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Santana-da-Silva MN, Sena-dos-Santos C, Cáceres-Durán MÁ, de Souza FG, Gobbo AR, Pinto P, Salgado CG, dos Santos SEB. ncRNAs: an unexplored cellular defense mechanism in leprosy. Front Genet 2023; 14:1295586. [PMID: 38116294 PMCID: PMC10729009 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1295586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Leprosy is an infectious disease primarily caused by the obligate intracellular parasite Mycobacterium leprae. Although it has been considered eradicated in many countries, leprosy continues to be a health issue in developing nations. Besides the social stigma associated with it, individuals affected by leprosy may experience nerve damage leading to physical disabilities if the disease is not properly treated or early diagnosed. Leprosy is recognized as a complex disease wherein socioenvironmental factors, immune response, and host genetics interact to contribute to its development. Recently, a new field of study called epigenetics has emerged, revealing that the immune response and other mechanisms related to infectious diseases can be influenced by noncoding RNAs. This review aims to summarize the significant advancements concerning non-coding RNAs in leprosy, discussing the key perspectives on this novel approach to comprehending the pathophysiology of the disease and identifying molecular markers. In our view, investigations on non-coding RNAs in leprosy hold promise and warrant increased attention from researches in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayara Natália Santana-da-Silva
- Laboratório de Genética Humana e Médica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), Belém, Brazil
- Laboratório de Imunologia, Seção de Virologia (SAVIR), Instituto Evandro Chagas, Ananindeua, Brazil
| | - Camille Sena-dos-Santos
- Laboratório de Genética Humana e Médica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), Belém, Brazil
| | - Miguel Ángel Cáceres-Durán
- Laboratório de Genética Humana e Médica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), Belém, Brazil
| | - Felipe Gouvea de Souza
- Laboratório de Genética Humana e Médica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), Belém, Brazil
| | - Angelica Rita Gobbo
- Laboratório de Dermato-Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), Belém, Brazil
| | - Pablo Pinto
- Laboratório de Genética Humana e Médica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), Belém, Brazil
- Laboratório de Dermato-Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), Belém, Brazil
| | - Claudio Guedes Salgado
- Laboratório de Dermato-Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), Belém, Brazil
| | - Sidney Emanuel Batista dos Santos
- Laboratório de Genética Humana e Médica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), Belém, Brazil
- Laboratório de Dermato-Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), Belém, Brazil
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Folorunso IM, Lawal AO, Elekofehinti OO, Iwaloye O. Hepatoprotective Effect of Morin Hydrate in Type 2 Diabetic Wistar Rats Exposed to Diesel Exhaust Particles. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2023; 195:5855-5880. [PMID: 36708492 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-023-04366-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Studies have shown that exposure to air pollutants such as diesel exhaust particles (DEP) exacerbate diabetes complications. Morin hydrate (MH), a plant bioflavonoid, provides hepatoprotection due to its diverse pharmacological properties. This study examines the hepatoprotective effects of MH in Wistar rats with type 2 diabetes exposed to diesel exhaust (DE). Procured male Wistar rats (n = 60) were separated into 12 groups of five rat each. Type 2 diabetes was induced following oral therapy with fructose solution and one-time injection of 45 mg/kg of streptozotocin (STZ). The DEP extract was administered by nasal instillation, whereas MH was administered via oral gavage. Biochemical assays were used to determine the effect of MH on diabetic rats and DEP-exposed diabetic rats with respect to liver function indices (AST and ALT), liver antioxidants (SOD, CAT, Gpx, and GSH), lipid profile, and oxidative stress marker (conjugated diene and lipid peroxidation). The mRNA expression of PI3K/AKT/GLUT4 and AMPK/GLUT4 signaling pathways were quantified using RT-PCR. The results show that normal rats, diabetic rats, and diabetic rats exposed to DEP exhibited a substantial decrease in oxidative stress indicators, serum lipid profile, and levels of AST and ALP, as well as an increase in liver natural antioxidants following oral administration of MH. The gene expression study demonstrated that MH promotes the activation of the insulin signaling pathways which facilitates the uptake of glucose from the blood. This study suggests that MH offered hepatoprotection in type 2 diabetic rats and DEP exposed diabetic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibukun Mary Folorunso
- Bioinformatics and Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Biochemistry, School of Sciences, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 704, Akure, Ondo-State, Nigeria.
- Precision Molecular Laboratory, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria.
| | - Akeem Olalekan Lawal
- Bioinformatics and Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Biochemistry, School of Sciences, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 704, Akure, Ondo-State, Nigeria
| | - Olusola Olalekan Elekofehinti
- Bioinformatics and Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Biochemistry, School of Sciences, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 704, Akure, Ondo-State, Nigeria
| | - Opeyemi Iwaloye
- Bioinformatics and Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Biochemistry, School of Sciences, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 704, Akure, Ondo-State, Nigeria
- Teady Bioscience Research Laboratory, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria
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Spekker O, Tihanyi B, Kis L, Madai Á, Pálfi G, Csuvár-Andrási R, Wicker E, Szalontai C, Samu L, Koncz I, Marcsik A, Molnár E. Leprosy: The age-old companion of humans - Re-evaluation and comparative analysis of Avar-period cases with Hansen's disease from the Danube-Tisza Interfluve, Hungary. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2023; 142:102393. [PMID: 37684080 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2023.102393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, our knowledge of leprosy in the past has substantially been enriched. Nonetheless, much still remains to be discovered, especially in regions and periods from where no written sources are available. To fill in some research gaps, we provide the comparative analysis of eight Avar-period leprosy cases from the Danube-Tisza Interfluve (Hungary). In every case, to reconstruct the biological consequences of leprosy, the detected bony changes were linked with palaeopathological and modern medical information. To reconstruct the social consequences of being affected by leprosy, conceptualisation of the examined individuals' treatment in death was conducted. In every case, the disease resulted in deformation and disfigurement of the involved anatomical areas (rhinomaxillary region, feet, and/or hands) with difficulties in conducting certain physical activities. These would have been disadvantageous for the examined individuals and limited or changed their possibilities to participate in social situations. The most severe cases would have required continuous support from others to survive. Our findings indicate that, despite their very visible disease and associated debility, the examined communities did not segregate leprosy sufferers but provided and cared for them, and maintained a strong enough social network that made their survival possible even after becoming incapable of self-sufficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Spekker
- Ancient and Modern Human Genomics Competence Centre, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, H-6726, Szeged, Hungary; Institute of Archaeological Sciences, Eötvös Loránd University, Múzeum körút 4/B, H-1088, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Biological Anthropology, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, H-6726, Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Balázs Tihanyi
- Department of Biological Anthropology, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, H-6726, Szeged, Hungary; Department of Archaeogenetics, Institute of Hungarian Research, Úri utca 54-56, H-1014, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Luca Kis
- Department of Biological Anthropology, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, H-6726, Szeged, Hungary; Department of Archaeogenetics, Institute of Hungarian Research, Úri utca 54-56, H-1014, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Ágota Madai
- Department of Biological Anthropology, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, H-6726, Szeged, Hungary; Department of Anthropology, Hungarian Natural History Museum, Ludovika tér 2-6, H-1083, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - György Pálfi
- Department of Biological Anthropology, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, H-6726, Szeged, Hungary.
| | | | - Erika Wicker
- Kecskeméti Katona József Museum, Bethlen körút 1, H-6000, Kecskemét, Hungary.
| | - Csaba Szalontai
- National Institute of Archaeology, Hungarian National Museum, Múzeum körút 14-16, H-1088, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Levente Samu
- Institute of Archaeological Sciences, Eötvös Loránd University, Múzeum körút 4/B, H-1088, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - István Koncz
- Institute of Archaeological Sciences, Eötvös Loránd University, Múzeum körút 4/B, H-1088, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Antónia Marcsik
- Department of Biological Anthropology, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, H-6726, Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Erika Molnár
- Department of Biological Anthropology, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, H-6726, Szeged, Hungary.
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Sugawara-Mikami M, Tanigawa K, Kawashima A, Kiriya M, Nakamura Y, Fujiwara Y, Suzuki K. Pathogenicity and virulence of Mycobacterium leprae. Virulence 2022; 13:1985-2011. [PMID: 36326715 PMCID: PMC9635560 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2022.2141987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Leprosy is caused by Mycobacterium leprae (M. leprae) and M. lepromatosis, an obligate intracellular organism, and over 200,000 new cases occur every year. M. leprae parasitizes histiocytes (skin macrophages) and Schwann cells in the peripheral nerves. Although leprosy can be treated by multidrug therapy, some patients relapse or have a prolonged clinical course and/or experience leprosy reaction. These varying outcomes depend on host factors such as immune responses against bacterial components that determine a range of symptoms. To understand these host responses, knowledge of the mechanisms by which M. leprae parasitizes host cells is important. This article describes the characteristics of leprosy through bacteriology, genetics, epidemiology, immunology, animal models, routes of infection, and clinical findings. It also discusses recent diagnostic methods, treatment, and measures according to the World Health Organization (WHO), including prevention. Recently, the antibacterial activities of anti-hyperlipidaemia agents against other pathogens, such as M. tuberculosis and Staphylococcus aureus have been investigated. Our laboratory has been focused on the metabolism of lipids which constitute the cell wall of M. leprae. Our findings may be useful for the development of future treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Sugawara-Mikami
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Medical Technology, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan.,West Yokohama Sugawara Dermatology Clinic, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kazunari Tanigawa
- Department of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharma-Science, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Kawashima
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Medical Technology, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Kiriya
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Medical Technology, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Nakamura
- Department of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharma-Science, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoko Fujiwara
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Medical Technology, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichi Suzuki
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Medical Technology, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
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Kumar N, Khan N, Cleveland D, Geiger JD. A common approach for fighting tuberculosis and leprosy: controlling endoplasmic reticulum stress in myeloid-derived suppressor cells. Immunotherapy 2021; 13:1555-1563. [PMID: 34743608 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2021-0197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Leprosy and tuberculosis are infectious diseases that are caused by bacteria, and both share primary risk factors. Mediators of these diseases are regulated by a heterogeneous immature population of myeloid cells called myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) that exhibit immunosuppressive activity against innate and adaptive immunity. During pathological conditions, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress occurs in MDSCs, and high levels of ER stress affect MDSC-linked immunosuppressive activity. Investigating the role of ER stress in regulating immunosuppressive functions of MDSCs in leprosy and tuberculosis may lead to new approaches to treating these diseases. Here the authors discuss the immunoregulatory effects of ER stress in MDSCs as well as the possibility of targeting unfolded protein response elements of ER stress to diminish the immunosuppressive activity of MDSCs and reinvigorate diminished adaptive immune system responses that occur in leprosy and tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirmal Kumar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 504 Hamline Street, Grand Forks, ND 58203, USA
| | - Nabab Khan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 504 Hamline Street, Grand Forks, ND 58203, USA
| | - Dawn Cleveland
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 504 Hamline Street, Grand Forks, ND 58203, USA
| | - Jonathan D Geiger
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 504 Hamline Street, Grand Forks, ND 58203, USA
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Contribution of HLA class II genes, DRB4*01:01, DRB1*07:01, and DQB1*03:03:2 to clinical features of Vitiligo disease in Iranian population. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 49:171-178. [PMID: 34686989 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06855-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitiligo is a multifactorial depigmentation condition, which is due to skin melanocyte destruction. Increased expression of HLA class II genes in patients with pre-lesions of Vitiligo suggests a crucial role for the participation of immune response in Vitiligo development. Recent studies progressively focused on HLA-DRB1 and DQB1 genes. In this study, we have evaluated the association and role of HLA-DRB4*01:01, -DRB1*07:01, and -DQB1*03:03:2 genes in different clinical subtypes of Vitiligo in the Iranian population. METHODS First, Genomic DNA from peripheral blood of 125 unrelated Vitiligo patients and 100 unrelated healthy controls were extracted through the salting-out method. Then, HLA class II genotyping was performed using the sequence-specific primer PCR method. Finally, the clinical relevance of the testing for these genotypes was evaluated by applying the PcPPV (prevalence-corrected positive predictive value) formula. RESULTS Our results indicated the positive associations of DRB4*01:01 and DRB1*07:01 allelic genes with early-onset Vitiligo (p = 0.024 and 0.022, respectively). DRB4*01:01 also showed strong protection against late-onset Vitiligo (p = 0.0016, RR = 0.360). Moreover, our data revealed that the DRB1*07:01 increases the susceptibility to Sporadic Vitiligo (p = 0.030, RR = 1.702). Furthermore, our findings proposed that elevated vulnerability of Vitiligo patients due to DRB4*01:01 and DRB1*07:01 alleles maybe is correlated with the presence of amino acid Arginine at position 71 at pocket 4 on the antigen-binding site of the HLA-DRB1 receptor. CONCLUSION Our findings on different subtypes of Vitiligo suggest that, despite a more apparent autoimmune involvement, a non-autoimmune nature for the etiology of Vitiligo should also be considered.
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Rastogi R, Kaur G, Maan P, Bhatnagar A, Narang T, Dogra S, Kaur J. Molecular characterization and immunogenic function of ML1899 (LipG) of Mycobacterium leprae. J Med Microbiol 2019; 68:1629-1640. [PMID: 31553301 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction. ML1899 is conserved in all mycobacterium sp. and is a middle member of mle-ML1898 operon involved in mycolic acid modification.Aim. In the present study attempts were made to characterize ML1899 in detail.Methodology. Bioinformatics tools were used for prediction of active-site residues, antigenic epitopes and a three-dimensional model of protein. The gene was cloned, expressed and purified as His-tagged protein in Escherichia coli for biophysical/biochemical characterization. Recombinant protein was used to treat THP-1 cells to study change in production of nitric oxide (NO), reactive oxygen species (ROS), cytokines and chemokines using flowcytometry/ELISA.Results. In silico analysis predicted ML1899 as a member of α/β hydrolase family with GXSXG-motif and Ser126, His282, Asp254 as active-site residues that were confirmed by site-directed mutagensis. ML1899 exhibited esterase activity. It hydrolysed pNP-butyrate as optimum substrate at pH 8.0 and 50 °C with 5.56 µM-1 min-1 catalytic efficiency. The enzyme exhibited stability up to 60 °C temperature and between pH 6.0 to 9.0. K m, V max and specific activity of ML1899 were calculated to be 400 µM, 40 µmoles min-1 ml-1 and 27 U mg- 1, respectively. ML1899 also exhibited phospholipase activity. The protein affected the survival of macrophages when treated at higher concentration. ML1899 enhanced ROS/NO production and up-regulated pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokine including TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-6 and IL-8 in macrophages. ML1899 was also observed to elicit humoral response in 69 % of leprosy patients.Conclusion. These results suggested that ML1899, an esterase could up-regulate the immune responses in favour of macrophages at a low concentration but kills the THP-1 macrophages cells at a higher concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchi Rastogi
- Department of Biochemistry, BMS Block 2, South Campus, Panjab University, Sector 25, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Gurkamaljit Kaur
- Department of Biotechnology, BMS Block 1, South Campus, Panjab University, Sector 25, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Pratibha Maan
- Present address: Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, 160012, India.,Department of Biotechnology, BMS Block 1, South Campus, Panjab University, Sector 25, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Archana Bhatnagar
- Department of Biochemistry, BMS Block 2, South Campus, Panjab University, Sector 25, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Tarun Narang
- Department of Dermatology, Veberology and Leprology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Sunil Dogra
- Department of Dermatology, Veberology and Leprology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Jagdeep Kaur
- Department of Biotechnology, BMS Block 1, South Campus, Panjab University, Sector 25, Chandigarh 160014, India
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