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Kleynhans J, Ebenhan T, Sathekge MM. Expanding Role for Gallium-68 PET Imaging in Oncology. Semin Nucl Med 2024:S0001-2998(24)00054-0. [PMID: 38964934 DOI: 10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2024.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Gallium-68 has gained substantial momentum since 2003 as a versatile radiometal that is extremely useful for application in the development of novel oncology targeting diagnostic radiopharmaceuticals. It is available through both generator produced radioactivity and via cyclotron production methods and can therefore be implemented in either small- or large-scale production facilities. It can also be implemented within different spectrum of infrastructure settings with relative ease. Whilst many of the radiopharmaceuticals are being development and investigated, which is summarized in this manuscript, [68Ga]Ga-SSTR2 and [68Ga]Ga-PSMA has prominence in current clinical guidelines. The novel tracer [68Ga]Ga-FAPi has also gained significant interest in the clinical context. A comparison of the labelling strategies followed to incorporate gallium-68 and fluorine-18 into the same molecular targeting constructs clearly demonstrate that gallium-68 complexation is the most convenient approach. Recently, cold kit based starting products are available to make the small-scale production of gallium-68 radiopharmaceuticals even more efficient when combined with generator produced gallium-68. The regulatory aspects is currently changing to support the implementation of gallium-68 and other diagnostic radiopharmaceuticals, simplifying the translation towards clinical use. Overall, the development of gallium-68 based radiopharmaceuticals is not only rapidly changing the landscape of diagnosis in oncology, but this growth also promotes innovation and progress in new applications of therapeutic radiometals such as lutetium-177 and actinium-225.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janke Kleynhans
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Radiopharmaceutical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Thomas Ebenhan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Preclinical Imaging Facility, Nuclear Medicine Research Infrastructure, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Mike Machaba Sathekge
- Preclinical Imaging Facility, Nuclear Medicine Research Infrastructure, Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Pretoria and Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa
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2
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Gideonse BM, Birkeland M, Vilstrup MH, Grupe P, Naghavi-Behzad M, Ruhlmann CH, Gerke O, Hildebrandt MG. Organ-specific accuracy of [ 18F]FDG-PET/CT in identifying immune-related adverse events in patients with high-risk melanoma treated with adjuvant immune checkpoint inhibitor. Jpn J Radiol 2024; 42:753-764. [PMID: 38504000 PMCID: PMC11217074 DOI: 10.1007/s11604-024-01554-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to determine the organ-specific accuracy of [18F]FDG-PET/CT in identifying immune-related adverse events (irAEs) in patients with high-risk (stage III/IV) surgically resected melanoma treated with an adjuvant immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) and determine the incidence of irAEs within the first year after starting treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS This registry-based study included individuals who had undergone surgical removal of melanoma and were undergoing adjuvant ICI treatment (either nivolumab or pembrolizumab). The study specifically enrolled patients who had undergone both a baseline and at least one subsequent follow-up [18F]FDG-PET/CT scan. Follow-up scans were performed every third month in the first year after surgery to screen for disease recurrence. We retrospectively compared the follow-up scans with baseline scans to identify irAEs. Clinical information on irAEs was obtained from medical records and served as a reference standard for determining the accuracy of [18F]FDG-PET/CT. RESULTS A total of 123 patients with 363 [18F]FDG-PET/CT scans were included, and 65 patients (52.8%) developed irAEs. In decreasing order, the organ-specific incidences of irAEs were: skin 26/65 (40%), muscle and joints 21/65 (32.3%), intestines 13/65 (20%), thyroid gland 12/65 (18.5%), lungs 4/65 (6.2%), and heart 2/65 (3.1%). The sensitivities and specificities of [18F]FDG-PET/CT for diagnosing irAEs were: skin 19% (95% CI: 7-39%) and 95% (88-98%), muscles and joints 71% (48-89%) and 83% (75-90%), intestines 100% (75-100%) and 85% (77-91%); thyroid gland 92% (62-99%) and 95% (89-98%), lungs 75% (19-99%) and 90% (83-95%), and heart 50% (13-99%) and 97% (92-99%), respectively. CONCLUSION [18F]FDG-PET/CT generally had moderate to high sensitivities (except for skin and heart) and specificities in diagnosing irAEs in patients receiving adjuvant ICI; this could be suggested to be systematically assessed and reported in scan reports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birte Molvik Gideonse
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Magnus Birkeland
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Mie Holm Vilstrup
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Esbjerg Hospital, Esbjerg, Denmark
| | - Peter Grupe
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Mohammad Naghavi-Behzad
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.
- Centre for Personalized Response Monitoring in Oncology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.
| | - Christina H Ruhlmann
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Oncology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Oke Gerke
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Malene Grubbe Hildebrandt
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Centre for Personalized Response Monitoring in Oncology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Centre for Innovative Medical Technology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
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3
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Roschelle M, Rabbani R, Gweon S, Kumar R, Vercruysse A, Cho NW, Spitzer MH, Niknejad AM, Stojanović VM, Anwar M. A Wireless, Multicolor Fluorescence Image Sensor Implant for Real-Time Monitoring in Cancer Therapy. ARXIV 2024:arXiv:2406.18881v1. [PMID: 38979489 PMCID: PMC11230517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Real-time monitoring of dynamic biological processes in the body is critical to understanding disease progression and treatment response. This data, for instance, can help address the lower than 50% response rates to cancer immunotherapy. However, current clinical imaging modalities lack the molecular contrast, resolution, and chronic usability for rapid and accurate response assessments. Here, we present a fully wireless image sensor featuring a 2.5×5 mm2 CMOS integrated circuit for multicolor fluorescence imaging deep in tissue. The sensor operates wirelessly via ultrasound (US) at 5 cm depth in oil, harvesting energy with 221 mW/cm2 incident US power density (31% of FDA limits) and backscattering data at 13 kbps with a bit error rate <10-6. In-situ fluorescence excitation is provided by micro-laser diodes controlled with a programmable on-chip driver. An optical frontend combining a multi-bandpass interference filter and a fiber optic plate provides >6 OD excitation blocking and enables three-color imaging for detecting multiple cell types. A 36×40-pixel array captures images with <125 μm resolution. We demonstrate wireless, dual-color fluorescence imaging of both effector and suppressor immune cells in ex vivo mouse tumor samples with and without immunotherapy. These results show promise for providing rapid insight into therapeutic response and resistance, guiding personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micah Roschelle
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Rozhan Rabbani
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Surin Gweon
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Rohan Kumar
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Alec Vercruysse
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Nam Woo Cho
- Department of Radiation Oncology and the Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158 USA
| | - Matthew H. Spitzer
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery and the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158 USA
| | - Ali M. Niknejad
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Vladimir M. Stojanović
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Mekhail Anwar
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158 USA
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4
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Larimer BM. PET Imaging for Monitoring Cellular and Immunotherapy of Cancer. Cancer J 2024; 30:153-158. [PMID: 38753749 PMCID: PMC11101150 DOI: 10.1097/ppo.0000000000000722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Cancer immunotherapy, including checkpoint blockade and cellular therapy, has become a cornerstone in cancer treatment. However, understanding the factors driving patient response or resistance to these therapies remains challenging. The dynamic interplay between the immune system and tumors requires new approaches for characterization. Biopsies and blood tests provide valuable information, but their limitations have led to increased interest in positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography imaging to complement these strategies. The noninvasive nature of PET imaging makes it ideal for monitoring the dynamic tumor immune microenvironment. This review discusses various PET imaging approaches, including immune cell lineage markers, immune functional markers, immune cell metabolism, direct cell labeling, and reporter genes, highlighting their potential in targeted immunotherapies and cell-based approaches. Although PET imaging has limitations, its integration into diagnostic strategies holds promise for improving patient outcomes and accelerating drug development in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M. Larimer
- Department of Radiology. The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
- O’Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center. The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
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5
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Khandelwal Y, Singh Parihar A, Sistani G, Ramirez-Fort MK, Zukotynski K, Subramaniam RM. Role of PET/Computed Tomography in Gastric and Colorectal Malignancies. PET Clin 2024; 19:177-186. [PMID: 38199915 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpet.2023.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
This article focuses on the role of PET/computed tomography in evaluating and managing gastric cancer and colorectal cancer. The authors start with describing the common aspects of imaging with 2-deoxy-2-18F-d-glucose, followed by tumor-specific discussions of gastric and colorectal malignancies. Finally, the authors provide a brief overview of non-FDG tracers including their potential clinical applications, and describe future directions in imaging these malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogita Khandelwal
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, AIIMS Campus, Ansari Nagar East, New Delhi, Delhi 110016, India
| | - Ashwin Singh Parihar
- Mallinckodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 510 South Kingshighway Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Golmehr Sistani
- Medical Imaging Department, Royal Victoria Regional Health Centre, 201 Georgian Drive, Barrie, ON L4M 6M2, Canada
| | | | - Katherine Zukotynski
- Department of Medical Imaging, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada.
| | - Rathan M Subramaniam
- Faculty of Medicine, Nursing, Midwifery & Health Sciences, 160 Oxford Street, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
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6
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Ghodsi A, Hicks RJ, Iravani A. PET/Computed Tomography Transformation of Oncology: Immunotherapy Assessment. PET Clin 2024; 19:291-306. [PMID: 38199917 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpet.2023.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Immunotherapy approaches have changed the treatment landscape in a variety of malignancies with a high anti-tumor response. Immunotherapy may be associated with novel response and progression patterns that pose a substantial challenge to the conventional criteria for assessing treatment response, including response evaluation criteria in solid tumors (RECIST) 1.1. In addition to the morphologic details provided by computed tomography (CT) and MRI, hybrid molecular imaging emerges as a comprehensive imaging modality with the capacity to interrogate pathophysiological mechanisms like glucose metabolism. This review highlights the current status of 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-D-glucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (18F-FDG PET/CT) in prognostication, response monitoring, and identifying immune-related adverse events. Furthermore, it investigates the potential role of novel immuno-PET tracers that could complement the utilization of 18F-FDG PET/CT by imaging the specific pathways involved in immunotherapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Ghodsi
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington, 1144 Eastlake Avenue East, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Rodney J Hicks
- Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Australia; Department of Medicine, Central Clinical School, The Alfred Hospital, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; The Melbourne Theranostic Innovation Centre, North Melbourne, Australia
| | - Amir Iravani
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington, 1144 Eastlake Avenue East, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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7
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Murad V, Kohan A, Ortega C, Prica A, Veit-Haibach P, Metser U. Role of FDG PET/CT in Patients With Lymphoma Treated With Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cell Therapy: Current Concepts. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2024; 222:e2330301. [PMID: 38054958 DOI: 10.2214/ajr.23.30301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy is a cellular therapy in which the patient's T cells are enhanced to recognize and bind to specific tumor antigens. CAR T-cell therapy was initially developed for the treatment of leukemia, but its current main indication is the treatment of relapsed or refractory non-Hodgkin lymphoma. FDG PET/CT plays a fundamental role in the diagnosis, staging, therapy response assessment, and recurrence evaluation of patients with metabolically active lymphoma. Consistent with the examination's role in lymphoma management, FDG PET/CT is also the imaging modality of choice to evaluate patients before and after CAR T-cell therapy, and evidence supporting its utility in this setting continues to accumulate. In this article, we review current concepts in CAR T-cell therapy in patients with lymphoma, emphasizing the critical role of FDG PET/CT before and after therapy. A framework is presented that entails performing FDG PET/CT at four time points over the course of CAR T-cell therapy: pretherapy at baseline at the time of decision to administer CAR T-cell therapy and after any bridging therapies and posttherapy 1 and 3 months after infusion. PET parameters assessed at these time points predict various patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Murad
- Joint Department of Medical Imaging, University Medical Imaging, University of Toronto and University Health Net work, Mount Sinai Hospital and Women's College Hospital, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, 610 University Ave, Ste 3-920, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Andres Kohan
- Joint Department of Medical Imaging, University Medical Imaging, University of Toronto and University Health Net work, Mount Sinai Hospital and Women's College Hospital, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, 610 University Ave, Ste 3-920, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Claudia Ortega
- Joint Department of Medical Imaging, University Medical Imaging, University of Toronto and University Health Net work, Mount Sinai Hospital and Women's College Hospital, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, 610 University Ave, Ste 3-920, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Anca Prica
- Department of Hematology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Patrick Veit-Haibach
- Joint Department of Medical Imaging, University Medical Imaging, University of Toronto and University Health Net work, Mount Sinai Hospital and Women's College Hospital, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, 610 University Ave, Ste 3-920, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Ur Metser
- Joint Department of Medical Imaging, University Medical Imaging, University of Toronto and University Health Net work, Mount Sinai Hospital and Women's College Hospital, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, 610 University Ave, Ste 3-920, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada
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8
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Xiao B, Yu J, Ding PR. Nonoperative Management of dMMR/MSI-H Colorectal Cancer following Neoadjuvant Immunotherapy: A Narrative Review. Clin Colon Rectal Surg 2023; 36:378-384. [PMID: 37795463 PMCID: PMC10547541 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1767703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapy with PD-1 blockade has achieved a great success in colorectal cancers (CRCs) with high microsatellite instability (MSI-H) and deficient mismatch repair (dMMR), and has become the first-line therapy in metastatic setting. Studies of neoadjuvant immunotherapy also report exciting results, showing high rates of clinical complete response (cCR) and pathological complete response. The high efficacy and long duration of response of immunotherapy has prompt attempts to adopt watch-and-wait strategy for patients achieving cCR following the treatment. Thankfully, the watch-and-wait approach has been proposed for nearly 20 years for patients undergoing chemoradiotherapy and has gained ground among patients as well as clinicians. In this narrative review, we combed through the available information on immunotherapy for CRC and on the watch-and-wait strategy in chemoradiotherapy, and looked forward to a future where neoadjuvant immunotherapy as a curative therapy would play a big part in the treatment of MSI-H/dMMR CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binyi Xiao
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Jiehai Yu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Pei-Rong Ding
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, P. R. China
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9
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Holzgreve A, Taugner J, Käsmann L, Müller P, Tufman A, Reinmuth N, Li M, Winkelmann M, Unterrainer LM, Nieto AE, Bartenstein P, Kunz WG, Ricke J, Belka C, Eze C, Unterrainer M, Manapov F. Metabolic patterns on [ 18F]FDG PET/CT in patients with unresectable stage III NSCLC undergoing chemoradiotherapy ± durvalumab maintenance treatment. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2023; 50:2466-2476. [PMID: 36951991 PMCID: PMC10250493 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-023-06192-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE In patients with unresectable stage III non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), durvalumab maintenance treatment after chemoradiotherapy (CRT) significantly improves survival. So far, however, metabolic changes of tumoral lesions and secondary lymphoid organs under durvalumab are unknown. Hence, we assessed changes on [18F]FDG PET/CT in comparison to patients undergoing CRT alone. METHODS Forty-three patients with [18F]FDG PET/CT both before and after standard CRT for unresectable stage III NSCLC were included, in 16/43 patients durvalumab maintenance treatment was initiated (CRT-IO) prior to the second PET/CT. Uptake of tumor sites and secondary lymphoid organs was compared between CRT and CRT-IO. Also, readers were blinded for durvalumab administration and reviewed scans for findings suspicious for immunotherapy-related adverse events (irAE). RESULTS Initial uptake characteristics were comparable. However, under durvalumab, diverging metabolic patterns were noted: There was a significantly higher reduction of tumoral uptake intensity in CRT-IO compared to CRT, e.g. median decrease of SUVmax -70.0% vs. -24.8%, p = 0.009. In contrast, the spleen uptake increased in CRT-IO while it dropped in CRT (median + 12.5% vs. -4.4%, p = 0.029). Overall survival was significantly longer in CRT-IO compared to CRT with few events (progression/death) noted in CRT-IO. Findings suggestive of irAE were present on PET/CT more often in CRT-IO (12/16) compared to CRT (8/27 patients), p = 0.005. CONCLUSION Durvalumab maintenance treatment after CRT leads to diverging tumoral metabolic changes, but also increases splenic metabolism and leads to a higher proportion of findings suggestive of irAE compared to patients without durvalumab. Due to significantly prolonged survival with durvalumab, survival analysis will be substantiated in correlation to metabolic changes as soon as more clinical events are present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Holzgreve
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377, Munich, Germany.
| | - Julian Taugner
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Lukas Käsmann
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Comprehensive Pneumology Center Munich (CPC-M), Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Philipp Müller
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Amanda Tufman
- Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Comprehensive Pneumology Center Munich (CPC-M), Munich, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine V, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Minglun Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Winkelmann
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Lena M Unterrainer
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander E Nieto
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Peter Bartenstein
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Wolfgang G Kunz
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jens Ricke
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Claus Belka
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Comprehensive Pneumology Center Munich (CPC-M), Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Chukwuka Eze
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Marcus Unterrainer
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Farkhad Manapov
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Comprehensive Pneumology Center Munich (CPC-M), Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
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10
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Al-Ibraheem A, Abdlkadir AS, Juweid ME, Al-Rabi K, Ma’koseh M, Abdel-Razeq H, Mansour A. FDG-PET/CT in the Monitoring of Lymphoma Immunotherapy Response: Current Status and Future Prospects. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:1063. [PMID: 36831405 PMCID: PMC9954669 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15041063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy has been extensively investigated in lymphoma over the last three decades. This new treatment modality is now established as a way to manage and maintain several stages and subtypes of lymphoma. The establishment of this novel therapy has necessitated the development of new imaging response criteria to evaluate and follow up with cancer patients. Several FDG PET/CT-based response criteria have emerged to address and encompass the various most commonly observed response patterns. Many of the proposed response criteria are currently being used to evaluate and predict responses. The purpose of this review is to address the efficacy and side effects of cancer immunotherapy and to correlate this with the proposed criteria and relevant patterns of FDG PET/CT in lymphoma immunotherapy as applicable. The latest updates and future prospects in lymphoma immunotherapy, as well as PET/CT potentials, will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akram Al-Ibraheem
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET/CT, King Hussein Cancer Center, Al-Jubeiha, Amman 11941, Jordan
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Division of Nuclear Medicine, University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
| | - Ahmed Saad Abdlkadir
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET/CT, King Hussein Cancer Center, Al-Jubeiha, Amman 11941, Jordan
| | - Malik E. Juweid
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Division of Nuclear Medicine, University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
| | - Kamal Al-Rabi
- Department of Medical Oncology, King Hussein Cancer Center, Amman 11941, Jordan
| | - Mohammad Ma’koseh
- Department of Medical Oncology, King Hussein Cancer Center, Amman 11941, Jordan
| | - Hikmat Abdel-Razeq
- Department of Internal Medicine, King Hussein Cancer Center, Amman 11941, Jordan
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
| | - Asem Mansour
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, King Hussein Cancer Center, Amman 11941, Jordan
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11
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Murad V, Kulanthaivelu R, Ortega C, Veit-Haibach P, Metser U. Standardized classification schemes in reporting oncologic PET/CT. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 9:1051309. [PMID: 36777163 PMCID: PMC9909469 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.1051309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The imaging report is essential for the communication between physicians in patient care. The information it contains must be clear, concise with evidence-based conclusions and sufficient to support clinical decision-making. In recent years, several classification schemes and/or reporting guidelines for PET have been introduced. In this manuscript, we will review the classifications most frequently used in oncology for interpreting and reporting 18F-FDG PET imaging in lymphoma, multiple myeloma, melanoma and head and neck cancers, PSMA-ligand PET imaging for prostate cancer, and 68Ga-DOTA-peptide PET in neuroendocrine tumors (NET).
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Murad
- Molecular Imaging Division, Joint Department of Medical Imaging, University Health Network, Mount Sinai Hospital and Women’s College Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- University Medical Imaging Toronto, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Roshini Kulanthaivelu
- Molecular Imaging Division, Joint Department of Medical Imaging, University Health Network, Mount Sinai Hospital and Women’s College Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- University Medical Imaging Toronto, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Claudia Ortega
- Molecular Imaging Division, Joint Department of Medical Imaging, University Health Network, Mount Sinai Hospital and Women’s College Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- University Medical Imaging Toronto, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Patrick Veit-Haibach
- Molecular Imaging Division, Joint Department of Medical Imaging, University Health Network, Mount Sinai Hospital and Women’s College Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- University Medical Imaging Toronto, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ur Metser
- Molecular Imaging Division, Joint Department of Medical Imaging, University Health Network, Mount Sinai Hospital and Women’s College Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- University Medical Imaging Toronto, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Fang M, Hang Q, Jiang H, Cai L, Hu J, Ying H, Gu Q, Yu X, Liu J, Lai X. Efficacy and safety evaluation of neoadjuvant immunotherapy plus chemotherapy for resectable non-small cell lung cancer in real world. Front Oncol 2023; 12:1055610. [PMID: 36713546 PMCID: PMC9877512 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1055610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives The combination of immunotherapy and chemotherapy has shown great efficacy in stage IV non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and is now widely used in clinical treatment strategy. This study retrospectively analyzed the efficacy and safety of neoadjuvant immunotherapy plus chemotherapy for resectable NSCLC in real world. Methods We retrospectively analyzed patients with NSCLC who received neoadjuvant immunotherapy plus chemotherapy and underwent complete tumor resection in Zhejiang Cancer Hospital between January 2019 and January 2021. Tumor staging was based on the eighth TNM classification system of the American Joint Committee on Cancer staging criteria. The safety and toxicity (including operative and postoperative complications) and the efficacy [including objective response rate (ORR), disease control rate (DCR), tumor major pathological remission (MPR), and pathological complete response (pCR)] were evaluated. Results In total, 368 patients with NSCLC were administered with neoadjuvant immunotherapy. Of them, 211 patients were included in this retrospective study. Most patients had stage II-III disease, with 75 (35.5%) and 88 (41.7%) patients diagnosed with clinical stages IIB and IIIA, respectively. A total of 206 patients (97.6%) received at least two doses of neoadjuvant immunotherapy plus chemotherapy. In addition, 121 patients (57.3%) have achieved MPR, and 80 patients (37.9%) have achieved pCR, with ORR at 69.2% and DCR at 97.7%. Treatment-related adverse events occurred in 46.4% of patients, and the incidence rate of grade 3 or 4 treatment-related adverse events was 13.3% (13/98). Moreover, adverse events of any grade of surgical complication occurred in 15.6% of patients. One-year disease-free survival was 80.6% (170/211). Conclusions Neoadjuvant immunotherapy plus chemotherapy has significant efficacy with a high pCR and tolerable adverse effects for patients with resectable stage II-III NSCLC in real world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Fang
- Department of Thoracic Radiotherapy, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, China,Institute of Cancer and Basic Medicine (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China,Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qingqing Hang
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haitao Jiang
- Institute of Cancer and Basic Medicine (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China,Department of Radiology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lei Cai
- Institute of Cancer and Basic Medicine (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China,Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jinlin Hu
- Institute of Cancer and Basic Medicine (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China,Department of Pathology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hangjie Ying
- Institute of Cancer and Basic Medicine (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China,Zhejiang Cancer Institute, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qing Gu
- Department of Thoracic Radiotherapy, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, China,Institute of Cancer and Basic Medicine (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaofu Yu
- Department of Thoracic Radiotherapy, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, China,Institute of Cancer and Basic Medicine (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jinshi Liu
- Institute of Cancer and Basic Medicine (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China,Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, China,*Correspondence: Xiaojing Lai, ; Jinshi Liu,
| | - Xiaojing Lai
- Department of Thoracic Radiotherapy, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, China,Institute of Cancer and Basic Medicine (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China,*Correspondence: Xiaojing Lai, ; Jinshi Liu,
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Levi J, Song H. The other immuno-PET: Metabolic tracers in evaluation of immune responses to immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy for solid tumors. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1113924. [PMID: 36700226 PMCID: PMC9868703 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1113924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Unique patterns of response to immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy, discernable in the earliest clinical trials, demanded a reconsideration of the standard methods of radiological treatment assessment. Immunomonitoring, that characterizes immune responses, offers several significant advantages over the tumor-centric approach currently used in the clinical practice: 1) better understanding of the drugs' mechanism of action and treatment resistance, 2) earlier assessment of response to therapy, 3) patient/therapy selection, 4) evaluation of toxicity and 5) more accurate end-point in clinical trials. PET imaging in combination with the right agent offers non-invasive tracking of immune processes on a whole-body level and thus represents a method uniquely well-suited for immunomonitoring. Small molecule metabolic tracers, largely neglected in the immuno-PET discourse, offer a way to monitor immune responses by assessing cellular metabolism known to be intricately linked with immune cell function. In this review, we highlight the use of small molecule metabolic tracers in imaging immune responses, provide a view of their value in the clinic and discuss the importance of image analysis in the context of tracking a moving target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Levi
- CellSight Technologies Incorporated, San Francisco, CA, United States,*Correspondence: Jelena Levi,
| | - Hong Song
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States
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Söyler Y, Özmen Ö, Kabalak PA, Ertürk H, Uğurman F, Yılmaz Ü. The efficacy of 18F-FDG PET/CT in monitoring disease progression in malignant pleural mesothelioma. Rev Esp Med Nucl Imagen Mol 2023; 42:3-9. [PMID: 36152987 DOI: 10.1016/j.remnie.2022.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In the event of suspicion of malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) progression, imaging plays an important role. We aimed to evaluate the efficacy of 18F-FDG PET/CT in monitoring disease progression by comparing it with CT, and estimate median overall survival (OS) according to progression status with CT and 18F-FDG PET/CT. MATERIALS AND METHODS This was an observational, retrospective, single-institution study with MPM patients who had both 18F-FDG PET/CT and CT for monitoring disease progression from March 2009 to February 2020. Clinical features, radiological findings, and progression status according to CT [radiologic progression negative (RPN), radiologic progression positive (RPP)] and 18F-FDG PET/CT [metabolic progression negative (MPN), metabolic progression positive (MPP)] were recorded. The discrepancies and concordance between two methods were evaluated. The OS was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS A total of 56 patients were included. There were thirty-one (55.3%) RPN and 25 (44.7%) RPP, while there were 26 (46.5%) MPN and 30 (53.5%) MPP. All RPP patients were also found to be MPP, however, among RPN, 5 patients (8.9% of all patients) were evaluated as MPP. The concordance between two methods in monitoring disease progression was very good (K = 0.423; p < 0.01). The OS was 26 ± 2.6 months in all patients. Kaplan-Meier curves between RPN and RPP, and between MPN and MPP did not show statistically significant differences (p = 0.56 and p = 0.25, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Both methods are equally acceptable in monitoring disease progression in MPM, even though 18F-FDG PET/CT detected more progression than CT did.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasemin Söyler
- Department of Chest Diseases, Ankara Kecioren Sanatorium Ataturk Chest Diseases and Thoracic Surgery Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Özlem Özmen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ankara Kecioren Sanatorium Ataturk Chest Diseases and Thoracic Surgery Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Pınar Akın Kabalak
- Department of Chest Diseases, Ankara Kecioren Sanatorium Ataturk Chest Diseases and Thoracic Surgery Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Hakan Ertürk
- Department of Radiology, Ankara Kecioren Sanatorium Ataturk Chest Diseases and Thoracic Surgery Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Feza Uğurman
- Department of Chest Diseases, Ankara Kecioren Sanatorium Ataturk Chest Diseases and Thoracic Surgery Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Ülkü Yılmaz
- Department of Chest Diseases, Ankara Kecioren Sanatorium Ataturk Chest Diseases and Thoracic Surgery Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.
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Muacevic A, Adler JR, Nittala MR, Velazquez AE, Huddleston BL, Rugnath NA, Adari N, Yajurvedi AK, Komanduri A, Yang CC, Duggar WN, Berlin WP, Duszak R, Vijayakumar V. Changing Role of PET/CT in Cancer Care With a Focus on Radiotherapy. Cureus 2022; 14:e32840. [PMID: 36694538 PMCID: PMC9867792 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.32840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) integrated with computed tomography (CT) has brought revolutionary changes in improving cancer care (CC) for patients. These include improved detection of previously unrecognizable disease, ability to identify oligometastatic status enabling more aggressive treatment strategies when the disease burden is lower, its use in better defining treatment targets in radiotherapy (RT), ability to monitor treatment responses early and thus improve the ability for early interventions of non-responding tumors, and as a prognosticating tool as well as outcome predicting tool. PET/CT has enabled the emergence of new concepts such as radiobiotherapy (RBT), radioimmunotherapy, theranostics, and pharmaco-radiotherapy. This is a rapidly evolving field, and this primer is to help summarize the current status and to give an impetus to developing new ideas, clinical trials, and CC outcome improvements.
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Söyler Y, Özmen Ö, Kabalak P, Ertürk H, Uğurman F, Yılmaz Ü. La eficacia de [18F]FDG PET/TC en el seguimiento de la progresión de la enfermedad en el mesotelioma pleural maligno. Rev Esp Med Nucl Imagen Mol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.remn.2022.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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PD1 blockade alters cell-cycle distribution and affects 3'-deoxy-3'-[ 18F]fluorothymidine uptake in a mouse CT26 tumor model. Ann Nucl Med 2022; 36:931-940. [PMID: 35969311 DOI: 10.1007/s12149-022-01782-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We previously reported that alterations of the tumor microenvironment (TME) by programmed death receptor-1 (PD1) blockade affected tumor glucose metabolism and tumor 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-D-glucose ([18F]FDG) uptake. In cancer cells, high glycolysis allows cells to sustain rapid proliferation since glycolysis is closely related to the proliferation of cancer cells. Therefore, imaging of cellular proliferation may provide more detail of TME alterations. In this study, we investigated how TME alterations by PD1 blockade affects the uptake of 3'-deoxy-3'-[18F]fluorothymidine ([18F]FLT), which is a 18F-radiolabeled thymidine derivative and is taken up by proliferating cells. METHODS Mice inoculated with murine colon carcinoma CT26 cells were intraperitoneally administered an anti-PD1 antibody on Day 0, when the tumor volume exceeded 50 mm3, and Day 5. [18F]FLT-PET imaging was performed pre-treatment (Day 0) and post treatment (Day 7). Tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) were identified by flow cytometry. [18F]FLT accumulation and localization in tumor tissue was evaluated by autoradiography and immunohistochemistry. The cell-cycle distribution of tumors and CT26 cells exposed to cytokines (interleukin-2, interferon [INF]-γ, and tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-α) was analyzed by flow cytometry. RESULTS PD1 blockade increased CD8+ and CD4+ T cells in tumor tissue and significantly suppressed tumor proliferation; however, tumor [18F]FLT uptake remained unchanged. Autoradiography and immunohistochemistry showed that [18F]FLT was mainly taken up by cancer cells, but not TILs. Flow cytometric analysis demonstrated that the population of cells in G2/M phase increased after PD1 blockade. Moreover, INF-γ and TNF-α significantly increased cells in G2/M phase in vitro. CONCLUSION PD1 blockade-induced alteration of the TME increased CT26 tumor cells in the G2/M phase, which have high thymidine kinase 1 activity. Therefore, [18F]FLT is taken up by tumor cells even if tumor proliferation is suppressed. This observation may be useful for evaluating the response to immunotherapy.
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Tatar G, Alçin G, Sengul Samanci N, Erol Fenercioglu Ö, Beyhan E, Cermik TF. Diagnostic impact of 18F-FDG PET/CT imaging on the detection of immune-related adverse events in patients treated with immunotherapy. Clin Transl Oncol 2022; 24:1903-1913. [PMID: 35594002 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-022-02840-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Immunotherapy is an effective treatment method for cancer cells with humoral and cellular immune mechanisms of action but triggers an inflammatory response and disrupts standard protective immune tolerance. Early detection of immune-related adverse events (irAEs) on PET/CT is crucial for patient management and subsequent therapy decisions. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the impact of 18F-FDG PET/CT on detecting of irAEs in patients receiving immunotherapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS Forty-six patients with advanced RCC (n: 32), malign melanoma (n: 9), lung cancer (n: 4), and laryngeal carcinoma (n: 1), who underwent 18F-FDG PET/CT imaging for response assessment after immunotherapy, were enrolled in the study. Newly detected findings associated with irAEs on posttreatment PET/CT images were compared with the pretreatment PET/CT, both qualitatively and semi-quantitatively. RESULTS Twenty-eight (61%) patients developed irAEs as observed on PET/CT. Enteritis/colitis was the most frequent irAE visualized on PET/CT with 13 patients (28.2%), followed by gastritis (17.3%), thyroiditis (13%), and myositis/arthritis (13%). Hepatitis (6.5%), pneumonitis (6.5%), sarcoid-like reaction (4.3%), and hypophysitis (4.3%) were observed to a lesser extent. The median time between the appearance of irAEs on PET/CT and the initiation of immunotherapy was 4.3 months. There were no significant differences in age, sex, and treatment response status of patients with and without irAEs. CONCLUSION 18F-FDG PET/CT plays a fundamental role in cancer immunotherapy with the potential to show significant irAEs both in the diagnosis and in follow-up of irAEs. IrAEs were present on PET/CT images of more than half of the patients who received immunotherapy in our study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamze Tatar
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Istanbul Bagcılar Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, 34200, Bagcılar, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Göksel Alçin
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Istanbul Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nilay Sengul Samanci
- Division of Medical Oncology, Istanbul Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Özge Erol Fenercioglu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Istanbul Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ediz Beyhan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Istanbul Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Tevfik Fikret Cermik
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Istanbul Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
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Lauwerys L, Smits E, Van den Wyngaert T, Elvas F. Radionuclide Imaging of Cytotoxic Immune Cell Responses to Anti-Cancer Immunotherapy. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10051074. [PMID: 35625811 PMCID: PMC9139020 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10051074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy is an evolving and promising cancer treatment that takes advantage of the body’s immune system to yield effective tumor elimination. Importantly, immunotherapy has changed the treatment landscape for many cancers, resulting in remarkable tumor responses and improvements in patient survival. However, despite impressive tumor effects and extended patient survival, only a small proportion of patients respond, and others can develop immune-related adverse events associated with these therapies, which are associated with considerable costs. Therefore, strategies to increase the proportion of patients gaining a benefit from these treatments and/or increasing the durability of immune-mediated tumor response are still urgently needed. Currently, measurement of blood or tissue biomarkers has demonstrated sampling limitations, due to intrinsic tumor heterogeneity and the latter being invasive. In addition, the unique response patterns of these therapies are not adequately captured by conventional imaging modalities. Consequently, non-invasive, sensitive, and quantitative molecular imaging techniques, such as positron emission tomography (PET) and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) using specific radiotracers, have been increasingly used for longitudinal whole-body monitoring of immune responses. Immunotherapies rely on the effector function of CD8+ T cells and natural killer cells (NK) at tumor lesions; therefore, the monitoring of these cytotoxic immune cells is of value for therapy response assessment. Different immune cell targets have been investigated as surrogate markers of response to immunotherapy, which motivated the development of multiple imaging agents. In this review, the targets and radiotracers being investigated for monitoring the functional status of immune effector cells are summarized, and their use for imaging of immune-related responses are reviewed along their limitations and pitfalls, of which multiple have already been translated to the clinic. Finally, emerging effector immune cell imaging strategies and future directions are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Lauwerys
- Molecular Imaging Center Antwerp (MICA), Integrated Personalized and Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (L.L.); (T.V.d.W.)
| | - Evelien Smits
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized and Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium;
- Center for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, Drie Eikenstraat 655, B-2650 Edegem, Belgium
| | - Tim Van den Wyngaert
- Molecular Imaging Center Antwerp (MICA), Integrated Personalized and Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (L.L.); (T.V.d.W.)
- Nuclear Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, Drie Eikenstraat 655, B-2650 Edegem, Belgium
| | - Filipe Elvas
- Molecular Imaging Center Antwerp (MICA), Integrated Personalized and Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (L.L.); (T.V.d.W.)
- Correspondence:
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Jiang H, Yu X, Li N, Kong M, Ma Z, Zhou D, Wang W, Wang H, Wang H, He K, Li Z, Lu Y, Zhang J, Zhao K, Zhang Y, Xu N, Li Z, Liu Y, Wang Y, Wang Y, Teng L. Efficacy and safety of neoadjuvant sintilimab, oxaliplatin and capecitabine in patients with locally advanced, resectable gastric or gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma: early results of a phase 2 study. J Immunother Cancer 2022; 10:jitc-2021-003635. [PMID: 35296556 PMCID: PMC8928365 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-003635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors have greatly improved the prognoses of diverse advanced malignancies, including gastric and gastroesophageal junction (G/GEJ) cancer. However, the role of anti-programmed cell death protein-1 treatment in the neoadjuvant setting remains unclear. This phase 2 study aimed to evaluate sintilimab plus CapeOx as a neoadjuvant regimen in patients with advanced resectable G/GEJ adenocarcinoma. Eligible patients with resectable G/GEJ adenocarcinoma stage cT3-4NanyM0 were enrolled. Patients received neoadjuvant treatment with sintilimab (3 mg/kg for cases <60 kg or 200 mg for those ≥60 kg on day 1) plus CapeOx (oxaliplatin at 130 mg/m2 on D1 and capecitabine at 1000 mg/m2 two times per day on D1-D14) every 21 days, for three cycles before surgical resection, followed by adjuvant treatment with three cycles of CapeOx with the same dosages after surgical resection. The primary endpoint was pathological complete response (pCR) rate. Secondary endpoints included objective response rate, tumor regression grade per Becker criteria, survival and safety. As of July 30, 2020, 36 patients were enrolled. Totally 7 (19.4%) patients had GEJ cancer, and 34 (94.4%) patients were clinical stage III cases. A total of 35 (97.2%) patients completed three cycles of neoadjuvant treatment, and 1 patients received two cycles due to adverse events. All patients underwent surgery and the R0 resection rate was 97.2%. In this study, pCR and major pathological response were achieved in 7 (19.4%, 95% CI: 8.8% to 35.7%; 90% CI: 10.7% to 33.1%) and 17 (47.2%, 95% CI: 31.6% to 64.3%) patients, respectively. Thirty-one patients received adjuvant treatment. By December 20, 2021, three patients died after disease relapse, and two patients were alive with relapse. Median disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) were not reached. The 1-year DFS and OS rates were 90.3% (95% CI: 80.4% to 100.0%) and 94.1% (95% CI: 86.5% to 100.0%), respectively. The most common (>1 patient) grade 3 treatment-related adverse events during neoadjuvant treatment were anemia and neutropenia (n=5 each, 13.9%). No serious adverse events (AEs) or grade 4-5 AEs were observed. Sintilimab plus oxaliplatin/capecitabine showed promising efficacy with encouraging pCR rate and good safety profile in the neoadjuvant setting. This combination regimen might present a new option for patients with locally advanced, resectable G/GEJ adenocarcinoma. Trial registration; NCT04065282.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiping Jiang
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiongfei Yu
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ning Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mei Kong
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhimin Ma
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Donghui Zhou
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weibin Wang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haohao Wang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haiyong Wang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kuifeng He
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhongqi Li
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yimin Lu
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kui Zhao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, PET Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yafei Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, PET Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Nong Xu
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ziran Li
- Department of Medical Science and Strategy Oncology, Innovent Biologics, Inc, Suzhou, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Medical Science and Strategy Oncology, Innovent Biologics, Inc, Suzhou, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Medical Science and Strategy Oncology, Innovent Biologics, Inc, Suzhou, China
| | - Yisen Wang
- Department of Translational Medicine, Innovent Biologics, Inc, Suzhou, China
| | - Lisong Teng
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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PET/Computed Tomography. PET Clin 2022; 17:319-326. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cpet.2021.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Eisenhardt AE, Schmid A, Esser J, Brugger Z, Lausch U, Kiefer J, Braig M, Runkel A, Wehrle J, Claus R, Bronsert P, Leithner A, Liegl-Atzwanger B, Zeller J, Papini R, von Laffert M, Pfitzner BM, Koulaxouzidis G, Giunta RE, Eisenhardt SU, Braig D. Targeted next-generation sequencing of circulating free DNA enables non-invasive tumor detection in myxoid liposarcomas. Mol Cancer 2022; 21:50. [PMID: 35164780 PMCID: PMC8842903 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-022-01523-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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de Groot PM, Arevalo O, Shah K, Strange CD, Shroff GS, Ahuja J, Truong MT, de Groot JF, Vlahos I. Imaging Primer on Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cell Therapy for Radiologists. Radiographics 2022; 42:176-194. [PMID: 34990326 DOI: 10.1148/rg.210065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy is a recently approved breakthrough treatment that has become a new paradigm in treatment of recurrent or refractory B-cell lymphomas and pediatric or adult acute lymphoid leukemia. CAR T cells are a type of cellular immunotherapy that artificially enhances T cells to boost eradication of malignancy through activation of the native immune system. The CAR construct is a synthetically created functional cell receptor grafted onto previously harvested patient T cells, which bind to preselected tumor-associated antigens and thereby activate host immune signaling cascades to attack tumor cells. Advantages include a single treatment episode of 2-3 weeks and durable disease elimination, with remission rates of over 80%. Responses to therapy are more rapid than with conventional chemotherapy or immunotherapy, with intervening short-interval edema. CAR T-cell administration is associated with therapy-related toxic effects in a large percentage of patients, notably cytokine release syndrome, immune effect cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome, and infections related to immunosuppression. Knowledge of the expected evolution of therapy response and potential adverse events in CAR T-cell therapy and correlation with the timeline of treatment are important to optimize patient care. Some toxic effects are radiologically evident, and familiarity with their imaging spectrum is key to avoiding misinterpretation. Other clinical toxic effects may be occult at imaging and are diagnosed on the basis of clinical assessment. Future directions for CAR T-cell therapy include new indications and expanded tumor targets, along with novel ways to capture T-cell activation with imaging. An invited commentary by Ramaiya and Smith is available online. Online supplemental material is available for this article. ©RSNA, 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia M de Groot
- From the Departments of Thoracic Imaging (P.M.d.G., C.D.S., G.S.S., J.A., M.T.T., I.V.), Neuroradiology (O.A., K.S.), and Neuro-oncology (J.F.d.G.), University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Unit 1478, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Octavio Arevalo
- From the Departments of Thoracic Imaging (P.M.d.G., C.D.S., G.S.S., J.A., M.T.T., I.V.), Neuroradiology (O.A., K.S.), and Neuro-oncology (J.F.d.G.), University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Unit 1478, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Komal Shah
- From the Departments of Thoracic Imaging (P.M.d.G., C.D.S., G.S.S., J.A., M.T.T., I.V.), Neuroradiology (O.A., K.S.), and Neuro-oncology (J.F.d.G.), University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Unit 1478, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Chad D Strange
- From the Departments of Thoracic Imaging (P.M.d.G., C.D.S., G.S.S., J.A., M.T.T., I.V.), Neuroradiology (O.A., K.S.), and Neuro-oncology (J.F.d.G.), University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Unit 1478, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Girish S Shroff
- From the Departments of Thoracic Imaging (P.M.d.G., C.D.S., G.S.S., J.A., M.T.T., I.V.), Neuroradiology (O.A., K.S.), and Neuro-oncology (J.F.d.G.), University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Unit 1478, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Jitesh Ahuja
- From the Departments of Thoracic Imaging (P.M.d.G., C.D.S., G.S.S., J.A., M.T.T., I.V.), Neuroradiology (O.A., K.S.), and Neuro-oncology (J.F.d.G.), University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Unit 1478, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Mylene T Truong
- From the Departments of Thoracic Imaging (P.M.d.G., C.D.S., G.S.S., J.A., M.T.T., I.V.), Neuroradiology (O.A., K.S.), and Neuro-oncology (J.F.d.G.), University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Unit 1478, Houston, TX 77030
| | - John F de Groot
- From the Departments of Thoracic Imaging (P.M.d.G., C.D.S., G.S.S., J.A., M.T.T., I.V.), Neuroradiology (O.A., K.S.), and Neuro-oncology (J.F.d.G.), University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Unit 1478, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Ioannis Vlahos
- From the Departments of Thoracic Imaging (P.M.d.G., C.D.S., G.S.S., J.A., M.T.T., I.V.), Neuroradiology (O.A., K.S.), and Neuro-oncology (J.F.d.G.), University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Unit 1478, Houston, TX 77030
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Matias M, Pinho JO, Penetra MJ, Campos G, Reis CP, Gaspar MM. The Challenging Melanoma Landscape: From Early Drug Discovery to Clinical Approval. Cells 2021; 10:3088. [PMID: 34831311 PMCID: PMC8621991 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is recognized as the most dangerous type of skin cancer, with high mortality and resistance to currently used treatments. To overcome the limitations of the available therapeutic options, the discovery and development of new, more effective, and safer therapies is required. In this review, the different research steps involved in the process of antimelanoma drug evaluation and selection are explored, including information regarding in silico, in vitro, and in vivo experiments, as well as clinical trial phases. Details are given about the most used cell lines and assays to perform both two- and three-dimensional in vitro screening of drug candidates towards melanoma. For in vivo studies, murine models are, undoubtedly, the most widely used for assessing the therapeutic potential of new compounds and to study the underlying mechanisms of action. Here, the main melanoma murine models are described as well as other animal species. A section is dedicated to ongoing clinical studies, demonstrating the wide interest and successful efforts devoted to melanoma therapy, in particular at advanced stages of the disease, and a final section includes some considerations regarding approval for marketing by regulatory agencies. Overall, considerable commitment is being directed to the continuous development of optimized experimental models, important for the understanding of melanoma biology and for the evaluation and validation of novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Matias
- Research Institute for Medicines, iMed.ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Jacinta O Pinho
- Research Institute for Medicines, iMed.ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Maria João Penetra
- Research Institute for Medicines, iMed.ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Gonçalo Campos
- CICS-UBI-Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6201-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Catarina Pinto Reis
- Research Institute for Medicines, iMed.ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Maria Manuela Gaspar
- Research Institute for Medicines, iMed.ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
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FDG-PET/CT imaging for evaluating durable responses to immune check point inhibitors in patients with advanced cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Imaging 2021; 21:57. [PMID: 34645517 PMCID: PMC8515684 DOI: 10.1186/s40644-021-00426-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The role of FDG-PET/CT imaging in assessing response to immunotherapy in advanced cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC) is unknown. This study compared complete metabolic response (CMR) rates by FDG-PET and RECIST1.1 via CT or MRI in patients on cemiplimab for > 10 months. Methods This was a single-centre retrospective study of 15 patients treated with cemiplimab for advanced CSCC who had CT/MRI and FDG-PET/CT at > 10 months to assess metabolic treatment response. The median age was 73 years (range 55–84) and 93% were male. RECIST1.1 and PERCIST1.0 tumor responses were evaluated by blinded readers. Results Seventy-three percent (11/15) (95%CI 44.9, 92.2%) achieved a CMR on PET. Of these 11, on RECIST1.1 there was one complete response, 9 partial responses and one stable disease. Conclusions In patients on cemiplimab for > 10 months, there was discordance between CR rates on FDG-PET versus RECIST1.1. FDG-PET/CT may have utility for clarifying depth of response in patients treated with immunotherapy for CSCC.
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Imaging of Cancer Immunotherapy: Response Assessment Methods, Atypical Response Patterns, and Immune-Related Adverse Events, From the AJR Special Series on Imaging of Inflammation. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2021; 218:940-952. [PMID: 34612682 DOI: 10.2214/ajr.21.26538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The introduction of immunotherapy with immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has revolutionized cancer treatment paradigms. Since the FDA approval of the first ICI in 2011, multiple additional ICIs have been approved and granted marketing authorization, and many promising agents are in early clinical adoption. Due to the distinctive biologic mechanisms of ICIs, the patterns of tumor response and progression differ for immunotherapy from those observed with cytotoxic chemotherapies. With increasing clinical adoption of immunotherapy, it is critical for radiologists to recognize different response patterns and common pitfalls to avoid misinterpretation of imaging studies or prompt premature cessation of potentially effective treatment. This article provides an overview of ICIs and their mechanisms of action and reviews the anatomic and metabolic immune-related response assessment methods, typical and atypical patterns of immunotherapy response (including pseudoprogression, hyper-progression, dissociated response, and durable response), and common imaging features of immune-related adverse events. Future multicenter trials are needed to validate the proposed immune-related response criteria and identify the functional imaging markers of early treatment response and survival.
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Leung D, Bonacorsi S, Smith RA, Weber W, Hayes W. Molecular Imaging and the PD-L1 Pathway: From Bench to Clinic. Front Oncol 2021; 11:698425. [PMID: 34497758 PMCID: PMC8420047 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.698425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Programmed death-1 (PD-1) and programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) inhibitors target the important molecular interplay between PD-1 and PD-L1, a key pathway contributing to immune evasion in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Long-term clinical benefit has been observed in patients receiving PD-(L)1 inhibitors, alone and in combination with other treatments, across multiple tumor types. PD-L1 expression has been associated with response to immune checkpoint inhibitors, and treatment strategies are often guided by immunohistochemistry-based diagnostic tests assessing expression of PD-L1. However, challenges related to the implementation, interpretation, and clinical utility of PD-L1 diagnostic tests have led to an increasing number of preclinical and clinical studies exploring interrogation of the TME by real-time imaging of PD-(L)1 expression by positron emission tomography (PET). PET imaging utilizes radiolabeled molecules to non-invasively assess PD-(L)1 expression spatially and temporally. Several PD-(L)1 PET tracers have been tested in preclinical and clinical studies, with clinical trials in progress to assess their use in a number of cancer types. This review will showcase the development of PD-(L)1 PET tracers from preclinical studies through to clinical use, and will explore the opportunities in drug development and possible future clinical implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Leung
- Translational Medicine, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, United States
| | - Samuel Bonacorsi
- Translational Medicine, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, United States
| | - Ralph Adam Smith
- Translational Medicine, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, United States
| | - Wolfgang Weber
- Technische Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Wendy Hayes
- Translational Medicine, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, United States
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29
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Computed Tomography Structured Reporting in the Staging of Lymphoma: A Delphi Consensus Proposal. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10174007. [PMID: 34501455 PMCID: PMC8432477 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10174007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Structured reporting (SR) in radiology is becoming increasingly necessary and has been recognized recently by major scientific societies. This study aims to build structured CT-based reports for lymphoma patients during the staging phase to improve communication between radiologists, members of multidisciplinary teams, and patients. A panel of expert radiologists, members of the Italian Society of Medical and Interventional Radiology (SIRM), was established. A modified Delphi process was used to develop the SR and to assess a level of agreement for all report sections. The Cronbach's alpha (Cα) correlation coefficient was used to assess internal consistency for each section and to measure quality analysis according to the average inter-item correlation. The final SR version was divided into four sections: (a) Patient Clinical Data, (b) Clinical Evaluation, (c) Imaging Protocol, and (d) Report, including n = 13 items in the "Patient Clinical Data" section, n = 8 items in the "Clinical Evaluation" section, n = 9 items in the "Imaging Protocol" section, and n = 32 items in the "Report" section. Overall, 62 items were included in the final version of the SR. A dedicated section of significant images was added as part of the report. In the first Delphi round, all sections received more than a good rating (≥3). The overall mean score of the experts and the sum of score for structured report were 4.4 (range 1-5) and 1524 (mean value of 101.6 and standard deviation of 11.8). The Cα correlation coefficient was 0.89 in the first round. In the second Delphi round, all sections received more than an excellent rating (≥4). The overall mean score of the experts and the sum of scores for structured report were 4.9 (range 3-5) and 1694 (mean value of 112.9 and standard deviation of 4.0). The Cα correlation coefficient was 0.87 in this round. The highest overall means value, highest sum of scores of the panelists, and smallest standard deviation values of the evaluations in this round reflect the increase of the internal consistency and agreement among experts in the second round compared to first round. The accurate statement of imaging data given to referring physicians is critical for patient care; the information contained affects both the decision-making process and the subsequent treatment. The radiology report is the most important source of clinical imaging information. It conveys critical information about the patient's health and the radiologist's interpretation of medical findings. It also communicates information to the referring physicians and records this information for future clinical and research use. The present SR was generated based on a multi-round consensus-building Delphi exercise and uses standardized terminology and structures, in order to adhere to diagnostic/therapeutic recommendations and facilitate enrolment in clinical trials, to reduce any ambiguity that may arise from non-conventional language, and to enable better communication between radiologists and clinicians.
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Harder FN, Jungmann F, Kaissis GA, Lohöfer FK, Ziegelmayer S, Havel D, Quante M, Reichert M, Schmid RM, Demir IE, Friess H, Wildgruber M, Siveke J, Muckenhuber A, Steiger K, Weichert W, Rauscher I, Eiber M, Makowski MR, Braren RF. [ 18F]FDG PET/MRI enables early chemotherapy response prediction in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. EJNMMI Res 2021; 11:70. [PMID: 34322781 PMCID: PMC8319249 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-021-00808-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose In this prospective exploratory study, we evaluated the feasibility of [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose ([18F]FDG) PET/MRI-based chemotherapy response prediction in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma at two weeks upon therapy onset. Material and methods In a mixed cohort, seventeen patients treated with chemotherapy in neoadjuvant or palliative intent were enrolled. All patients were imaged by [18F]FDG PET/MRI before and two weeks after onset of chemotherapy. Response per RECIST1.1 was then assessed at 3 months [18F]FDG PET/MRI-derived parameters (MTV50%, TLG50%, MTV2.5, TLG2.5, SUVmax, SUVpeak, ADCmax, ADCmean and ADCmin) were assessed, using multiple t-test, Man–Whitney-U test and Fisher’s exact test for binary features. Results At 72 ± 43 days, twelve patients were classified as responders and five patients as non-responders. An increase in ∆MTV50% and ∆ADC (≥ 20% and 15%, respectively) and a decrease in ∆TLG50% (≤ 20%) at 2 weeks after chemotherapy onset enabled prediction of responders and non-responders, respectively. Parameter combinations (∆TLG50% and ∆ADCmax or ∆MTV50% and ∆ADCmax) further improved discrimination. Conclusion Multiparametric [18F]FDG PET/MRI-derived parameters, in particular indicators of a change in tumor glycolysis and cellularity, may enable very early chemotherapy response prediction. Further prospective studies in larger patient cohorts are recommended to their clinical impact. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13550-021-00808-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix N Harder
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Friederike Jungmann
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Georgios A Kaissis
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Department of Computing, Faculty of Engineering, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Fabian K Lohöfer
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sebastian Ziegelmayer
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Daniel Havel
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Quante
- Internal Medicine II, Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg University Hospital, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Maximillian Reichert
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Roland M Schmid
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ihsan Ekin Demir
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Helmut Friess
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Moritz Wildgruber
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Radiologie, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Jens Siveke
- Institute for Developmental Cancer Therapeutics, West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | | | - Katja Steiger
- Institute of Pathology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Wilko Weichert
- Institute of Pathology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Isabel Rauscher
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Technical University Munich, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias Eiber
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Technical University Munich, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
| | - Marcus R Makowski
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Rickmer F Braren
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany. .,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany.
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Sato M, Umeda Y, Tsujikawa T, Mori T, Morikawa M, Anzai M, Waseda Y, Kadowaki M, Kiyono Y, Okazawa H, Ishizuka T. Predictive value of 3'-deoxy-3'- 18F-fluorothymidine PET in the early response to anti-programmed death-1 therapy in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:jitc-2021-003079. [PMID: 34301816 PMCID: PMC8296775 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-003079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Anti-programmed death-1 (anti-PD-1) therapy has shown clinical success in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, it is difficult to evaluate the early response to anti-PD-1 therapy. We determined whether changes in 3′-deoxy-3′-[18F]-fluorothymidine (18F-FLT) PET parameters before and soon after treatment initiation predicted the therapeutic effect of anti-PD-1 antibody. Methods Twenty-six patients with advanced NSCLC treated with anti-PD-1 antibody were enrolled prospectively and underwent 18F-FLT PET before and at 2 and 6 weeks after treatment initiation. Changes in maximal standardized uptake value (ΔSUVmax), proliferative tumor volume (ΔPTV) and total lesion proliferation (ΔTLP) of the lesions were calculated and evaluated for their associations with the clinical response to therapy. Results The disease control rate was 64%. Patients with non-progressive disease (non-PD) had significantly decreased TLP at 2 weeks, and decreased SUVmax, PTV, and TLP at 6 weeks, compared with those with PD, while three of eight (37.5%) patients who responded had increased TLP from baseline at 2 weeks (ie, pseudoprogression). Among the parameters that changed between baseline and 2 weeks, ΔPTV0-2 and ΔTLP0-2 had the highest accuracy (76.0%) to predict PD. Among the parameters that changed between baseline and 6 weeks, ΔSUVmax0-6, ΔPTV0-6 and ΔTLP0-6 had the highest accuracy (90.9%) to predict PD. ΔTLP0-2 (≥60%, HR 3.41, 95% CI 1.34–8.65, p=0.010) and ΔTLP0-6 (≥50%, HR 31.4, 95% CI 3.55 to 276.7, p=0.0019) were indicators of shorter progression-free survival. Conclusions Changes in 18F-FLT PET parameters may have value as an early predictive biomarker for the response to anti-PD-1 therapy in patients with NSCLC. However, it should be noted that pseudoprogression was observed in 18F-FLT PET imaging at 2 weeks after treatment initiation. Trial registration number jRCTs051180147.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Sato
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, University of Fukui, Eiheiji, Fukui, Japan.,Department of Internal Medicine, Municipal Tsuruga Hospital, Tsuruga-shi, Fukui, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Umeda
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, University of Fukui, Eiheiji, Fukui, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Tsujikawa
- Biomedical Imaging Research Center, University of Fukui, Eiheiji, Fukui, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Mori
- Biomedical Imaging Research Center, University of Fukui, Eiheiji, Fukui, Japan
| | - Miwa Morikawa
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, University of Fukui, Eiheiji, Fukui, Japan.,Department of Internal Medicine, Tokyo Shinagawa Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaki Anzai
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, University of Fukui, Eiheiji, Fukui, Japan
| | - Yuko Waseda
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, University of Fukui, Eiheiji, Fukui, Japan
| | - Maiko Kadowaki
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, University of Fukui, Eiheiji, Fukui, Japan
| | - Yasushi Kiyono
- Biomedical Imaging Research Center, University of Fukui, Eiheiji, Fukui, Japan
| | - Hidehiko Okazawa
- Biomedical Imaging Research Center, University of Fukui, Eiheiji, Fukui, Japan
| | - Tamotsu Ishizuka
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, University of Fukui, Eiheiji, Fukui, Japan
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Okazaki T, Yokoyama K, Tsuchiya J, Honda T, Ishikawa Y, Kirimura S, Miyazaki Y, Tateishi U. SMARCA4-deficient thoracic tumor detected by [ 18F]FDG PET/CT. Eur J Hybrid Imaging 2021; 5:8. [PMID: 34181162 PMCID: PMC8218169 DOI: 10.1186/s41824-021-00102-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background SMARCA4-deficient thoracic tumor (SMARCA4-DTT) is a distinct entity of undifferentiated thoracic malignancies newly introduced in 2015. Due to its unique clinical characteristic with aggressive thoracic tumor mostly observed in heavy smoker man with emphysema, with poor prognosis, many physicians are becoming increasingly aware of the disease; however, reports on 2-deoxy-2-[18F] fluoroglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography ([18F]FDG PET/CT) have been limited; thus, this disease is not yet widely known to nuclear medicine clinicians. As a first step in discussing the usefulness of [18F]FDG PET/CT for this disease, we present a case in which [18F]FDG PET/CT played a clinically important role. Case A 74-year-old heavy smoker man with an anamnesis of severe emphysema characterized by pleural thickening and abnormal enhancement in CT underwent 18F-FDG PET/CT for further examination. [18F]FDG-avid pleural nodules infiltrating into the chest wall were detected and pathologically diagnosed as SMARCA4-DTT with biopsy. Conclusion SMARCA4-deficient thoracic tumor should be considered in a [18F]FDG-avid aggressive thoracic tumor in heavy smoker men with emphysema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsubasa Okazaki
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8519, Japan
| | - Kota Yokoyama
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8519, Japan.
| | - Jyunichi Tsuchiya
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8519, Japan
| | - Takayuki Honda
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuya Ishikawa
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Susumu Kirimura
- Department of Comprehensive Pathology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasunari Miyazaki
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ukihide Tateishi
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8519, Japan
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Eze C, Schmidt-Hegemann NS, Sawicki LM, Kirchner J, Roengvoraphoj O, Käsmann L, Mittlmeier LM, Kunz WG, Tufman A, Dinkel J, Ricke J, Belka C, Manapov F, Unterrainer M. PET/CT imaging for evaluation of multimodal treatment efficacy and toxicity in advanced NSCLC-current state and future directions. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2021; 48:3975-3989. [PMID: 33760957 PMCID: PMC8484219 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-021-05211-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Purpose The advent of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has revolutionized the treatment of advanced NSCLC, leading to a string of approvals in recent years. Herein, a narrative review on the role of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (FDG PET/CT) in the ever-evolving treatment landscape of advanced NSCLC is presented. Methods This comprehensive review will begin with an introduction into current treatment paradigms incorporating ICIs; the evolution of CT-based criteria; moving onto novel phenomena observed with ICIs and the current state of hybrid imaging for diagnosis, treatment planning, evaluation of treatment efficacy and toxicity in advanced NSCLC, also taking into consideration its limitations and future directions. Conclusions The advent of ICIs marks the dawn of a new era bringing forth new challenges particularly vis-à-vis treatment response assessment and observation of novel phenomena accompanied by novel systemic side effects. While FDG PET/CT is widely adopted for tumor volume delineation in locally advanced disease, response assessment to immunotherapy based on current criteria is of high clinical value but has its inherent limitations. In recent years, modifications of established (PET)/CT criteria have been proposed to provide more refined approaches towards response evaluation. Not only a comprehensive inclusion of PET-based response criteria in prospective randomized controlled trials, but also a general harmonization within the variety of PET-based response criteria is pertinent to strengthen clinical implementation and widespread use of hybrid imaging for response assessment in NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chukwuka Eze
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | | | - Lino Morris Sawicki
- Medical Faculty, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Dusseldorf, D-40225, Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Julian Kirchner
- Medical Faculty, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Dusseldorf, D-40225, Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Olarn Roengvoraphoj
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Lukas Käsmann
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Munich; and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center Munich (CPC-M), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Lena M Mittlmeier
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Wolfgang G Kunz
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Amanda Tufman
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center Munich (CPC-M), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
- Division of Respiratory Medicine and Thoracic Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine V, Thoracic Oncology Center Munich, University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Julien Dinkel
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center Munich (CPC-M), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Radiology, Asklepios Lung Center Munich-Gauting, Munich, Germany
| | - Jens Ricke
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Claus Belka
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Munich; and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center Munich (CPC-M), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Farkhad Manapov
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center Munich (CPC-M), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Marcus Unterrainer
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
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Wang X, McIntosh L, Selove WJ, Zivny J, Cerny J. Pseudoprogression of triple-hit diffuse large B-cell lymphoma following polatuzumab vedotin-based salvage therapy. Leuk Lymphoma 2021; 62:2022-2025. [PMID: 33719894 DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2021.1894646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Lacey McIntosh
- Division of Oncologic Imaging, Department of Radiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - William J Selove
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Jaroslav Zivny
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Jan Cerny
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
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Abstract
With the ongoing advances in imaging techniques, increasing volumes of anatomical and functional data are being generated as part of the routine clinical workflow. This surge of available imaging data coincides with increasing research in quantitative imaging, particularly in the domain of imaging features. An important and novel approach is radiomics, where high-dimensional image properties are extracted from routine medical images. The fundamental principle of radiomics is the hypothesis that biomedical images contain predictive information, not discernible to the human eye, that can be mined through quantitative image analysis. In this review, a general outline of radiomics and artificial intelligence (AI) will be provided, along with prominent use cases in immunotherapy (e.g. response and adverse event prediction) and targeted therapy (i.e. radiogenomics). While the increased use and development of radiomics and AI in immuno-oncology is highly promising, the technology is still in its early stages, and different challenges still need to be overcome. Nevertheless, novel AI algorithms are being constructed with an ever-increasing scope of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z. Bodalal
- Department of Radiology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - I. Wamelink
- Department of Radiology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - S. Trebeschi
- Department of Radiology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - R.G.H. Beets-Tan
- Department of Radiology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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