence, it is crucial to expand non-communicable disease control programs and implement public health interventions on self-care for hypertension. Moreover, to enhance hypertension self-care practices, patient-centered interventions are essential.

Level of self-care practices and associated factors among hypertensive patients in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

OBJECTIVES

The study assessed the level of self-care practice and its predictors among hypertensive patients in the health centers of Bole Sub-city, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

METHODS

A multi-Center-based cross-sectional study that employed 370 hypertensive participants at the conveniently selected Health Centers in Bole Sub-City; from August 01-30, 2020. The researchers selected the participants based on a simple random sampling method after applying for a pre-tested interviewer-administered questionnaire and secured for informed consent. All the statistical analyses were SPSS 22.0 software based. The authors used binary logistics regression to identify the presence and strength of association; with its respective 95%CI and p-value less than five percent as a significant level.

RESULTS

The overall level of good self-care practice among hypertensive patients was 53.0% (95% CI: 47.2-58.8%) whereas 61.4%, 63.8%, 92.7%, 82.7%, and 18% of the study participants were adherent to medication, good weight management, non-smokers, alcohol abstainers and physical activity consecutively. Being illiterate had 2.347 and 2.084 times higher odds of having had good self-care practice compared to secondary school and a diploma or above consecutively. Being a merchant, civil, and retired were associated with good self-care practice than being unemployed.

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

The study reported a lower level of self-care practice in the study settings. Educational level and occupation were factors identified for self-care practice. The authors recommended policymakers, healthcare workers, and researchers work on the identified factors of self-care practice of hypertensive participants in the study settings.

Adolopment of adult diabetes mellitus management guidelines for a Pakistani context: Methodology and challenges

Introduction

Pakistan has the highest national prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in the world. Most high-quality T2DM clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) used internationally originate from high-income countries in the West. Local T2DM CPGs in Pakistan are not backed by transparent methodologies. We aimed to produce comprehensive, high-quality CPGs for the management of adult DM in Pakistan.

Methods

We employed the GRADE-ADOLOPMENT approach utilizing the T2DM CPG of the American Diabetes Association (ADA) Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes - 2021 as the source CPG. Recommendations from the source guideline were either adopted as is, excluded, or adapted according to our local context.

Results

The source document contained 243 recommendations, 219 of which were adopted without change, 5 with minor changes, and 18 of which were excluded in the newly created Pakistani guidelines. One recommendation was adapted: the recommended age to begin screening all individuals for T2DM/pre-diabetes was lowered from 45 to 30 years, due to the higher prevalence of T2DM in younger Pakistanis. Exclusion of recommendations were primarily due to differences in the healthcare systems of Pakistan and the US, or the unavailability of certain drugs in Pakistan.

Conclusion

A CPG for the management of T2DM in Pakistan was created. Our newly developed guideline recommends earlier screening for T2DM in Pakistan, primarily due to the higher prevalence of T2DM amongst younger individuals in Pakistan. Moreover, the systematic methodology used is a significant improvement on pre-existing T2DM CPGs in Pakistan. Once these evidence based CGPs are officially published, their nationwide uptake should be top priority. Our findings also highlight the need for rigorous expanded research exploring the effectiveness of earlier screening for T2DM in Pakistan.

Prevalence of hypertension and other cardiovascular disease risk factors among university students from the National Polytechnic Institute of Côte d'Ivoire: A cross-sectional study

BACKGROUND

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the leading causes of death in the world, mainly occurring in low-and-middle income countries. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of hypertension and other cardiovascular risk factors among university students at a National Polytechnic Institute in Côte d'Ivoire.

METHODS

A cross-sectional study was conducted among students of the National Polytechnic Institute of Côte d'Ivoire. Sample was selected using a non-probabilistic convenient sampling method. Anthropometric measurements, blood pressure and capillary blood glucose were measured. A logistic regression model allowed to determine factors associated with hypertension.

RESULTS

A total of 2,030 students, 79.7% males and 20.3% females, with a median age of 20 years (IQR = [19-22]) participated in the study. On hypertension knowledge, 96.9% (n = 1,968) of students reported having heard of hypertension; salty foods were reported by more than a third as a cause of hypertension (n = 734; 37.3%), while 114 (5.8%) and 157 (8.0%) selected tobacco and alcohol as causes of hypertension, respectively. The overall prevalence of hypertension was 6.0%, higher in males (6.8%) compared to females (2.7%) (p < 0.001). As for CVD risk factors, 148 (7.3%) were overweight or obese; 44.0% of males and 36.6% of females reported alcohol consumption. In multivariate analysis, being a female (OR = 4.16; CI 95% = [1.96-9.09]; p<0.001), being 25 years old and older (OR = 3.34; CI 95% = [2.01-5.55]; p = 0.001), tobacco use (OR = 2.65; CI 95% = [1.41-4.96]; p = 0.002), being overweight or obese (OR = 3.75; CI 95% = [2.13-6.59]; p<0,001) and having abnormal waist circumference (OR = 6.24; CI 95% = [1.99-19.51]; p = 0.002) were significantly associated with high blood pressure.

CONCLUSION

CVD risk factors are prominent among young adults in Côte d'Ivoire. Appropriate behavioural health interventions promoting a healthy lifestyle for young adults should be urgently implemented for CVD burden reduction.

Determinants of Self-Care and Home-Based Management of Hypertension: An Integrative Review

Introduction

Patients with hypertension should perform diverse self-care activities that incorporate medication adherence and lifestyle modification, such as no smoking or alcohol, weight reduction, a low-salt diet, increased physical activity, increased self-monitoring, and stress reduction, for effective management at home.

Aim

This systematic review assessed and synthesized the factors that are associated with self-care and home-based management of hypertension.

Methods

The search of the articles incorporated the population, intervention, comparison, and outcome (PICO) framework. The literature was searched in four databases (PubMed, the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature [CINAHL], Embase, and Web of Science) until 2022. The articles retrieved and searched from the reference list (531) were transported to EndNote version 20, and duplicates (19) were identified and removed to produce 512 titles. Following the eventual title, abstracts, and full-text screening, 13 articles were appropriate for this study. The narrative and thematic data analysis were used to analyze and integrate the data.

Results

The analysis showed five themes were associated with home-based self-care and blood pressure (BP) control among patients diagnosed with hypertension. These themes that emerged were (1) the prevalence of control of BP, (2) sociodemographic factors, (3) treatment-related factors, (4) knowledge of management, and (5) knowledge of the prevention of risk factors of hypertension. The demographic factors influencing home-based self-care for hypertension were gender, age, and socioeconomic status. In contrast, the treatment factors were duration of hypertension treatment, medication burden, and medication adherence. Other factors that influenced self-care were inadequate knowledge of BP management, follow-up care, and risk factors of hypertension.

Conclusion

Hypertension self-care interventions must incorporate individual, societal, and cultural perspectives in increasing knowledge and improving home-based hypertension management. Therefore, well-designed clinical and community-dwelling interventions should integrate personal, social, and cultural perspectives to improve behavior in the home management of hypertension by increasing knowledge and self-efficacy.

Awareness, treatment, and practices of lifestyle modifications amongst diagnosed hypertensive patients attending the tertiary care hospital of Karachi: A cross-sectional study

Background

Methods

Results

Conclusion

•

Data regarding the awareness of lifestyle modifications in the general hypertensive population of Pakistan is scarce.

•

Out of 425 hypertensive patients, 70.7% had uncontrolled hypertension. Age and female gender were the only risk factors significantly associated with uncontrolled hypertension.

•

Most of the patients are on treatment and still not controlled, and thus could be considered under treatment. Interventions should be considered and implemented to potentially increase the control rates.

Lifestyle modification practices and associated factors among hypertensive patients at Gambella Hospital Southwest Ethiopia; 2019

Background

Hypertension is one of the leading causes of death in developed and developing countries that need urgent strategies to implement interventions. Appropriate lifestyle modification practices are the corner stone of the prevention and control.

Objective

To assess lifestyle modification practices and associated factors among hypertensive patients.

Methods

A facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted among hypertensive patients from 1 April to 30 April 2019. Simple random sampling was used to select the study subjects. Data were entered to EpiData 3.1 and exported to Statistical Package for Social Sciences, version 25.0, for analysis. A binary logistic regression analysis was performed to determine predictors of lifestyle modifications among hypertensive patients.

Results

The findings of this study revealed that the level of lifestyle modification practice was 79 (39.5%). This finding is very low, and it has a significant effect on the management of hypertensive disorders and hypertension-related acute and chronic complications. Ethnicity, family history of hypertension, and knowledge about hypertension were identified as predictors of lifestyle modification practice.

Conclusions

In this study, lifestyle modification practice is low (about 40%), but scientifically, almost all hypertensive patients on follow-up should practice lifestyle modification modalities.

Factors associated with positive attitude towards hypertension control in Hawassa city administration: Community based cross‐sectional study

Background and Aims

In low‐income countries where there is shortage of appropriate medical care to manage hypertension (HTN), understanding dynamics of communities' knowledge and attitude to prevent through lifestyle is crucial. Despite this fact, there was limited information on levels of awareness and attitude towards HTN and its prevention in the study setting. So, this study was conducted to assess level and factors associated with positive attitude in Hawassa city, Southern Ethiopia.

Methods

A community level study using cross‐sectional design was done in Hawassa city administration in 2017. Six hundred and twelve respondents were selected using a multi‐stage sampling technique. Knowledge and attitude were assessed using multiple questions and responses were categorized considering mean as cutoff points. Descriptive statistics and binary logistic regression analysis at 95% confidence interval (CI) were performed.

Results

The level of mean score of knowledge was 62.7% (SD = 22.2) [95% CI: 60.9–64.4] while that of attitude was 68.1% (SD = 8.8) [95% CI: 67.4–68.8]. Divorced/widowed respondents were 73% less likely to have positive attitude as compared to married respondents (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 95% CI: 0.27 [0.14–0.51], p‐<0.001). Respondents who attended primary, secondary and higher education were 2.84 times (AOR 95% CI: [1.48–5.42], p 0.002), 5.59 times (AOR 95% CI: [2.87–10.89], p‐<0.001) and 9.28 times (AOR 95% CI: [4.39–19.65], p‐<0.001) more likely to have positive attitude as compared to those who cannot read and write. Moreover, respondents who have good knowledge were 2.24 times (AOR 95% CI: [1.49–3.37], p‐<0.001) more likely to have positive attitude as compared with those who have poor knowledge.

Conclusion

The overall levels of knowledge and attitude related to HTN and its prevention were moderate but not adequate to bring lifestyle modifications required to prevent and control HTN. Health promotion activities should be strengthened to improve awareness and attitude that are pillars to bring lifestyle modification practices.

Adherence to Self-Care among Patients with Hypertension in Ethiopia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Background

Self-care adherence for hypertensive patients is a cornerstone for the control of it and prevention of its complications. However, there are inconsistent findings for self-care adherence of hypertensive patients in Ethiopia. Thus, this systematic review and meta-analysis was done to determine the pooled estimate self-care adherence.

Methods

This systematic review and meta-analysis was reported based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis guideline. An intensive search of online databases such as PubMed (MEDLINE), CINHAL, Google Scholar, and advanced Google search was made to access both published and unpublished articles that report self-care adherence among hypertensive patients in Ethiopia. The pooled estimate was done with STATA version 11 metan commands in a 95% confidence interval. The presence of heterogeneity and publication bias were detected by I² and Egger's test, respectively. A random-effect model was obtained, and subgroup analysis was done for the management of heterogeneity.

Result

A total of 24 articles with a total of 7224 participants were included in the final systematic review and meta-analysis. The pooled estimate of overall self-care adherence among hypertensive patients was 36.98% (95% CI: 27.13–46.83). In subgroup analysis, the highest overall self-care adherence was observed in the Amhara region at 53% (95% CI: 46.54, 59.47). The pooled estimate of self-care dimensions such as medication adherence, low-salt diet, physical activity, smoking abstinence, alcohol abstinence, and weight management was 62.71%, 65.96%, 47.28%, 92.53%, 67.59%, and 52.54%, respectively.

Conclusion

The pooled estimate of good self-care adherence among hypertensive patients was low. From the dimensions of self-care, the lowest level was in physical activity and the highest level was in smoking abstinence. Comparing all regions, the lowest level of overall self-care adherence was observed in Addis Ababa, Tigray region, and South Nations and Nationalities of Ethiopia. Screening of adherence to self-care and health education should be provided to every patient during every visit.

Lifestyle Modification Practice and Associated Factors Among Diagnosed Hypertensive Patients in Selected Hospitals in Central Gondar Zone

Background

Hypertension is one of the leading causes of disability and death in both developed and developing countries including Ethiopia. Non-communicable diseases account for 42% of deaths in Ethiopia. However, it is still widely undetected and poorly controlled. Hence, this study aims to assess the lifestyle modification practices and related factors of adult hypertensive patients in the central Gondar region of northwestern Ethiopia.

Methods

Institutional based, cross-sectional study was conducted from April 10 up to May 10, 2021. A simple random sampling was used to select 629 study participants. Data were collected by using self-administered and structured questionnaire. Data were entered to EpiData 4.6 and exported to SPSS 20 for further analysis. A multivariable logistic regression analysis was employed to identify the factors associated with lifestyle modification. Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) with 95% confidence interval was used to show the strength of association, while a P-value <.05 of was used to declare the significance of association.

Results

The overall prevalence of recommended lifestyle modification in hypertensive patients was 24.2% (95% CI (20.8, 27.5)). Age ⩾65 years (AOR = 0.59, 95% CI: 0.39, 0.88), no formal education (AOR = 0.65, 95% CI: 0.4, 0.97), diagnosis time is 5 to 10 years (AOR = 1.93, 95% CI: 1.11, 3.34), co morbidities (AOR = 0.47, 95% CI: 0.3, 0.73), and rich wealth index (AOR = 1.99, 95% CI: 1.22, 3.27) are is significantly associated with good lifestyle modification practices.

Conclusions

The practice of good lifestyle modifications in the study area was found to be low among the hypertensive patients. Respondents' age, education status, wealth index, duration of diagnosis, and co morbidities were found to be significant factors related to good lifestyle modification practices. Therefore, more attention should be paid to providing nutrition counseling and health promotion to improve the practice of lifestyle modification in patients with hypertension.

Self-care practice among adult hypertensive patients at ambulatory clinic of tertiary teaching Hospital in Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study

BACKGROUND

Globally, hypertension is a major public health problem and a strong predictor of cardiovascular disease complications. To reduce and prevent complications from hypertension, it is important to adapt self-care behaviors. This study aimed to assess the self-care practices of adult hypertensive patients at a tertiary teaching hospital in Ethiopia.

METHODS

A health facility-based prospective cross-sectional study was conducted at Jimma Medical Center in Ethiopia between February 2021 and July 2021. Binary and logistic regression was performed to assess the strength of associations between independent and dependent variables. Data entry and analysis were done using Statistical Package for social science (SPSS) software version 22.0. A p-value < 0.05 was considered to declare statistical significance.

RESULTS

From a total of 422 respondents included to the study, male accounted 55.7% and the mean ± SD age of the respondents was 58.7 ± 9.75 years. About 53.1% of patients had poor self-care practices toward hypertension. Not attending formal education [AOR = 2.15; 95% CI (1.74, 6.39); p ≤ 0.001], uncontrolled blood pressure [AOR = 2.14 95% CI (1.27, 3.61); p = 0.003], chronic disease co-morbidity [AOR = 1.48; 95% CI (0.25, 7.73); p ≤ 0.001], unfavorable attitude toward hypertension[AOR = 3.13; 95% CI (1.95, 7.52); p ≤ 0.001], and poor social support [AOR = 2.75; 95% CI (1.45, 6.43); p ≤ 0.001] were independent predictors of poor self-care practice.

CONCLUSION

The level of self-care practices for hypertension in the study area was low. In particular, the level of adherence to the DASH diet, exercise, and weight control was very low. Patient-specific targeted interventions are required to improve self-care practices for hypertension.

A comparative study on the health-promoting behaviors of patients with and without hypertensive heart disease in Iran

BACKGROUND

Health-promoting behaviors can affect the psychological and physical consequences of hypertension. For the prevention and control of hypertension, lifestyle modification has been recommended. This study aimed to investigate the health-promoting behaviors of patients with hypertensive heart disease in Iran and compare them with those of healthy people.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This was a descriptive comparative study with cross-sectional design. Participants were 141 patients with hypertensive heart disease (mean age = 39 ± 10.2 years) referred to the cardiac clinic of Madani Hospital in Khorramabad, Iran, and 141 healthy people selected from those referred to the hospital. The Persian version of the revised Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile-II (HPLP-II) was used to evaluate the health-promoting behaviors of participants. After collecting data, they were analyzed in SPSS v. 22 software using descriptive statistics and statistical tests including independent t-test and one-way ANOVA.

RESULTS

The overall HPLP-II score was 142.34 ± 30.48 in patients and 150.52 ± 37.07 in controls. The highest and lowest HPLP-II dimension scores in both groups were related to health responsibility and stress management dimensions. There was a significant difference between groups only in dimensions of nutrition (P = 0.017) and physical activity (P = 0.016), and in the overall score (P = 0.044), whose scores were lower in patients compared to controls. The difference in HPLP-II score of patients with different demographic characteristics (marital status, place of residence, gender, age, educational level, and occupation) was not statistically significant.

CONCLUSION

Patients with heart disease caused by high blood pressure in Iran have poorer diet and physical activity compared to healthy people. Educational interventions with a focus on the importance of dietary regime and exercise are recommended for them.

Knowledge, attitude and practice of people with HIV regarding a healthy lifestyle: clinical trial

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of an educational booklet on the knowledge, attitude and practice of a healthy lifestyle in people with HIV. Methods: Randomized clinical trial with 75 intervention group patients using the booklet, and 75 control group patients undergoing usual service care. Data collection occurred in four moments, with a Survey pertaining Knowledge, Attitude and Practice. Nonparametric analysis of variance of repeated measures was used. Results: 70 participants in the intervention group and 74 in the control group completed the study. In terms of knowledge, there was no difference between groups, the booklet impact came late, increasing after reassessments. In attitudes, there was a difference between groups in the two- and four-month reassessments compared to the baseline. In practices, there was a difference in the intervention group compared to the control group at two, four, and six months compared to baseline. Conclusion: The booklet was effective in improving healthy lifestyle knowledge, attitudes, and practices in people with HIV.

Adherence to lifestyle modifications and its associated factors in hypertensive patients

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

To find out the adherence to lifestyle modifications and its associated factors in hypertensive patients.

BACKGROUND

Low adherence to lifestyle modifications leads to poor therapeutic effectiveness, decreased quality of life, poor health outcomes and increased health care costs. Various factors play an important role in determining the adherence level varying among the different cultural, social and national contexts.

DESIGN

A cross-sectional analytical research design was carried out.

METHODS

Information from 264 patients with hypertension was collected at the Outpatient Department of Manmohan Cardiothoracic, Vascular and Transplant Center, Kathmandu. A standard tool of WHO Steps Survey Questionnaire and Hypertension Fact Questionnaire was used for data collection. Chi-square test and binary logistic regression were used for analysis using SPSS 16.

RESULT

The overall adherence to lifestyle modifications was determined as 20.8% with the adherence rate being lowest up to 30.3% for adequate intake of fruits and vegetables. Likewise, 52.5% of patients had average knowledge of hypertension management. Age (p = .021), education (p = .001), occupation(p = .026), household income (p = .007) and family history(p = .011) had statistically significant association with the level of adherence. Younger age (AOR = 1.85 CI = 0.79-4.33) remained as the independent predictor of high adherence to lifestyle modifications. The study followed the STROBE checklist for reporting cross-sectional study.

CONCLUSION

This study identified that adherence to lifestyle modification is low in older patients. More effective lifestyle modification counselling and educational approaches focusing on the older age groups as well as considering educational level, occupation, family income and family history of hypertension are required to improve their level of adherence.

RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE

Nurses are frequently acquainted with the hypertensive patients in hospitals where they need to provide health teaching on lifestyle modifications. This study identifies the factors that need to be considered while counselling the hypertensive patients.

Self-Care Practice and Associated Factors among Hypertensive Patients in Debre Tabor Referral Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia, 2020

Background

Hypertension prevalence is continuously rising and is projected to be 1.56 billion cases by the year 2025. Despite the great progress made in the treatment of hypertension, many patients still do not achieve optimal results and experience devastating complications due to uncontrolled high blood pressure.

Objective

The aim of this study is to assess self-care practice and associated factors among hypertensive patients.

Methods

An institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted at Debre Tabor Referral Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia, from October to November 2020. A single population proportion formula and systematic random sampling technique was used to recruit 392 study participants. The data were entered to Epi-Info software version 7.1 and then exported to SPSS version 23 for analysis. A descriptive statistic was expressed as percentage, frequency, and mean. Finally, multivariable logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with dependent variable using a p value of <0.05.

Results

A total 392 eligible hypertensive patients participated in the study. The self-care practice among hypertension patients was found to be 54.1%. Urban residency (AOR = 2.17; 95% CI, 1.2-3.9), social support (AOR = 2.12; 95% CI, 1.13-3.39), good knowledge (AOR = 1.83; 95% CI, 1.15-2.91), age between 40 and 64 (AOR = 3.15; 95% CI, 1.19-8.3), age ≥65 (AOR = 3.81; 95% CI, 1.35-10.7), and stress control (AOR = 1.6; 95% CI, 1.06-2.67) were predictors of hypertension self-care practice. Conclusion and Recommendation. The study revealed that almost one out of two hypertension patients had good hypertension self-care practice. Good social support, age greater than 40 years, urban residency, good basic knowledge, and having stress control were positively associated with hypertensive self-care practice.

Knowledge, Prevention Practice and Associated Factors of Stroke Among Hypertensive and Diabetic Patients - A Systematic Review

INTRODUCTION

Because of the inadequate level of public awareness of the disease, the incidence of stroke has been sharply rising. Eventually, due to the prehospital delay, many stroke cases could not be eligible for thrombolysis thereby poor rehabilitative outcome has been tremendously increased. Thus, this study aimed to review the level of knowledge, prevention practice, and associated factors of stroke among hypertensive and diabetic patients.

METHODS

A systematic review of primarily published articles (2010-2020) related to knowledge and prevention practices of stroke was performed by searching online electronic databases like PubMed, Google Scholar, Refseek, Science direct, ResearchGate, and manual Google search by using the keywords and MeSH terms. Studies conducted on knowledge and prevention practices amongst hypertensive and/or diabetic patients were included.

RESULTS

Out of 531 searched studies, 42 articles were identified to be reviewed. The reported overall knowledge of stroke was ranging from 4.4% to 79%. Knowledge to the signs/symptoms of stroke was 23.6% to 87%. However, 15% to 77% of subjects were also reported that they did not know any sign of stroke. The range of risk factor knowledge was 10.5% to 86.6%. The reported level of stroke prevention practice was 2.4% to 72% but physical activity and weight reduction practice were relatively low. Inadequate level of knowledge and prevention practice of stroke was related to elderly, female gender, uneducated, unmarried, rural residents, economically low, comorbidity and unemployed individuals.

CONCLUSION

The current finding revealed that the level of knowledge and prevention practice of stroke was inadequate. Hence, the finding highlights health educational programs should be planned as an important avenue to enhance stroke awareness among the high-risk populations.

Magnitude of spontaneous preterm birth and its associated factors among preterm birth in NICU wards in Asella Teaching and Referral Hospital, Asella, Oromia, Ethiopia

Objective

To assess the prevalence of spontaneous preterm births and to identify the associated risk factors.

Methods

This single-centre cross-sectional study enrolled women that experienced a preterm birth as registered on the neonatal log-book between 30 December 2019 and 30 December 2020. A pre-tested structured checklist was used to collect data (sociodemographic characteristics; obstetric-related factors; medical history; and pregnancy-related factors). Bivariate logistic regression analyses were applied to identify factors associated with spontaneous preterm birth. A multivariate model identified significant independent risk factors.

Results

A total of 310 patients participated in the study. The prevalence of spontaneous preterm birth in this population was 67.1% (208 of 310; 95% confidence interval [CI] 61.5, 71.9). Patients without a partner (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.470, 95% CI 1.23, 4.42), patients residing in a rural area (AOR = 2.51, 95% CI 1.123, 5.513) and those with a history of PIH during their current pregnancy (AOR = 0.104, 95% CI 0.053, 0.014) were significantly more likely to have a spontaneous preterm birth.

Conclusion

The prevalence of spontaneous preterm birth in in this study was high. Healthcare providers and all stakeholders should focus on screening pregnant women at the risk of spontaneous preterm birth.

Self-care practice among hypertensive patients in Ethiopia: systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

In high-income and low-income countries, including Ethiopia, hypertension (HTN) is a serious public health concern. As a consequence, a massive self-care practice (SCP) is necessary, and the domains of SCP, including adherence to medication, physical activity, weight management, low-salt diet, non-smoking, moderate alcohol usage, and dietary management, are required. However, there is no nationwide study on HTN SCPs in Ethiopia. This meta-analysis, therefore, aimed to estimate the pooled level of HCP among individuals living with HTN in Ethiopia.

METHODS

The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis guideline was used to report this systematic review and meta-analysis. We systematically searched the databases PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, Google Scholar and Science Direct for studies conducted in Ethiopia. All observational studies published until July 2020 were included. Data were analysed using R V.3.5.3 software, and the pooled prevalence with 95% CIs was presented using tables and forest plots. The presence of statistical heterogeneity (I ²) within the included studies was evaluated. We used a funnel plot to identify evidence of publication bias. The random-effects meta-analysis model was employed to estimate the pooled proportion of good HTN SCPs.This was submitted for registration with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews in March 2020 and accepted with the registration number CRD42020175743 (https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO).

RESULTS

Our search databases produced 356 papers. Twelve of these papers fulfilled the inclusion and were found suitable for the review. The total population in this study was 3938. Off these hypertensive populations, 44% (95% CI 34 to 53) had good SCP. The subgroup analysis for each component of SCP was done. The subgroup analysis of good adherence to low-salt diet, alcohol abstinence, medication adherence, non-smoking, physical exercise and weight management was 52% (95% CI 39% to 66%), 77% (95% CI 69% to 88%), 65% (95% CI 45% to 85%), 92% (95% CI 88% to 95%), 43% (95% CI 30% to 56%) and 51% (95% CI 32% to 69%), respectively. In conclusion, nearly half of patients with HTN had good SCPs.

Factors affecting adherence to lifestyle modification among patients with hypertension at Yekatit 12 Hospital Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2019

Introduction:

Adherence to lifestyle modification in addition to medication adherence is very important in preventing complications. Nevertheless, lifestyle modification guidelines are not widely followed by patients with hypertension. The objective of the study was to explore the predictors of compliance with lifestyle modification among patients with hypertension at Yekatit 12 Hospital Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2019.

Method:

A descriptive cross-sectional study design was used. A total of 384 patients with hypertension were included in this study. A systematic sampling method was used to select study participants. The data were collected through an interview method by using a structured questionnaire. The data were entered and analyzed using SPSS. Each variable was summarized using summary statistics. To measure the association between lifestyle modification and its predictors, a bivariate and multivariate logistic regression model was used. P-value < 0.05, odds ratio (OR), and 95% confidence interval (CI) were used to determine statistical significance, direction, and strength of association.

Results:

Two hundred six (53.6%) patients with hypertension had poor adherence to the recommended lifestyle modification. Male patients with hypertension were more adherent to lifestyle modification compared with female patients (adjusted OR (AOR) = 0.60, 95% CI: 0.39–0.92). The rate of poor adherence was 1.86 times higher among patients with hypertension diagnosis of <5 years compared with patients with hypertension diagnosis of ⩾5 years(AOR = 1.86, 95% CI: 1.19–2.89). Patients who were adherent to their medication were 2.13 times to have poor adherence to lifestyle modification compared with medication non-adherent patients (AOR = 2.13, 95% CI: 1.38–3.27).

Conclusion:

High proportions of patients with hypertension were non-adherent to lifestyle modification. Sex, age, duration of the disease, and medication adherence were significantly associated with lifestyle modification adherence. Close follow-up of female patients, the elderly, and patients with a short duration of hypertension is recommended.

Self-Care Practice and Associated Factors among Hypertensive Patients in Ethiopia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

BACKGROUND

Hypertension is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in developing countries including Ethiopia. Self-care practice has been provided as one of the most important preventive mechanisms of hypertension and is considered as a basic treatment for hypertension. There is no national-level study that assesses hypertensive self-care practice in Ethiopia. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the pooled level of hypertensive self-care practices and associated factors in Ethiopia.

METHODS

This study was carried out using published and unpublished articles accessed from databases: PubMed/MEDLINE, HENARI, Google Scholar, Web of Science, Scopus, African Journals, and university repositories. Data were extracted using a standard data extraction format. Data analysis was carried out using STATA version 11. Heterogeneity across the included studies was assessed using Cochrane's Q statistics and I 2 test with its corresponding p values. Publication bias was determined using Egger's test and presented with a funnel plot. The pooled level of hypertensive self-care practice was estimated using a random-effects meta-analysis model.

RESULTS

This systematic review included 17 cross-sectional studies with 5,248 study participants. The overall pooled level of self-care practice among hypertensive patients in Ethiopia was 41.55% (95% CI 33.06, 50.05). Participant formal education (AOR = 2.82; 95% CI 2.18, 3.64) and good knowledge of hypertension (AOR = 4.04; 95% CI 2.19, 7.44) were significantly associated with self-care practice among hypertensive patients in Ethiopia.

CONCLUSION

In this study, more than half of hypertensive patients had poor hypertensive self-care practice in Ethiopia. Participant's formal education and good knowledge of hypertension were significantly associated with self-care practice among people living with hypertension in Ethiopia. Therefore, based on the evidence of this study, we recommended that programmers and policymakers should enhance the awareness of hypertensive patients on self-care practice domains and strengthen local programs working on noncommunicable diseases.

Self-care practice and associated factors among hypertensive patients in public health facilities in Harar Town, Eastern Ethiopia: A cross-sectional study

Background:

Self-care practice is the activity that a hypertensive patient undertakes intending to improve their health. Poor self-care practice leads to uncontrolled hypertension. Therefore, strategies designed to prevent and control hypertension-related death, disability, and morbidity should consider the level of the patient’s self-care practice and risk factors. This study assessed self-care practice and associated factors among hypertensive patients in public health facilities of Harar Town in eastern Ethiopia.

Method:

An institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 398 randomly selected hypertensive patients from 25 March 2019 to 16 April 2019. Pretested structured questionnaires adapted from validated tools were used to collect data from participants using electronic Open Data Kit software through face-to-face exit interview. Data were analyzed by SPSS version 24. Bivariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were conducted to identify factors associated with self-care practice. Adjusted odds ratio with 95% confidence interval was used to report association and the significance was declared at p-value < 0.05.

Results:

Level of good self-care practice was 29.9% (95% confidence interval: 25.3% and 34.7%). Age ⩾ 60 years (adjusted odds ratio = 3.4, 95% confidence interval: 1.2 and 9.3), formal education (adjusted odds ratio = 2.3, 95% confidence interval: 1.3 and 4.2), absence of comorbidities (adjusted odds ratio = 1.8, 95% confidence interval: 1.1 and 3.1), adequate knowledge about hypertension (adjusted odds ratio = 4.7, 95% confidence interval: 2.5 and 8.8), good social support (adjusted odds ratio = 2.7, 95% confidence interval: 1.6 and 4.7), and being khat abstainer (adjusted odds ratio = 1.9, 95% confidence interval: 1.1 and 3.5) were significantly associated with good self-care practice.

Conclusion:

The prevalence of good self-care practice was low. In this study, good self-care practice was significantly associated with age, formal education, comorbidities, knowledge about hypertension, social support, and current khat chewing condition. Regular check-up and follow-up of patients’ compliance with self-management protocol, and more emphasis should be given to identify factors that potentially impeding patients’ adherence to hypertension self-management protocol.

Adherence to Lifestyle Modifications and Associated Factors Among Adult Hypertensive Patients Attending Chronic Follow-Up Units of Dessie Referral Hospital, North East Ethiopia, 2020

Background

Hypertension is a major health problem throughout the world which affects over one billion people due to severe complications and inadequate control. Even though lifestyle modification is one of the most effective ways to prevent and control hypertension, only little emphasis has been given for it compared with treating hypertension with medication. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess adherence to lifestyle modifications and associated factors among hypertensive patients attending Dessie referral hospital.

Materials and Methods

Institutional-based cross-sectional study design was conducted among 301 hypertensive patients during May and June, 2020. The study participants were selected with a convenient sampling technique due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Data were collected using pre-tested and structured face to face interviewer-administered questionnaire and checked, cleaned and entered into Epi data version 4.4 and exported to SPSS version 25.0 software for analysis. The associations between independent variables and dependent variable were analyzed using binary logistic regression models.

Results

A total of 301 respondents participated in the study yielding a response of 100%. The overall adherence in this study was only 23.6%. Independent predictors of adherence to lifestyle modifications were divorced (AOR=0.35; 95% CI (0.13–0.94)) and widowed (AOR=0.27; 95% CI (0.10–0.75)), secondary school education (AOR=4.85; 95% CI (1.54–15.22)), no regular income (AOR=0.22; 95% CI (0.08–0.65)) or monthly income of ≥3000 ETB (AOR=5.58; 95% CI (2.46–12.66)), having co-morbidities (AOR=2.37; CI (1.23–4.57)), good knowledge about the disease (AOR=1.83; CI (0.92–3.65)) and good self-efficacy (AOR=3.64; CI (1.75–7.55)).

Conclusion and Recommendations

The overall adherence to recommended lifestyle modifications was very low. The independent predictors were marital status, educational level, monthly income, having co-morbidities, knowledge and self-efficacy. Therefore, multifaceted and collaborative implementation of strategies about lifestyle modifications for hypertension prevention and control are needed to address barriers at the patient, provider, system and community levels.

Knowledge, attitude and practice of lifestyle modification recommended for hypertension management and the associated factors among adult hypertensive patients in Harar, Eastern Ethiopia

Introduction:

Hypertension is an overwhelming global challenge. Appropriate lifestyle modifications are the cornerstone for the prevention and control of hypertension. In this regard, lack of knowledge and poor attitude toward lifestyle modification have been a major setback.

Objective:

To assess knowledge, attitude and practice of lifestyle modification recommended for hypertension management and the associated factors among adult hypertensive patients in Harar, Eastern Ethiopia.

Methods:

Hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 274 hypertensive patients in Hiwot Fana Specialized University Hospital, from 1 March to 30 May 2019. The pre-tested structured questionnaire was used, and the data were collected through an interview. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 20. A multivariate logistic regression model was fitted to determine independent predictors of knowledge and practice of lifestyle modifications among hypertensive patients. Adjusted odds ratio (AOR) at 95% confidence interval (CI) was used for predicting the independent effect of each variable on the outcome variables.

Results:

From the total participants, 200 (73.0%) of participants had good knowledge, 182 (66.4%) had favorable attitude and 136 (49.6%) had good practice on lifestyle modification recommended for hypertension management. Regarding factors associated with lifestyle modification, being in age range of 46–64 years (AOR: 4.08, 95% CI: 1.14–14.56); having formal education (AOR: 3.93, 95% CI: 1.27–12.23); being government employee (AOR: 8.06, 95% CI: 1.40–46.32) and being housewives (AOR: 5.10, 95% CI: 1.26–20.79) were factors significantly associated with good knowledge of lifestyle modification, However, favorable attitude was found to be the only factor associated with good practice of lifestyle modification (AOR: 9.20, 95% CI: 2.60–32.24).

Conclusion:

In the current study, knowledge and attitude toward lifestyle modification recommended for hypertension management was fairly good but practice level was poor. Concerted strategies are required to increase the knowledge, attitude and practice of the lifestyle modification measures in this population group.

Patients' knowledge on cardiovascular risk factors and associated lifestyle behaviour in Ethiopia in 2018: A cross-sectional study

BACKGROUND

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is posing a major public health challenge globally. Evidence reports significant gaps in knowledge of cardiovascular risk factors among patients with CVD. Despite the growing burden of cardiovascular disease in developing countries, there is limited data available to improve the awareness of this area, which is crucial for the implementation of prevention programs.

METHODS

A cross-sectional survey was conducted in two referral hospitals in Eastern Ethiopia from June-September 2018. Outpatients with a confirmed diagnosis cardiovascular conditions were eligible for participation in the study. A convenience sampling technique was used. The primary outcome of the study was knowledge of cardiovascular risk factors among patients with cardiovascular disease. The knowledge of cardiovascular disease risk factors was measured using a validated instrument (heart disease fact questionnaire). A score less than 70% was defined as suboptimal knowledge. Multivariable linear regression was used to examine the relationship between knowledge of cardiovascular risk factors and explanatory variables.

RESULTS

A total of 287 patients were enrolled in the study. Mean age was 47±11yrs and 56.4% of patients were females. More than half of patients (54%) had good knowledge on cardiovascular risk factors (scored>70%), whilst 46% demonstrated suboptimal knowledge levels in this area. Urban residency was associated with higher cardiovascular risk factors knowledge scores, whereas, never married and no formal education or lower education were identified as predictors of lower knowledge scores. There was no statistically significant association between knowledge of cardiovascular risk factors and actual cumulative risk behaviour.

CONCLUSION

Almost half of CVD patients in Ethiopia have suboptimal knowledge regarding cardiovascular risk factors. Residence, education level and marital status were associated with knowledge of cardiovascular risk factors. Implementation of innovative interventions and structured, nurse-led lifestyle counselling would be required to effectively guide patients in developing lifestyle modification and achieve sustainable behaviour change.

Knowledge and Associated Factors of Blood Pressure Control Among Hypertensive Patients Attending Chronic Illness Follow-Up Clinic at University of Gondar, Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Northwest, Ethiopia

Introduction

As hypertension is a chronic cardiovascular disease that contributes to a high proportion of morbidity and mortality worldwide, favorable knowledge is crucial to control it.

Objective

The objective of this study was thus to assess knowledge and associated factors of blood pressure control among hypertensive patients at the chronic illness follow-up Clinic of the University of Gondar comprehensive-specialized hospital, Gondar, Ethiopia.

Methods

An institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted from March to April 2018. A systematic random sampling technique was used to select participants. Bi-variable and multivariable logistic regressions were done to assess the relationship between dependent and independent variables. The adjusted odds ratio with a 95% confidence interval was used to determine the presence and strength of association between covariates and the outcome variable.

Results

A total of 404 participants took part in the study with a response rate of 97.3%. The overall good knowledge about blood pressure control was 51.7% (95% CI=46.3-56.8). Females were 3.79 (AOR= 3.79, 95% CI: (1.55, 9.28)) more knowledgeable about blood pressure control than males. In the multivariable analysis, the odds of being knowledgeable were 2.80 (AOR= 2.80, 95% CI (1.44, 5.46)), 8.05 (AOR=8.05, 95% CI (2.93, 22.10)), and 7.53 (AOR=7.53, 95% CI (2.52, 22.49)) for can read and write, secondary, preparatory and above education, respectively, compared to cannot read and write. Occupation was significantly associated with the knowledge of plod pressure control. For example, merchants 7.66 (AOR=7.66, 95% CI (3.01, 19.47)), government employee 6.33 (AOR=6.33, 95% CI (1.90, 22.07)), and self-employed 4.58 (AOR=4.58, 95% CI (1.80, 11.70)) times more likely to be knowledgeable than farmers, respectively. Participants with family history of hypertension were 2.36 (AOR=2.36, 95% CI (1.42, 3.92)) times more knowledgeable than their counterparts.

Conclusion

In this study, knowledge of blood pressure control was lower compared to the finding of a study done at Bishoftu hospital, Ethiopia. But it is higher than studies in other African countries. Both pharmacological and non-pharmacological awareness is vital for blood pressure control.

Self-care practices and associated factors among adult hypertensive patients in Ayder Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Tigray, Ethiopia, 2018

OBJECTIVES

To assess self-care practices and associated factors among hypertensive patients in Ayder Comprehensive Specialized Hospital 2017/2018.

RESULT

Good self-care practice was found only among 20.3% of respondents. Adherence to not smoking, anti-hypertensive medication, alcohol abstinence, dietary management, physical exercise and weight management was found to be 99.1%, 74.10%, 67.20%, 63.10%, 49.4% and 40.6% respectively. Sex (AOR = 2.254, 95% CI 1.092-4.653), age (AOR = 3.265, 95% CI 1.030-10.355), educational status (AOR = 4.205, 95% CI 1.304-13.559), disease duration (AOR = 3.124, 95% CI 1.204-8.105), BP status (AOR = 2.728, 95% CI 1.256-5.926) and knowledge (AOR = 6.196, 95% CI 2.906-13.214) showed significant statistical association with self-care practice.

Current status of pulmonary arterial hypertension in Korea

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is characterized by remodeling of the distal pulmonary arteries resulting in high pulmonary vascular resistance and, eventually, right ventricular heart failure. Although current advances in PAH therapy have improved outcomes, poor survival remains a reality worldwide, including Korea. One of the most important issues in PAH is the late diagnosis, since screening or diagnostic efforts are often overlooked due to the rarity of disease. Data from Korean registries and observational cohorts show that delayed detection leads to increased morbidity. Additionally, low percentages of Korean patients are committed to intensive PAH-targeted therapy. Current Korean health insurance policies' lack of coverage for new PAH-targeted drugs and upfront combination therapy may also hamper the improvement of treatment outcomes. Understanding individual variability in response to therapeutics through deep phenotyping is a novel strategy that should be considered when treating PAH. Overall, early detection of PAH by proactive screening together with early, intensive, individualized PAH therapy using deep phenotyping is crucial for improving prognoses for PAH patients in Korea.

Practice and predictors of self-care behaviors among ambulatory patients with hypertension in Ethiopia

BACKGROUND

Despite the benefits of evidence-based self-care behaviors in the management of hypertension, hypertensive patients have low rate of adherence to the recommended self-care behaviors. Studies related to self-care behaviors among hypertensive patients are limited in Ethiopia.

OBJECTIVE

To assess the rate of adherence to self-care behaviors and associated factors among hypertensive patients.

METHOD

A cross-sectional study was conducted at the cardiac clinic of Ayder comprehensive specialized hospital among ambulatory hypertensive patients. Self-care behaviors were assessed using an adopted Hypertension Self-Care Activity Level Effects (H-SCALE). Data were collected through patient interview and review of medical records. Binary logistic regression analysis was performed to identify predictors of self-care behaviors.

RESULT

A total of 276 patients were included in the study. The majority of the participants were nonsmokers (89.9%) and alcohol abstainers (68.8%). Less than half of the participants were adherent to the prescribed antihypertensive medications (48.2%) and recommended physical activity level (44.9%). Moreover, only 21.45% and 29% were adherent to weight management and low salt diet recommendations, respectively. Our finding indicated that rural resident (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 0.45, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.21-0.97), comorbidity (AOR: 0.16, 95% CI: 0.08-0.31), and negative medication belief (AOR: 0.25, 95% CI: 0.14-0.46) were significantly associated with medication adherence. Female sex (AOR: 0.46, 95% CI: 0.23-0.92), old age (AOR: 0.19, 95% CI: 0.06-0.60) and lack of knowledge on self-care behaviors (AOR: 0.13, 95% CI: 0.03-0.57) were significantly associated with adherence to weight management. Female sex (AOR: 1.97, 95% CI: 1.03-3.75) and lack of knowledge on self-care (AOR: 0.07, 95% CI: 0.03-0.16) were significantly associated with adherence to alcohol abstinence. Female sex (AOR: 6.33, 95% CI: 1.80-22.31) and khat chewing (AOR: 0.08, 95% CI: 0.03-0.24) were significantly associated with non-smoking behavior. There was also a significant association between female sex and physical activity (AOR: 0.22, 95% CI: 0.12-0.40).

CONCLUSION

The rate of adherence to self-care behaviors particularly weight management, low salt intake, physical exercise, and medication intake was low in our study. Elders, females, khat chewers, rural residents, and patients with negative medication belief, comorbidity, and inadequate knowledge of SCBs were less adherent to self-care behaviors compared to their counterparts. Therefore, health care providers should pay more emphasis to patients at risk of having low self-care behaviors.

Knowledge, attitude and practice regarding hypertension among residents in a housing area in Selangor, Malaysia

Background and aims

Hypertension is becoming a global epidemic and threat to the world population. This cross-sectional study was carried out at a housing area in Selangor, Malaysia to study the knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) regarding hypertension among the residents.

Methods

A total of 110 respondents aged 18 years old and above were selected by convenience sampling. Data was collected using a structured interviewer-guided questionnaire with Likert-scale choices of answers.

Results

All respondents were Malay with the mean age of 41 years [Standard Deviation (SD)=11.828]. The total mean and SD of knowledge, attitude and practice scores were 74.33 (SD=6.25), 44.22 (SD=5.05) and 27.55 (SD=2.86), respectively. There were significant positive correlations between knowledge with attitude (r=+0.393; p<0.001) and practice (r=+0.378; p<0.001). However, there was no significant correlation between attitude and practice (r=+0.120; p=0.212). There were significant fair positive correlations between age with knowledge (r=+0.402; p<0.001), attitude (r=+0.265; p=0.005) and practice (r=+0.337; p<0.001) regarding hypertension. Meanwhile, gender, educational level, employment status and family history had no significant association with knowledge, attitude and practice regarding hypertension.

Conclusion

This study revealed that KAP regarding hypertension were associated with age, but not with other socio-demographic characteristics studied. The awareness, prevention and control programs of hypertension in their community should be increased, so that the residents could enjoy and maintain the healthy lifestyle.