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Cui FB, Lv X, Yan CL, Eng WS, Yu SY, Zheng QH. Development and application of a fully automatic multi-function cassette module Mortenon M1 for radiopharmaceutical synthesis. Ann Nucl Med 2024; 38:247-263. [PMID: 38145430 DOI: 10.1007/s12149-023-01893-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Functions of existing automatic module systems for synthesis of radiopharmaceuticals mainly focus on the radiolabeling of small molecules. There are few modules which have achieved full-automatic radiolabeling of non-metallic and metallic nuclides on small molecules, peptides, and antibody drugs. This study aimed to develop and test a full-automatic multifunctional module system for the safe, stable, and efficient production of radiopharmaceuticals. METHODS According to characteristics of labeling process of radioactive drugs, using UG and Solidworks softwares, full-automatic cassette-based synthesis module system Mortenon M1 for synthesis of radiopharmaceuticals with various radionuclides, was designed and tested. Mortenon M1 has at least three significant highlights: the cassettes are disposable, and there is no need of manual cleaning; the synthesis method program is flexible and can be edited freely by users according to special needs; this module system is suitable for radiolabeling of both small-molecule and macromolecular drugs, with potentially various radionuclides including 18F, 64Cu, 68Ga, 89Zr, 177Lu, etc. By program control methods for certain drugs, Mortenon M1 was used for radiolabeling of both small-molecule drugs such as [68Ga]-FAPI-46 and macromolecular drugs such as [89Zr]-TROP2 antibody. Quality control assays for product purity were performed with radio-iTLC and radio-HPLC, and the radiotracers were confirmed for application in microPET imaging in xenograft tumor-bearing mouse models. RESULTS Functional tests for Mortenon M1 module system were conducted, with [68Ga]-FAPI-46 and [89Zr]-TROP2 antibody as goal synthetic products, and it displayed that with the cassette modules, the preset goals could be achieved successfully. The radiolabeling synthesis yield was good ([68Ga]-FAPI-46, 70.63% ± 2.85%, n = 10; [89Zr]-TROP2, 82.31% ± 3.92%, n = 10), and the radiochemical purity via radio-iTLC assay of the radiolabeled products was above 99% after purification. MicroPET imaging results showed that the radiolabeled tracers had reasonable radioactive distribution in MDA-MB-231 and SNU-620 xenograft tumor-bearing mice, and the tumor targeted radiouptake was satisfactory for diagnosis. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that the full-automatic module system Mortenon M1 is efficient for radiolabeling synthesis of both small-molecule and macromolecular substrates. It may be helpful to reduce radiation exposure for safety, provide qualified radiolabeled products and reliable PET diagnosis, and ensure stable production and supply of radiopharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Bo Cui
- Department of Oncology, The People's Hospital of Ma Anshan, Ma Anshan, 243000, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuan Lv
- Norroy Bioscience Co., Ltd, Building 2, Lihu Business Park, Zhongbang MOHO, Huize Road, Binhu District, Wuxi, 214000, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng-Long Yan
- Norroy Bioscience Co., Ltd, Building 2, Lihu Business Park, Zhongbang MOHO, Huize Road, Binhu District, Wuxi, 214000, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Wai-Si Eng
- Norroy Bioscience Co., Ltd, Building 2, Lihu Business Park, Zhongbang MOHO, Huize Road, Binhu District, Wuxi, 214000, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Shan-You Yu
- Norroy Bioscience Co., Ltd, Building 2, Lihu Business Park, Zhongbang MOHO, Huize Road, Binhu District, Wuxi, 214000, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qi-Huang Zheng
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1345 West 16th Street, Room 112, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
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Bansode AH, Damuka N, Bashetti N, Gollapelli KK, Krizan I, Bhoopal B, Miller M, Jv SK, Whitlow CT, McClain D, Ma T, Jorgensen MJ, Solingapuram Sai KK. First GPR119 PET Imaging Ligand: Synthesis, Radiochemistry, and Preliminary Evaluations. J Med Chem 2023; 66:9120-9129. [PMID: 37315328 PMCID: PMC10999001 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptor 119 (GPR119) has emerged as a promising target for treating type 2 diabetes mellitus. Activating GPR119 improves glucose homeostasis, while suppressing appetite and weight gain. Measuring GPR119 levels in vivo could significantly advance GPR119-based drug development strategies including target engagement, occupancy, and distribution studies. To date, no positron emission tomography (PET) ligands are available to image GPR119. In this paper, we report the synthesis, radiolabeling, and preliminary biological evaluations of a novel PET radiotracer [18F]KSS3 to image GPR119. PET imaging will provide information on GPR119 changes with diabetic glycemic loads and the efficacy of GPR119 agonists as antidiabetic drugs. Our results demonstrate [18F]KSS3's high radiochemical purity, specific activity, cellular uptake, and in vivo and ex vivo uptake in pancreas, liver, and gut regions, with high GPR119 expression. Cell pretreatment with nonradioactive KSS3, rodent PET imaging, biodistribution, and autoradiography studies showed significant blocking in the pancreas showing [18F]KSS3's high specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinash H Bansode
- Department of Radiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, United States
| | - Naresh Damuka
- Department of Radiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, United States
| | - Nagaraju Bashetti
- Department of Chemistry, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Vijayawada, 522302 Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Krishna Kumar Gollapelli
- Department of Radiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, United States
| | - Ivan Krizan
- Department of Radiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, United States
| | - Bhuvanachandra Bhoopal
- Department of Radiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, United States
| | - Mack Miller
- Department of Radiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, United States
| | - Shanmukha Kumar Jv
- Department of Chemistry, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Vijayawada, 522302 Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Christopher T Whitlow
- Department of Radiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, United States
| | - Donald McClain
- Department of Endocrinology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina 27157, United States
| | - Tao Ma
- Department of Internal Medicine-Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina 27157, United States
| | - Matthew J Jorgensen
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina 27157, United States
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Zhou D, Chu W, Xu J, Schwarz S, Katzenellenbogen JA. [ 18F]Tosyl fluoride as a versatile [ 18F]fluoride source for the preparation of 18F-labeled radiopharmaceuticals. Sci Rep 2023; 13:3182. [PMID: 36823435 PMCID: PMC9950486 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30200-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) is an in vivo imaging technology that utilizes positron-emitting radioisotope-labeled compounds as PET radiotracers that are commonly used in clinic and in various research areas, including oncology, cardiology, and neurology. Fluorine-18 is the most widely used PET-radionuclide and commonly produced by proton bombardment of 18O-enriched water in a cyclotron. The [18F]fluoride thus obtained generally requires processing by azeotropic drying in order to completely remove H2O before it can be used for nucleophilic radiofluorination. In general, the drying step is important in facilitating the radiofluorination reactions and the preparation of 18F-labeled PET radiotracers. In this communication, we have demonstrated the feasibility of using [18F]tosyl fluoride ([18F]TsF) as a versatile [18F]fluoride source for radiofluorination to bypass the azeotropic drying step, and we have developed a continuous flow solid-phase radiosynthesis strategy to generate [18F]TsF in a form that is excellent for radiofluorination. [18F]TsF shows high reactivity in radiofluorination and provides the features suitable for preparing PET radiotracers on a small scale and exploring novel radiolabeling technologies. Thus, using [18F]TsF as a [18F]fluoride source is a promising strategy that facilitates radiofluorination and provides a convenient and efficient solution for the preparation of 18F-labeled radiopharmaceuticals that is well matched to the emerging trends in PET imaging technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Zhou
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Washington University in Saint Louis, 510 S. Kingshighway Blvd, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
| | - Wenhua Chu
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Washington University in Saint Louis, 510 S. Kingshighway Blvd, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Jinbin Xu
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Washington University in Saint Louis, 510 S. Kingshighway Blvd, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Sally Schwarz
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Washington University in Saint Louis, 510 S. Kingshighway Blvd, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - John A Katzenellenbogen
- Department of Chemistry and Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, 61801, USA
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Pilot Study: PARP1 Imaging in Advanced Prostate Cancer. Mol Imaging Biol 2022; 24:853-861. [PMID: 35701722 PMCID: PMC9681698 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-022-01746-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE PARP inhibitor (PARPi) therapy is approved for patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) and homologous recombination repair (HRR) genomic aberrations. However, only a fraction of patients with BRCA1/2 mutations respond to PARPi therapy. In this pilot study, we assess PARP-1 expression in prostate cancer patients with and without HRR genomic alternations using a novel PARP-based imaging agent. PROCEDURES Nine advanced prostate cancer patients were studied with PET/CT and [18F]FluorThanatrace (FTT), an analogue of the PARPi rucaparib. Images were analyzed using maximum standardized uptake values (SUVmax). PARP expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) when feasible (n = 4). RESULTS We found great variability in FTT uptake (SUVmax range: 2.3-15.4). Patients with HRR mutations had a significantly higher SUVmax (p = 0.0379) than patients with non-HRR mutations although there was an overlap in FTT uptake between groups. Three patients without HRR and one with HRR mutations had similarly high PARP1 IHC expression. CONCLUSIONS FTT-PET/CT may serve as an alternate biomarker for PARP1 expression and a potential method for PARPi treatment selection.
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Damuka N, Sai KKS. Method to Development of PET Radiopharmaceutical for Cancer Imaging. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2413:13-22. [PMID: 35044650 PMCID: PMC9093700 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1896-7_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The increasing number of different novel positron emission tomography (PET) radiopharmaceuticals poses challenges for their manufacturing procedures at different PET research facilities. Recent commercially available radiochemistry units with disposable cassettes are becoming common stations to produce radiopharmaceuticals with high specifications to understand the critical PET imaging outputs of the study. Therefore, several radiochemists across the PET research centers develop and optimize their own radiochemistry protocols to develop a novel or routine radiopharmaceutical at their lab. In this report, we describe the general procedure and steps followed to develop a (clinical-grade) radiopharmaceutical on a commercially available radiochemistry unit, TRASIS AIO. As an example, we use our routine protocol followed for the production of [11C]acetate, a fatty acid metabolic PET imaging ligand for several cancer imaging studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naresh Damuka
- Department of Radiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC 27157
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Cohen AS, Grudzinski J, Smith GT, Peterson TE, Whisenant JG, Hickman TL, Ciombor KK, Cardin D, Eng C, Goff LW, Das S, Coffey RJ, Berlin JD, Manning HC. First-in-Human PET Imaging and Estimated Radiation Dosimetry of l-[5- 11C]-Glutamine in Patients with Metastatic Colorectal Cancer. J Nucl Med 2022; 63:36-43. [PMID: 33931465 PMCID: PMC8717201 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.120.261594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Altered metabolism is a hallmark of cancer. In addition to glucose, glutamine is an important nutrient for cellular growth and proliferation. Noninvasive imaging via PET may help facilitate precision treatment of cancer through patient selection and monitoring of treatment response. l-[5-11C]-glutamine (11C-glutamine) is a PET tracer designed to study glutamine uptake and metabolism. The aim of this first-in-human study was to evaluate the radiologic safety and biodistribution of 11C-glutamine for oncologic PET imaging. Methods: Nine patients with confirmed metastatic colorectal cancer underwent PET/CT imaging. Patients received 337.97 ± 44.08 MBq of 11C-glutamine. Dynamic PET acquisitions that were centered over the abdomen or thorax were initiated simultaneously with intravenous tracer administration. After the dynamic acquisition, a whole-body PET/CT scan was acquired. Volume-of-interest analyses were performed to obtain estimates of organ-based absorbed doses of radiation. Results:11C-glutamine was well tolerated in all patients, with no observed safety concerns. The organs with the highest radiation exposure included the bladder, pancreas, and liver. The estimated effective dose was 4.46E-03 ± 7.67E-04 mSv/MBq. Accumulation of 11C-glutamine was elevated and visualized in lung, brain, bone, and liver metastases, suggesting utility for cancer imaging. Conclusion: PET using 11C-glutamine appears safe for human use and allows noninvasive visualization of metastatic colon cancer lesions in multiple organs. Further studies are needed to elucidate its potential for other cancers and for monitoring response to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison S Cohen
- Vanderbilt Center for Molecular Probes, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | | | - Gary T Smith
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Section Chief, Nuclear Medicine, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville VA Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Todd E Peterson
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Jennifer G Whisenant
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; and
| | - Tiffany L Hickman
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; and
| | - Kristen K Ciombor
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; and
| | - Dana Cardin
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; and
| | - Cathy Eng
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; and
| | - Laura W Goff
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; and
| | - Satya Das
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; and
| | - Robert J Coffey
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; and
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Jordan D Berlin
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; and
| | - H Charles Manning
- Vanderbilt Center for Molecular Probes, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee;
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; and
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Viswanath V, Zhou R, Lee H, Li S, Cragin A, Doot RK, Mankoff DA, Pantel AR. Kinetic Modeling of 18F-(2 S,4 R)4-Fluoroglutamine in Mouse Models of Breast Cancer to Estimate Glutamine Pool Size as an Indicator of Tumor Glutamine Metabolism. J Nucl Med 2021; 62:1154-1162. [PMID: 33277391 PMCID: PMC8833875 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.120.250977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The PET radiotracer 18F-(2S,4R)4-fluoroglutamine (18F-Gln) reflects glutamine transport and can be used to infer glutamine metabolism. Mouse xenograft studies have demonstrated that 18F-Gln uptake correlates directly with glutamine pool size and is inversely related to glutamine metabolism through the glutaminase enzyme. To provide a framework for the analysis of 18F-Gln-PET, we have examined 18F-Gln uptake kinetics in mouse models of breast cancer at baseline and after inhibition of glutaminase. We describe results of the preclinical analysis and computer simulations with the goal of model validation and performance assessment in anticipation of human breast cancer patient studies. Methods: Triple-negative breast cancer and receptor-positive xenografts were implanted in athymic mice. PET mouse imaging was performed at baseline and after treatment with a glutaminase inhibitor or a vehicle solution for 4 mouse groups. Dynamic PET images were obtained for 1 h beginning at the time of intravenous injection of 18F-Gln. Kinetic analysis and computer simulations were performed on representative time-activity curves, testing 1- and 2-compartment models to describe kinetics. Results: Dynamic imaging for 1 h captured blood and tumor time-activity curves indicative of largely reversible uptake of 18F-Gln in tumors. Consistent with this observation, a 2-compartment model indicated a relatively low estimate of the rate constant of tracer trapping, suggesting that the 1-compartment model is preferable. Logan plot graphical analysis demonstrated late linearity, supporting reversible kinetics and modeling with a single compartment. Analysis of the mouse data and simulations suggests that estimates of glutamine pool size, specifically the distribution volume (VD) for 18F-Gln, were more reliable using the 1-compartment reversible model than the 2-compartment irreversible model. Tumor-to-blood ratios, a more practical potential proxy of VD, correlated well with volume of distribution from single-compartment models and Logan analyses. Conclusion: Kinetic analysis of dynamic 18F-Gln-PET images demonstrated the ability to measure VD to estimate glutamine pool size, a key indicator of cellular glutamine metabolism, by both a 1-compartment model and Logan analysis. Changes in VD with glutaminase inhibition support the ability to assess response to glutamine metabolism-targeted therapy. Concordance of kinetic measures with tumor-to-blood ratios provides a clinically feasible approach to human imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varsha Viswanath
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Rong Zhou
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Hsiaoju Lee
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Shihong Li
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Abigail Cragin
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Robert K Doot
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - David A Mankoff
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Austin R Pantel
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Edwards R, Greenwood HE, McRobbie G, Khan I, Witney TH. Robust and Facile Automated Radiosynthesis of [ 18F]FSPG on the GE FASTlab. Mol Imaging Biol 2021; 23:854-864. [PMID: 34013395 PMCID: PMC8578107 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-021-01609-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Purpose (S)-4-(3-18F-Fluoropropyl)-ʟ-Glutamic Acid ([18F]FSPG) is a radiolabeled non-natural amino acid that is used for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of the glutamate/cystine antiporter, system xC-, whose expression is upregulated in many cancer types. To increase the clinical adoption of this radiotracer, reliable and facile automated procedures for [18F]FSPG production are required. Here, we report a cassette-based method to produce [18F]FSPG at high radioactivity concentrations from low amounts of starting activity. Procedures An automated synthesis and purification of [18F]FSPG was developed using the GE FASTlab. Optimization of the reaction conditions and automated manipulations were performed by measuring the isolated radiochemical yield of [18F]FSPG and by assessing radiochemical purity using radio-HPLC. Purification of [18F]FSPG was conducted by trapping and washing of the radiotracer on Oasis MCX SPE cartridges, followed by a reverse elution of [18F]FSPG in phosphate-buffered saline. Subsequently, the [18F]FSPG obtained from the optimized process was used to image an animal model of non-small cell lung cancer. Results The optimized protocol produced [18F]FSPG in 38.4 ± 2.6 % radiochemical yield and >96 % radiochemical purity with a molar activity of 11.1 ± 7.7 GBq/μmol. Small alterations, including the implementation of a reverse elution and an altered Hypercarb cartridge, led to significant improvements in radiotracer concentration from <10 MBq/ml to >100 MBq/ml. The improved radiotracer concentration allowed for the imaging of up to 20 mice, starting with just 1.5 GBq of [18F]Fluoride. Conclusions We have developed a robust and facile method for [18F]FSPG radiosynthesis in high radiotracer concentration, radiochemical yield, and radiochemical purity. This cassette-based method enabled the production of [18F]FSPG at radioactive concentrations sufficient to facilitate large-scale preclinical experiments with a single prep of starting activity. The use of a cassette-based radiosynthesis on an automated synthesis module routinely used for clinical production makes the method amenable to rapid and widespread clinical translation. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11307-021-01609-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Edwards
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Hannah E Greenwood
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Graeme McRobbie
- Pharmaceutical Diagnostics, Life Sciences, GE Healthcare, Pollards Wood, Nightingales Lane, Chalfont St. Giles, Buckinghamshire, HP8 4SP, UK
| | - Imtiaz Khan
- Pharmaceutical Diagnostics, Life Sciences, GE Healthcare, Pollards Wood, Nightingales Lane, Chalfont St. Giles, Buckinghamshire, HP8 4SP, UK
| | - Timothy H Witney
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, UK.
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Goud NS, Bhattacharya A, Joshi RK, Nagaraj C, Bharath RD, Kumar P. Carbon-11: Radiochemistry and Target-Based PET Molecular Imaging Applications in Oncology, Cardiology, and Neurology. J Med Chem 2021; 64:1223-1259. [PMID: 33499603 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The positron emission tomography (PET) molecular imaging technique has gained its universal value as a remarkable tool for medical diagnosis and biomedical research. Carbon-11 is one of the promising radiotracers that can report target-specific information related to its pharmacology and physiology to understand the disease status. Currently, many of the available carbon-11 (t1/2 = 20.4 min) PET radiotracers are heterocyclic derivatives that have been synthesized using carbon-11 inserted different functional groups obtained from primary and secondary carbon-11 precursors. A spectrum of carbon-11 PET radiotracers has been developed against many of the upregulated and emerging targets for the diagnosis, prognosis, prediction, and therapy in the fields of oncology, cardiology, and neurology. This review focuses on the carbon-11 radiochemistry and various target-specific PET molecular imaging agents used in tumor, heart, brain, and neuroinflammatory disease imaging along with its associated pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nerella Sridhar Goud
- Department of Neuroimaging and Interventional Radiology (NIIR), National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru 560 029, India
| | - Ahana Bhattacharya
- Department of Neuroimaging and Interventional Radiology (NIIR), National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru 560 029, India
| | - Raman Kumar Joshi
- Department of Neuroimaging and Interventional Radiology (NIIR), National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru 560 029, India
| | - Chandana Nagaraj
- Department of Neuroimaging and Interventional Radiology (NIIR), National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru 560 029, India
| | - Rose Dawn Bharath
- Department of Neuroimaging and Interventional Radiology (NIIR), National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru 560 029, India
| | - Pardeep Kumar
- Department of Neuroimaging and Interventional Radiology (NIIR), National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru 560 029, India
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Orunmuyi AT, Lawal IO, Omofuma OO, Taiwo OJ, Sathekge MM. Underutilisation of nuclear medicine scans at a regional hospital in Nigeria: need for implementation research. Ecancermedicalscience 2020; 14:1093. [PMID: 33014135 PMCID: PMC7498276 DOI: 10.3332/ecancer.2020.1093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nuclear medicine needs better integration into the Nigerian health system. To understand the relevant public health initiatives that will be required, this study assessed the pattern of nuclear medicine imaging services at the first nuclear medicine centre in Nigeria from January 2010 to December 2018. Methods The data of consecutive nuclear medicine (NM) scans performed between 1st January 2010 and 31st December 2018 at the NM department in a tertiary hospital in Nigeria were extracted from patient records and analysed using SAS version 9.4 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC). The National Cancer Institute’s Joinpoint software and QCIS (QGIS project) were used to estimate imaging trends and geographical spread of patients. Results An average of 486 scans per year was performed during the study period. Patients travelled from 32 of Nigeria’s 36 states, and the majority (65%) travelled more than 100 km to obtain NM scans. Bone scans accounted for 88.1% of the studies. The remainder were renal scintigraphy (7.3%), thyroid scans (2.5%), whole-body iodine scans (1.7%) and others (0.4%). Conclusions NM in Nigeria appears underutilised. Furthermore, the studies to characterise the access gaps and implementation needs will contribute to the design of practical strategies to strengthen NM services in Nigeria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akintunde T Orunmuyi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Ismaheel O Lawal
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Steve Biko Academic Hospital and University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Omonefe O Omofuma
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, USA
| | - Olalekan J Taiwo
- Department of Geography, Faculty of the Social Sciences, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Mike M Sathekge
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Steve Biko Academic Hospital and University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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Sadeghzadeh M, Moldovan RP, Fischer S, Wenzel B, Ludwig FA, Teodoro R, Deuther-Conrad W, Jonnalagadda S, Jonnalagadda SK, Gudelis E, Šačkus A, Higuchi K, Ganapathy V, Mereddy VR, Drewes LR, Brust P. Development and radiosynthesis of the first 18 F-labeled inhibitor of monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs). J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2020; 62:411-424. [PMID: 31017677 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Monocarboxylate transporters 1 and 4 (MCT1 and MCT4) are involved in tumor development and progression. Their expression levels are related to clinical disease prognosis. Accordingly, both MCTs are promising drug targets for treatment of a variety of human cancers. The noninvasive imaging of these MCTs in cancers is regarded to be advantageous for assessing MCT-mediated effects on chemotherapy and radiosensitization using specific MCT inhibitors. Herein, we describe a method for the radiosynthesis of [18 F]FACH ((E)-2-cyano-3-{4-[(3-[18 F]fluoropropyl)(propyl)amino]-2-methoxyphenyl}acrylic acid), as a novel radiolabeled MCT1/4 inhibitor for imaging with PET. A fluorinated analog of α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (FACH) was synthesized, and the inhibition of MCT1 and MCT4 was measured via an L-[14 C]lactate uptake assay. Radiolabeling was performed by a two-step protocol comprising the radiosynthesis of the intermediate (E)/(Z)-[18 F]tert-Bu-FACH (tert-butyl (E)/(Z)-2-cyano-3-{4-[(3-[18 F]fluoropropyl)(propyl)amino]-2-methoxyphenyl}acrylate) followed by deprotection of the tert-butyl group. The radiofluorination was successfully implemented using either K[18 F]F-K2.2.2 -carbonate or [18 F]TBAF. The final deprotected product [18 F]FACH was only obtained when [18 F]tert-Bu-FACH was formed by the latter procedure. After optimization of the deprotection reaction, [18 F]FACH was obtained in high radiochemical yields (39.6 ± 8.3%, end of bombardment (EOB) and radiochemical purity (greater than 98%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Sadeghzadeh
- Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Research Site Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Rareş-Petru Moldovan
- Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Research Site Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Steffen Fischer
- Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Research Site Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Barbara Wenzel
- Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Research Site Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Friedrich-Alexander Ludwig
- Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Research Site Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Rodrigo Teodoro
- Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Research Site Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Winnie Deuther-Conrad
- Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Research Site Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Shirisha Jonnalagadda
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Duluth, Minnesota, USA
| | - Sravan K Jonnalagadda
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Duluth, Minnesota, USA
| | - Emilis Gudelis
- Institute of Synthetic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Algirdas Šačkus
- Institute of Synthetic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Kei Higuchi
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Vadivel Ganapathy
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Venkatram R Mereddy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Duluth, Minnesota, USA
| | - Lester R Drewes
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota, USA
| | - Peter Brust
- Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Research Site Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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Goud NS, Kanth Makani VK, Pranay J, Alvala R, Qureshi IA, Kumar P, Bharath RD, Nagaraj C, Yerramsetty S, Pal-Bhadra M, Alvala M. Synthesis, 18F-radiolabeling and apoptosis inducing studies of novel 4, 7-disubstituted coumarins. Bioorg Chem 2020; 97:103663. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.103663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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14
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Trump L, Lemos A, Jacq J, Pasau P, Lallemand B, Mercier J, Genicot C, Luxen A, Lemaire C. Development of a General Automated Flow Photoredox 18F-Difluoromethylation of N-Heteroaromatics in an AllinOne Synthesizer. Org Process Res Dev 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.9b00442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Trump
- Global Chemistry, UCB NewMedicines, UCB Biopharma SPRL, 1420 Braine-l’Alleud, Belgium
- GIGA-CRC In Vivo Imaging, Cyclotron Research Center-B30, Université de Liège, Quartier Agora, 8 Allée du Six Août, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Agostinho Lemos
- Global Chemistry, UCB NewMedicines, UCB Biopharma SPRL, 1420 Braine-l’Alleud, Belgium
| | - Jérôme Jacq
- Global Chemistry, UCB NewMedicines, UCB Biopharma SPRL, 1420 Braine-l’Alleud, Belgium
| | - Patrick Pasau
- Global Chemistry, UCB NewMedicines, UCB Biopharma SPRL, 1420 Braine-l’Alleud, Belgium
| | - Bénédicte Lallemand
- Global Chemistry, UCB NewMedicines, UCB Biopharma SPRL, 1420 Braine-l’Alleud, Belgium
| | - Joël Mercier
- Global Chemistry, UCB NewMedicines, UCB Biopharma SPRL, 1420 Braine-l’Alleud, Belgium
| | - Christophe Genicot
- Global Chemistry, UCB NewMedicines, UCB Biopharma SPRL, 1420 Braine-l’Alleud, Belgium
| | - André Luxen
- GIGA-CRC In Vivo Imaging, Cyclotron Research Center-B30, Université de Liège, Quartier Agora, 8 Allée du Six Août, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Christian Lemaire
- GIGA-CRC In Vivo Imaging, Cyclotron Research Center-B30, Université de Liège, Quartier Agora, 8 Allée du Six Août, 4000 Liège, Belgium
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15
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Goud NS, Joshi RK, Bharath RD, Kumar P. Fluorine-18: A radionuclide with diverse range of radiochemistry and synthesis strategies for target based PET diagnosis. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 187:111979. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Liu Z, Yu L, Cheng K, Feng Y, Qiu P, Gai Y, Zhou M. Optimization, automation and validation of the large-scale radiosynthesis of Al 18F tracers in a custom-made automatic platform for high yield. REACT CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0re00144a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A custom-made automatic platform was designed and developed for large scale Al18F tracer synthesis with high yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiguo Liu
- Department of PET/CT Center
- Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute
- Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences
- Jinan
- China
| | - Lun Yu
- Department of PET-CT Center
- Chenzhou No. 1 People's Hospital
- Chenzhou 423000
- China
| | - Kai Cheng
- Department of PET/CT Center
- Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute
- Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences
- Jinan
- China
| | - Yabo Feng
- Department of PET-CT Center
- Chenzhou No. 1 People's Hospital
- Chenzhou 423000
- China
| | - Pengfei Qiu
- Breast Cancer Center
- Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute
- Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences
- Jinan 250117
- China
| | - Yongkang Gai
- Department of Nuclear Medicine
- Union Hospital
- Tongji Medical College
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging
| | - Ming Zhou
- Department of Nuclear Medicine
- Xiangya Hospital
- Central South University
- Changsha 410008
- China
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Jacobson O, Wang Z, Yu G, Ma Y, Chen X, Kiesewetter DO. 3- 18F-fluoropropane-1-thiol and 18F-PEG 4-1-thiol: Versatile prosthetic groups for radiolabeling maleimide functionalized peptides. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 27:115041. [PMID: 31402203 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The efficient radiosynthesis of biomolecules utilizing minute quantities of maleimide substrate is important for availability of novel peptide molecular imaging agents. We evaluated both 3-18F-fluoropropane-1-thiol and 2-(2-(2-(2-18F-fluoroethoxy)ethoxy)ethoxy)ethane-1-thiol (18F-fluoro-PEG4 thiol) as prosthetic groups for radiolabeling under physiological conditions. The precursor employed a benzoate for protection of the thiol and an arylsulfonate leaving group. The radiofluorination was fully automated on an Eckert & Ziegler synthesis system using standard Kryptofix222/K2CO3 conditions. In order to minimize the amount of biological molecule required for subsequent conjugation, the intermediates, S-(3-18F-fluoropropyl) benzothioate and 18F-fluoro-PEG4 benzothioate, were purified by HPLC. The intermediates were isolated from the HPLC in yields of 37-47% and 28-35%, respectively, and retrieved from eluate using solid phase extraction. Treatment of the benzothioates with sodium methoxide followed by acetic acid provided the free thiols. The desired maleimide substrate in acetonitrile or phosphate buffer was then added and incubated at room temperature for 15 min. The final radiolabeled bioconjugate was purified on a separate HPLC or NAP-5 column. Maleimides utilized for the coupling reaction included phenyl maleimide, an Evans Blue maleimide derivative, a dimeric RGDfK maleimide (E[c(RGDfK)]2), two aptamer maleimides, and PSMA maleimide derivative. Isolated radiochemical yields (non-decay corrected) of maleimide addition products based on starting 18F-fluoride ranged from 6 to 22% in a synthesis time of about 90 min. 18F-thiol prosthetic groups were further tested in vivo by conjugation to E[c(RGDfK)]2 maleimide in a U87MG xenograft model. PET studies demonstrated similar tumor accumulation of both prosthetic groups. 18F-fluoro-PEG4-S-E[c(RGDfK)]2 displayed a somewhat favorable pharmacokinetics compared to 18F-fluoropropyl-S-E[c(RGDfK)]2. Bone uptake was low for both indicating in vivo stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orit Jacobson
- Molecular Tracer and Imaging Core Facility, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Zhantong Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Guocan Yu
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ying Ma
- Molecular Tracer and Imaging Core Facility, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Dale O Kiesewetter
- Molecular Tracer and Imaging Core Facility, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Amor-Coarasa A, Kelly JM, Babich JW. 3D-printed automation for optimized PET radiochemistry. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaax4762. [PMID: 31548988 PMCID: PMC6744267 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aax4762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Reproducible batch synthesis of radioligands for imaging by positron emission tomography (PET) in a manner that maximizes ligand yield, purity, and molar activity, and minimizes cost and exposure to radiation, remains a challenge, as new and synthetically complex radioligands become available. Commercially available automated synthesis units (ASUs) solve many of these challenges but are costly to install and cannot always accommodate diverse chemistries. Through a reiterative design process, we exploit the proliferation of three-dimensional (3D) printing technologies to translate optimized reaction conditions into ASUs composed of 3D-printed, electronic, and robotic parts. Our units are portable and robust and reduce radiation exposure, shorten synthesis time, and improve the yield of the final radiopharmaceutical for a fraction of the cost of a commercial ASU. These 3D-printed ASUs highlight the gains that can be made by designing a fit-for-purpose ASU to accommodate a synthesis over accommodating a synthesis to an unfit ASU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Amor-Coarasa
- Division of Radiopharmaceutical Sciences and Molecular Imaging Innovations Institute (MI), Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - James M. Kelly
- Division of Radiopharmaceutical Sciences and Molecular Imaging Innovations Institute (MI), Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - John W. Babich
- Division of Radiopharmaceutical Sciences and Molecular Imaging Innovations Institute (MI), Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
- Citigroup Biomedical Imaging Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
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19
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Solingapuram Sai KK, Bashetti N, Chen X, Norman S, Hines JW, Meka O, Kumar JVS, Devanathan S, Deep G, Furdui CM, Mintz A. Initial biological evaluations of 18F-KS1, a novel ascorbate derivative to image oxidative stress in cancer. EJNMMI Res 2019; 9:43. [PMID: 31101996 PMCID: PMC6525227 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-019-0513-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced oxidative stress damages many cellular components such as fatty acids, DNA, and proteins. This damage is implicated in many disease pathologies including cancer and neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases. Antioxidants like ascorbate (vitamin C, ascorbic acid) have been shown to protect against the deleterious effects of oxidative stress in patients with cancer. In contrast, other data indicate potential tumor-promoting activity of antioxidants, demonstrating a potential temporal benefit of ROS. However, quantifying real-time tumor ROS is currently not feasible, since there is no way to directly probe global tumor ROS. In order to study this ROS-induced damage and design novel therapeutics to prevent its sequelae, the quantitative nature of positron emission tomography (PET) can be harnessed to measure in vivo concentrations of ROS. Therefore, our goal is to develop a novel translational ascorbate-based probe to image ROS in cancer in vivo using noninvasive PET imaging of tumor tissue. The real-time evaluations of ROS state can prove critical in developing new therapies and stratifying patients to therapies that are affected by tumor ROS. METHODS We designed, synthesized, and characterized a novel ascorbate derivative (E)-5-(2-chloroethylidene)-3-((4-(2-fluoroethoxy)benzyl)oxy)-4-hydroxyfuran-2(5H)-one (KS1). We used KS1 in an in vitro ROS MitoSOX-based assay in two different head and neck squamous cancer cells (HNSCC) that express different ROS levels, with ascorbate as reference standard. We radiolabeled 18F-KS1 following 18F-based nucleophilic substitution reactions and determined in vitro reactivity and specificity of 18F-KS1 in HNSCC and prostate cancer (PCa) cells. MicroPET imaging and standard biodistribution studies of 18F-KS1 were performed in mice bearing PCa cells. To further demonstrate specificity, we performed microPET blocking experiments using nonradioactive KS1 as a blocker. RESULTS KS1 was synthesized and characterized using 1H NMR spectra. MitoSOX assay demonstrated good correlations between increasing concentrations of KS1 and ascorbate and increased reactivity in SCC-61 cells (with high ROS levels) versus rSCC-61cells (with low ROS levels). 18F-KS1 was radiolabeled with high radiochemical purity (> 94%) and specific activity (~ 100 GBq/μmol) at end of synthesis (EOS). Cell uptake of 18F-KS1 was high in both types of cancer cells, and the uptake was significantly blocked by nonradioactive KS1, and the ROS blocker, superoxide dismutase (SOD) demonstrating specificity. Furthermore, 18F-KS1 uptake was increased in PCa cells under hypoxic conditions, which have been shown to generate high ROS. Initial in vivo tumor uptake studies in PCa tumor-bearing mice demonstrated that 18F-KS1 specifically bound to tumor, which was significantly blocked (threefold) by pre-injecting unlabeled KS1. Furthermore, biodistribution studies in the same tumor-bearing mice showed high tumor to muscle (target to nontarget) ratios. CONCLUSION This work demonstrates the strong preliminary support of 18F-KS1, both in vitro and in vivo for imaging ROS in cancer. If successful, this work will provide a new paradigm to directly probe real-time oxidative stress levels in vivo. Our work could enhance precision medicine approaches to treat cancer, as well as neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases affected by ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nagaraju Bashetti
- Department of Chemistry, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh 522502 India
| | - Xiaofei Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC 27157 USA
| | - Skylar Norman
- Department of Radiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC 27157 USA
| | - Justin W. Hines
- Department of Radiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC 27157 USA
| | - Omsai Meka
- Department of Radiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC 27157 USA
| | - J. V. Shanmukha Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh 522502 India
| | | | - Gagan Deep
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC 27157 USA
| | - Cristina M. Furdui
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC 27157 USA
| | - Akiva Mintz
- Department of Radiology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032 USA
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Zhang Y, Zhang L, Yang J, Wu Z, Ploessl K, Zha Z, Liu F, Xu X, Zhu H, Yang Z, Zhu L, Kung HF. Initial experience in synthesis of (2S,4R)-4-[ 18 F]fluoroglutamine for clinical application. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2019; 62:209-214. [PMID: 30861162 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
We report initial experience in synthesis of (2S,4R)-4-[18 F]fluoroglutamine, [18 F]FGln, which has been used as a tool for monitoring glutamine metabolism in cancer patients. [18 F]FGln was prepared by a fully automated PET-MF-2V-IT-I synthesizer under GMP-compliant conditions for routine clinical studies. The total radiosynthesis time was about 65 minutes, the decay-corrected radiochemical yield was 18.0 ± 4.2% (n = 59; failure n = 15), and the radiochemical purity was greater than 90%. In some situations, the yields were low (less than 5%), and the most likely cause of this problem is the initial fluorination step; the fluoride ion might not have been fully activated. In other occasions, low final radiochemical purity was often associated with the failure of the second step-removal of protection groups by anhydrous trifluoroacetic acid. A trace amount of water led to production of undesired 4-[18 F]fluoroglutamic acid. Knowledge learned from the successes and failures of synthesis may be helpful to identify critical steps and pitfalls for preparation of this clinically useful metabolic probe, [18 F]FGln, for imaging glutamine utilization in tumor of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Lifang Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianhua Yang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Zehui Wu
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Karl Ploessl
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Zhihao Zha
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoxia Xu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Hua Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Zhu
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hank F Kung
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Elmi A, Makvandi M, Weng CC, Hou C, Clark AS, Mach RH, Mankoff DA. Cell-Proliferation Imaging for Monitoring Response to CDK4/6 Inhibition Combined with Endocrine-Therapy in Breast Cancer: Comparison of [ 18F]FLT and [ 18F]ISO-1 PET/CT. Clin Cancer Res 2019; 25:3063-3073. [PMID: 30692100 PMCID: PMC9788667 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-2769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 (CDK4/6) inhibitors in combination with endocrine-therapy have emerged as an important regimen of care for estrogen receptor (ER)-positive metastatic breast cancer, although identifying predictive biomarkers remains a challenge. We assessed the ability of two PET-proliferation tracers, [18F]FLT and [18F]ISO-1, for evaluating response to CDK4/6-inhibitor (palbociclib) and ER-antagonist (fulvestrant). EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN To determine the effect of CDK4/6 inhibition combined with estrogen-blockade, we assessed cell proliferation in six breast cancer cell lines after 1, 3, and 6 days of treatment with palbociclib and/or fulvestrant. These data were correlated to in vitro radiotracer assays and results were verified by longitudinal [18F]FLT and [18F]ISO-1 micro-PET imaging performed in MCF7 tumor-bearing mice. RESULTS All palbociclib-sensitive cell lines showed decreased [18F]FLT accumulation and S-phase depletion after treatment, with both measures augmented by combination therapy. In contrast, these cells showed changes in [18F]ISO-1 analogue-binding and G0 arrest only after prolonged treatment. MicroPET imaging of MCF7 xenografts showed a significant decrease in [18F]FLT but no changes in [18F]ISO-1 uptake in all treated mice on day 3. On day 14, however, mice treated with combination therapy showed a significant decrease in [18F]ISO-1, corresponding to G0 arrest, while maintaining reduced [18F]FLT uptake, which corresponded to S-phase depletion. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest complementary roles of [18F]FLT and [18F]ISO-1 PET in evaluating tumor-proliferation after combined CDK4/6 inhibitor and endocrine therapy in breast cancer. [18F]FLT is more sensitive to immediate changes in S-phase, whereas [18F]ISO-1 can assess more delayed changes related to cell-cycle arrest and transition to G0 quiescence from combination therapy. These data suggest a potential role for early prediction of long-term response using these imaging biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azadeh Elmi
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Mehran Makvandi
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Chi-Chang Weng
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Catherine Hou
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Amy S Clark
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Robert H Mach
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - David A Mankoff
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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Padakanti PK, Li S, Schmitz A, Mankoff D, Mach RH, Lee HS. Automated synthesis of [ 11C]L-glutamine on Synthra HCN plus synthesis module. EJNMMI Radiopharm Chem 2019; 4:5. [PMID: 31659517 PMCID: PMC6426911 DOI: 10.1186/s41181-019-0057-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background L-Glutamine (L-Gln) is the most abundant amino acid present in the human body and is involved in numerous metabolic pathways. Glutaminolysis is the metabolic process deployed by many aggressive cancers such as triple negative breast cancer (TNBC). Imaging the metabolic pathways of L-glutamine could provide more insights into tumor biology. Reliable and reproducible automated synthesis of [11C]L-glutamine PET (Positron Emission Tomography) radiotracer is critical for these studies. Results [11C]L-Glutamine ([11C]L-Gln) was reliably and reproducibly synthesized. The automated process involves cleaning and drying of the synthesis module, azeotropic drying of crown ether and cesium bicarbonate, conversion of [11C]CO2 to [11C] CsCN, incorporation of [11C] CN into the starting material, and hydrolysis and deprotection of the corresponding [11C] nitrile to yield [11C]L-glutamine. Starting with approximately 1 Ci of [11C] cesium cyanide ([11C]CsCN), 47–77 mCi (n = 4) of the final product, [11C]L-Gln, was obtained after sterile filtration. The radiochemical purity of the final product was > 90% with almost exclusively L-glutamine isomer. The yield of [11C]L-Gln was 43–52% (n = 4), decay corrected to end of [11C] CsCN trapping in the reaction vessel. Conclusions All the steps including drying of the mixture of base and crown ether, preparation of [11C] cyanide, radiochemical synthesis and formulation were accomplished on a single synthesis unit. [11C]L-Gln has been successfully adapted and optimized on an automated synthesis module, Synthra HCN Plus. This process can be readily adapted for clinical research use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shihong Li
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Alexander Schmitz
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - David Mankoff
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Robert H Mach
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Hsiaoju S Lee
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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Publisher Correction to EJNMMI Radiopharmacy and Chemistry Volume 1 (2016). EJNMMI Radiopharm Chem 2018; 3:13. [PMID: 31329807 PMCID: PMC6261089 DOI: 10.1186/s41181-018-0049-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
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Trobe M, Burke MD. The Molecular Industrial Revolution: Automated Synthesis of Small Molecules. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:4192-4214. [PMID: 29513400 PMCID: PMC5912692 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201710482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Today we are poised for a transition from the highly customized crafting of specific molecular targets by hand to the increasingly general and automated assembly of different types of molecules with the push of a button. Creating machines that are capable of making many different types of small molecules on demand, akin to that which has been achieved on the macroscale with 3D printers, is challenging. Yet important progress is being made toward this objective with two complementary approaches: 1) Automation of customized synthesis routes to different targets by machines that enable the use of many reactions and starting materials, and 2) automation of generalized platforms that make many different targets using common coupling chemistry and building blocks. Continued progress in these directions has the potential to shift the bottleneck in molecular innovation from synthesis to imagination, and thereby help drive a new industrial revolution on the molecular scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Trobe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Martin D. Burke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA and Carle-Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61820, USA
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Trobe M, Burke MD. Die molekulare industrielle Revolution: zur automatisierten Synthese organischer Verbindungen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201710482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Trobe
- Department of Chemistry University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign 600 S. Mathews, 454 RAL Urbana-Champaign IL 61801 USA
| | - Martin D. Burke
- Department of Chemistry University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign 600 S. Mathews, 454 RAL Urbana-Champaign IL 61801 USA
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Kreimerman I, Porcal W, Olivera S, Oliver P, Savio E, Engler H. Synthesis of [18F]2B-SRF101: A Sulfonamide Derivative of the Fluorescent Dye Sulforhodamine 101. Curr Radiopharm 2017; 10:212-220. [PMID: 28956517 PMCID: PMC5740491 DOI: 10.2174/1874471010666170928112853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The red fluorescent dye Sulforhodamine 101 (SR101) has been used in neuroscience research as a useful tool for staining of astrocytes, since it has been reported as a marker of astroglia in the neocortex of rodents in vivo. The aim of this work is to label SR101 with positron emission radionuclides, in order to provide a radiotracer to study its biological behavior. This is the first attempt to label SR101 by [18F], using a chemical derivatization via a sulfonamidelinker and a commercially available platform. METHODS The synthesis of SR101 N-(3-Bromopropyl) sulfonamide and SR101 N-(3- Fluoropropyl) sulfonamide (2B-SRF101) was carried out. The radiosynthesis of SR101 N-(3- [18F]Fluoropropyl) sulfonamide ([18F]2B-SRF101) was performed in a TRACERlab® FX-FN. Different labeling conditions were tested. Three pilot batches were produced and quality control was performed. Lipophilicity, plasma protein binding and radiochemical stability of [18F]2BSRF101 in final formulation and in plasma were determined. RESULTS SR101 N-(3-Bromopropyl) sulfonamide was synthetized as a precursor for radiolabeling with [18F]. 2B-SRF101 was prepared for analytical purpose. [18F]2B-SRF101 was obtained with radiochemical purity of (97.0 ± 0.6%). The yield of the whole synthesis was (11.9 ± 1.7 %), nondecay corrected. [18F]2B-SRF101 was found to be stable in final formulation and in plasma. The octanol-water partition coefficient was (Log POCT = 1.88 ± 0.14). The product showed a high percentage of plasma protein binding. CONCLUSIONS The derivatization of SR101 via sulfonamide-linker and the first radiosynthesis of [18 F]2B-SRF101 were performed. It was obtained in accordance with quality control specifications. In vitro stability studies verified that [18F]2B-SRF101 was suitable for preclinical evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Kreimerman
- Uruguayan Centre of Molecular Imaging (CUDIM) Radiopharmacy Department, Montevideo. Uruguay
| | - Williams Porcal
- Uruguayan Centre of Molecular Imaging (CUDIM) Radiopharmacy Department, Montevideo, Uruguay.,Facultad de Quimica, Universidad de la República - (UdelaR) Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Silvia Olivera
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biologicas, Clemente Estable, Montevideo. Uruguay
| | - Patricia Oliver
- Uruguayan Centre of Molecular Imaging (CUDIM) Radiopharmacy Department, Montevideo. Uruguay
| | - Eduardo Savio
- Ricaldoni 2010, Postal Code 11.600, Montevideo. Uruguay
| | - Henry Engler
- Uruguayan Centre of Molecular Imaging (CUDIM) Radiopharmacy Department, Montevideo. Uruguay
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Production of diverse PET probes with limited resources: 24 18F-labeled compounds prepared with a single radiosynthesizer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:11309-11314. [PMID: 29073049 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1710466114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
New radiolabeled probes for positron-emission tomography (PET) are providing an ever-increasing ability to answer diverse research and clinical questions and to facilitate the discovery, development, and clinical use of drugs in patient care. Despite the high equipment and facility costs to produce PET probes, many radiopharmacies and radiochemistry laboratories use a dedicated radiosynthesizer to produce each probe, even if the equipment is idle much of the time, to avoid the challenges of reconfiguring the system fluidics to switch from one probe to another. To meet growing demand, more cost-efficient approaches are being developed, such as radiosynthesizers based on disposable "cassettes," that do not require reconfiguration to switch among probes. However, most cassette-based systems make sacrifices in synthesis complexity or tolerated reaction conditions, and some do not support custom programming, thereby limiting their generality. In contrast, the design of the ELIXYS FLEX/CHEM cassette-based synthesizer supports higher temperatures and pressures than other systems while also facilitating flexible synthesis development. In this paper, the syntheses of 24 known PET probes are adapted to this system to explore the possibility of using a single radiosynthesizer and hot cell for production of a diverse array of compounds with wide-ranging synthesis requirements, alongside synthesis development efforts. Most probes were produced with yields and synthesis times comparable to literature reports, and because hardware modification was unnecessary, it was convenient to frequently switch among probes based on demand. Although our facility supplies probes for preclinical imaging, the same workflow would be applicable in a clinical setting.
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Zhou R, Pantel AR, Li S, Lieberman BP, Ploessl K, Choi H, Blankemeyer E, Lee H, Kung HF, Mach RH, Mankoff DA. [ 18F](2 S,4 R)4-Fluoroglutamine PET Detects Glutamine Pool Size Changes in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer in Response to Glutaminase Inhibition. Cancer Res 2017; 77:1476-1484. [PMID: 28202527 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-1945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Glutaminolysis is a metabolic pathway adapted by many aggressive cancers, including triple-negative breast cancers (TNBC), to utilize glutamine for survival and growth. In this study, we examined the utility of [18F](2S,4R)4-fluoroglutamine ([18F]4F-Gln) PET to measure tumor cellular glutamine pool size, whose change might reveal the pharmacodynamic (PD) effect of drugs targeting this cancer-specific metabolic pathway. High glutaminase (GLS) activity in TNBC tumors resulted in low cellular glutamine pool size assayed via high-resolution 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). GLS inhibition significantly increased glutamine pool size in TNBC tumors. MCF-7 tumors, with inherently low GLS activity compared with TNBC, displayed a larger baseline glutamine pool size that did not change as much in response to GLS inhibition. The tumor-to-blood-activity ratios (T/B) obtained from [18F]4F-Gln PET images matched the distinct glutamine pool sizes of both tumor models at baseline. After a short course of GLS inhibitor treatment, the T/B values increased significantly in TNBC, but did not change in MCF-7 tumors. Across both tumor types and after GLS inhibitor or vehicle treatment, we observed a strong positive correlation between T/B values and tumor glutamine pool size measured using MRS (r2 = 0.71). In conclusion, [18F]4F-Gln PET tracked cellular glutamine pool size in breast cancers with differential GLS activity and detected increases in cellular glutamine pool size induced by GLS inhibitors. This study accomplished the first necessary step toward validating [18F]4F-Gln PET as a PD marker for GLS-targeting drugs. Cancer Res; 77(6); 1476-84. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Zhou
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
| | - Austin R Pantel
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Shihong Li
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Brian P Lieberman
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Karl Ploessl
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Hoon Choi
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Eric Blankemeyer
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Hsiaoju Lee
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Hank F Kung
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Robert H Mach
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - David A Mankoff
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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