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Shahzad M, De Maeyer H, Salih GA, Nilsson M, Haratourian A, Shafique M, Shahid AA, Allen M. Evaluation of Storage Conditions and the Effect on DNA from Forensic Evidence Objects Retrieved from Lake Water. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:279. [PMID: 38540338 PMCID: PMC10969804 DOI: 10.3390/genes15030279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
DNA analysis of traces from commonly found objects like knives, smartphones, tapes and garbage bags related to crime in aquatic environments is challenging for forensic DNA laboratories. The amount of recovered DNA may be affected by the water environment, time in the water, method for recovery, transport and storage routines of the objects before the objects arrive in the laboratory. The present study evaluated the effect of four storage conditions on the DNA retrieved from bloodstains, touch DNA, fingerprints and hairs, initially deposited on knives, smartphones, packing tapes, duct tapes and garbage bags, and submerged in lake water for three time periods. After retrieval, the objects were stored either through air-drying at room temperature, freezing at -30 °C, in nitrogen gas or in lake water. The results showed that the submersion time strongly influenced the amount and degradation of DNA, especially after the longest submersion time (21 days). A significant variation was observed in success for STR profiling, while mtDNA profiling was less affected by the submersion time interval and storage conditions. This study illustrates that retrieval from water as soon as possible and immediate storage through air-drying or freezing before DNA analysis is beneficial for the outcome of DNA profiling in crime scene investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Shahzad
- Forensic DNA Typing Laboratory, Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore 53700, Pakistan; (M.S.)
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, 751 08 Uppsala, Sweden (G.A.S.); (M.N.)
- Centre for Applied Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore 53700, Pakistan
| | - Hanne De Maeyer
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, 751 08 Uppsala, Sweden (G.A.S.); (M.N.)
| | - Ghassan Ali Salih
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, 751 08 Uppsala, Sweden (G.A.S.); (M.N.)
| | - Martina Nilsson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, 751 08 Uppsala, Sweden (G.A.S.); (M.N.)
| | - Anastasia Haratourian
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, 751 08 Uppsala, Sweden (G.A.S.); (M.N.)
| | - Muhammad Shafique
- Forensic DNA Typing Laboratory, Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore 53700, Pakistan; (M.S.)
| | - Ahmad Ali Shahid
- Forensic DNA Typing Laboratory, Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore 53700, Pakistan; (M.S.)
| | - Marie Allen
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, 751 08 Uppsala, Sweden (G.A.S.); (M.N.)
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2
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Hanna T, Chadwick S, Moret S. Fingermark quality assessment, a transversal study of subjective quality scales. Forensic Sci Int 2023; 350:111783. [PMID: 37453206 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2023.111783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Fingermark detection research aims to improve the quantity and quality of fingermarks detected through the development of novel techniques. Subsequently, there is a need to evaluate these methods to determine the quality of the developed mark. Since the 1980's there has been a significant number of publications, which utilise a variety of different quality assessment methods. The introduction of common practice methods from the International Fingerprint Research Group (IFRG) aimed to implement a more standardised approach. Although these schemes are recommended as common practice, they are only guidelines. Consequentially, there is currently no universally accepted method to evaluate the enhancement techniques implemented in research. Therefore, this study aimed to collate and analyse the published protocols being used within fingermark detection research in order to better understand their application and how research is currently analysing and interpreting fingermark quality. This study comprised of manual and automatic searches of over 2000 published papers within the fingermark detection area. After thorough analysis of the articles, 396 published papers were found to have used a scale within the years spanning 1998-2022. The number of publications that report the use of a scale to assess quality for fingermark detection research has considerably increased over the last decade. However, whilst the number of publications utilising scales has increased, it is not proportional to the number of papers using the IFRG scales. The choice of scale is often institution specific and even more specific to their location. There are also numerous different adaptations of the IFRG recommended scales, as well as novel scales, which do not associate with the IFRG recommended versions being introduced the more research continues to grow. One such reason for this is investigated here, as different quality parameters are utilised within each individual scale. There is underrepresentation of these quality parameters within some of the IFRG scales, in particular the Centre for Applied Science and Technology (CAST) scale. This correlates to the considerable number of tailored approaches as authors are forced to add these parameters within the descriptions. Until there is an introduction of clear guidelines surrounding all areas of fingermark quality, from definition to parameters chosen within phases, the research area will continue to face such issues. This article recommends areas of potential study, whilst also recommending procedures that may be employed to alleviate some of the issues seen with fingermark quality evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teneil Hanna
- Centre for Forensic Science, University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia.
| | - Scott Chadwick
- Centre for Forensic Science, University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Sébastien Moret
- Centre for Forensic Science, University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia; School of Human Sciences, College of Science and Engineering, University of Derby, United Kingdom
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3
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Korzik ML, De Alcaraz-Fossoul J, Adamowicz MS, San Pietro D. Preliminary Study: DNA Transfer and Persistence on Non-Porous Surfaces Submerged in Spring Water. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14051045. [PMID: 37239405 DOI: 10.3390/genes14051045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Submerged items are often thought to lack evidentiary value. However, previous studies have shown the ability to recover DNA from submerged porous items for upwards of six weeks. The crevices or interweaving fibers in porous items are thought to protect DNA from being washed away. It is hypothesized that, because non-porous surfaces do not have the same traits that might aid in DNA retention, then DNA quantities and the number of donor alleles recovered would decrease over longer submersion periods. Additionally, it is hypothesized that DNA quantity and the number of alleles would be negatively affected by flow conditions. Neat saliva of known DNA quantity was applied to glass slides and exposed to stagnant and flowing spring water to observe the effects on both DNA quantity and STR detection. Results supported that DNA deposited onto glass and subsequently submerged in water experienced a decrease in DNA quantity over time, yet submersion did not have as strong of a negative effect on the detected amplification product. Additionally, an increase in DNA quantity and detected amplification product from designated blank slides (no initial DNA added) could indicate the possibility of DNA transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan L Korzik
- Department of Forensic Science, University of New Haven, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
| | | | - Michael S Adamowicz
- College of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - David San Pietro
- Department of Forensic Science, University of New Haven, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
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4
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De Smet M, Ramaekers K, Verhoeven E, Vermeulen S, Bekaert B. Influence of ink and smoke ATM security systems on dactyloscopy and subsequent DNA analysis after detonation. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2021; 54:102540. [PMID: 34111720 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2021.102540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Automated Teller Machine bombings are an increasing societal problem that are often committed using Improvised Explosive Devices. The evolution in IEDs and the negative consequences for society require new security measures to prevent these crimes. Ink staining and security smoke devices are added to cash cassettes, in order to protect ATMs and prevent ATM bombings. Traces found at crime scenes, such as fingerprints and DNA, can contribute to the identification of perpetrators. However, the effect of ink staining and security smoke devices on dactyloscopy and DNA profiling is still unknown. In the current study, we demonstrate that procedures using Citrus Cleaner or sulfosalicylic acid were successful in removing ink and security smoke deposited on plastic plates but did result in the massive loss of fingerprint information as only a low number (4%) of good quality fingerprints were recovered after smoke contamination. Secondly, security ink Sun Blue ES2, but not SICPA Green and Sun Blue ES1, had a significant impact on DNA profiling success. DNA concentrations obtained from blood spiked swabs decreased with increasing ink concentration resulting in a complete loss of genotype information with the addition of ≥10 μl Sun Blue ES2. No noticeable PCR inhibition or DNA degradation was detected during quantification, but a decreased efficiency of DNA extraction could not be excluded. Security smoke, on the other hand, does not seem to have a significant influence on DNA analysis. Precautions must therefore be taken in order to avoid contaminating DNA swabs with ink during sampling. Thirdly, only a single negative impression of a glove in ink and a single glove print were able to be visualized with white fingerprint powder on detonated cash cassettes. In conclusion, the detection of glove prints and fingerprints is limited and security ink, contrary to smoke, after detonation can have a negative influence on downstream DNA analysis procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margot De Smet
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Imaging and Pathology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kato Ramaekers
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Imaging and Pathology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Elke Verhoeven
- Technical and Scientific Police, Federal Judicial Police, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Steve Vermeulen
- Technical and Scientific Police, Federal Judicial Police, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bram Bekaert
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Imaging and Pathology, Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven - University of Leuven, University Hospitals Leuven, Department of Forensic Medicine, Laboratory of Forensic Genetics and Molecular Archaeology, Leuven, Belgium.
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5
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Monson KL, Kyllonen KM, Leggitt JL, Edmiston KE, Justus CR, Kavlick MF, Phillip M, Roberts MA, Shegogue CW, Watts GD. Blast Suppression Foam, Aqueous Gel Blocks, and their Effect on Subsequent Analysis of Forensic Evidence. J Forensic Sci 2020; 65:1894-1907. [PMID: 32762120 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.14536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In addition to having blast mitigation properties, aqueous foam concentrate AFC-380 blast suppression foam is designed to capture aerosolized chemical, biological, and radioactive particles during render-safe procedures of explosive devices. Exposure to aqueous environments and surfactants may negatively affect forensic evidence found at the scene, but the effects of AFC-380 foam and aqueous gel on the preservation and subsequent analysis of forensic evidence have not previously been investigated. Sebaceous finger and palm prints and DNA samples on paper, cardboard, tape, and various metal and plastic items, along with hairs, carpet and yarn fibers, and inks and documents, were exposed to AFC-380 foam. Similar mock evidence was also exposed to a superabsorbent gel of the type found in aqueous gel blocks used for shrapnel containment. Exposure to foam or aqueous gel was associated with a dilution effect for recovered DNA samples, but quality of the samples was not substantially affected. In contrast, exposure to AFC-380 foam or gel was detrimental to development of latent finger and palm prints on any substrate. Neither the hair nor the fiber samples were affected by exposure to either the foam or gel. Indented writing on the document samples was detrimentally affected by foam or gel exposure, but not inks and toners. The results from this study indicate that most types of forensic evidence recovered after being exposed to aqueous gel or blast suppression foam can be reliably analyzed, but latent finger and palm prints may be adversely affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith L Monson
- FBI Laboratory, Counterterrorism and Forensic Science Research Unit, 2501 Investigation Parkway, Quantico, VA, 22135
| | - Kelsey M Kyllonen
- FBI Laboratory, Counterterrorism and Forensic Science Research Unit, Visiting Scientist Program, 2501 Investigation Parkway, Quantico, VA, 22135
| | - Jeffrey L Leggitt
- FBI Laboratory, Evidence Response Team Unit, 2501 Investigation Parkway, Quantico, VA, 22135
| | - Kelli E Edmiston
- FBI Laboratory, Latent Fingerprint Operations Unit, 2501 Investigation Parkway, Quantico, VA, 22135
| | - Calvin R Justus
- FBI Laboratory, Counterterrorism and Forensic Science Research Unit, Visiting Scientist Program, 2501 Investigation Parkway, Quantico, VA, 22135
| | - Mark F Kavlick
- FBI Laboratory, Counterterrorism and Forensic Science Research Unit, 2501 Investigation Parkway, Quantico, VA, 22135
| | - Maria Phillip
- FBI Laboratory, Latent Fingerprint Operations Unit, 2501 Investigation Parkway, Quantico, VA, 22135
| | - Maria A Roberts
- FBI Laboratory, Latent Fingerprint Support Unit, 2501 Investigation Parkway, Quantico, VA, 22135
| | - Candie W Shegogue
- FBI Laboratory, Trace Evidence Unit, 2501 Investigation Parkway, Quantico, VA, 22135
| | - Gabriel D Watts
- FBI Laboratory, Questioned Documents Unit, 2501 Investigation Parkway, Quantico, VA, 22135
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6
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Najdoski M, Oklevski S, Demiri S, Stojkovikj S. Cuprous sulfide deposition method for visualization of latent fingermarks on unfired cartridge cases. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.202000034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Metodija Najdoski
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and MathematicsSs. Cyril and Methodius University Skopje Republic of North Macedonia
| | - Slobodan Oklevski
- Forensic Department, Ministry of Interior Skopje Republic of North Macedonia
| | - Sani Demiri
- Faculty of Technological SciencesMother Teresa University Skopje Republic of North Macedonia
| | - Sasho Stojkovikj
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and MathematicsSs. Cyril and Methodius University Skopje Republic of North Macedonia
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7
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Survival of forensic trace evidence on improvised explosive devices: perspectives on individualisation. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12813. [PMID: 32732923 PMCID: PMC7392899 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69385-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs) are weapons of modern times, used by terrorist groups and thereby causing substantial damage to communities. There is a widespread misconception that destructive conditions like heat, water or pressure destroy all forensic evidence. Moreover, the plausibility to detect identifiable fingermarks and DNA on components of IEDs is insufficiently known. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of neutralisation and explosion on latent fingerprints and touch DNA. In a majority of the cases, comparative fingermark- and DNA testing resulted in individualisation. In some cases, despite extremely low amounts of contact DNA detected after deployment of render-safe tools or detonation, full STR profiles could be constituted, even after applying fingerprint development techniques. This research shows that latent fingerprints and touch DNA on improvised explosives can be successfully detected after destructive conditions and possibly be linked to the perpetrators of such crimes. This individualising power offers perspectives to enhance forensic investigations of terrorism-related crimes.
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8
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Preliminary investigations into the use of single metal deposition II (SMD II) to visualise latent fingermarks on polyethylene ‘zip-lock’ bags in Western Australia. Forensic Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2020.100229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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9
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Bécue A, Eldridge H, Champod C. Interpol review of fingermarks and other body impressions 2016-2019. Forensic Sci Int Synerg 2020; 2:442-480. [PMID: 33385142 PMCID: PMC7770454 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsisyn.2020.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This review paper covers the forensic-relevant literature in fingerprint and bodily impression sciences from 2016 to 2019 as a part of the 19th Interpol International Forensic Science Managers Symposium. The review papers are also available at the Interpol website at: https://www.interpol.int/content/download/14458/file/Interpol%20 Review%20 Papers%202019. pdf.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy Bécue
- École des Sciences Criminelles, Faculté de Droit, des Sciences criminelles et d’Administration publique, Quartier Sorge, Building Batochime, University of Lausanne, CH-1015, Lausanne, Dorigny, Switzerland
| | - Heidi Eldridge
- École des Sciences Criminelles, Faculté de Droit, des Sciences criminelles et d’Administration publique, Quartier Sorge, Building Batochime, University of Lausanne, CH-1015, Lausanne, Dorigny, Switzerland
| | - Christophe Champod
- École des Sciences Criminelles, Faculté de Droit, des Sciences criminelles et d’Administration publique, Quartier Sorge, Building Batochime, University of Lausanne, CH-1015, Lausanne, Dorigny, Switzerland
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10
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Kapoor N, Ahmed S, Shukla RK, Badiye A. Development of submerged and successive latent fingerprints: a comparative study. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1186/s41935-019-0147-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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11
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Azman AR, Mahat NA, Wahab RA, Ahmad WA, Huri MAM, Hamzah HH. Relevant visualization technologies for latent fingerprints on wet objects and its challenges: a review. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1186/s41935-019-0129-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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12
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Vignani R, Liò P, Scali M. How to integrate wet lab and bioinformatics procedures for wine DNA admixture analysis and compositional profiling: Case studies and perspectives. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0211962. [PMID: 30753217 PMCID: PMC6376920 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The varietal authentication of wines is fundamental for assessing wine quality, and it is part of its compositional profiling. The availability of historical, cultural and chemical composition information is extremely important for quality evaluation. DNA-based techniques are a powerful tool for proving the varietal composition of a wine. SSR-amplification of genomic residual Vitis vinifera DNA, namely Wine DNA Fingerprinting (WDF) is able to produce strong, analytical evidence concerning the monovarietal nature of a wine, and for blended wines by generating the probability of the presence/absence of a certain variety, all in association with a dedicated bioinformatics elaboration of genotypes associated with possible varietal candidates. Together with WDF we could exploit Bioinformatics techniques, due to the number of grape genomes grown. In this paper, the use of WDF and the development of a bioinformatics tool for allelic data validation, retrieved from the amplification of 7 to 10 SSRs markers in the Vitis vinifera genome, are reported. The wines were chosen based on increasing complexity; from monovarietal, experimental ones, to commercial monovarietals, to blended commercial wines. The results demonstrate that WDF, after calculation of different distance matrices and Neighbor-Joining input data, followed by Principal Component Analysis (PCA) can effectively describe the varietal nature of wines. In the unknown blended wines the WDF profiles were compared to possible varietal candidates (Merlot, Pinot Noir, Cabernet Sauvignon and Zinfandel), and the output graphs show the most probable varieties used in the blend as closeness to the tested wine. This pioneering work should be meant as to favor in perspective the multidisciplinary building-up of on-line databanks and bioinformatics toolkits on wine. The paper concludes with a discussion on an integrated decision support system based on bioinformatics, chemistry and cultural data to assess wine quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Vignani
- Department of Life Science, University of Siena, Siena,
Italy
- Serge-genomics, Siena, Italy
| | - Pietro Liò
- Computer Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United
Kingdom
| | - Monica Scali
- Department of Life Science, University of Siena, Siena,
Italy
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13
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Chen H, Ma RL, Fan Z, Chen Y, Wang Z, Fan LJ. Fluorescence development of fingerprints by combining conjugated polymer nanoparticles with cyanoacrylate fuming. J Colloid Interface Sci 2018; 528:200-207. [PMID: 29857251 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2018.05.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Selecting appropriate developing methods/reagents or their combination to enhance the effect for fingerprint development is of great significance for practical forensic investigation. Ethyl-2-cyanoacrylate ester (superglue) fuming is a popular method for "in-situ" developing fingerprints in forensic science, followed by fluorescence staining to enhance the contrast of the fingerprint image in some occasion. In this study, a series of fluorescent poly(p-phenylene vinylene) (PPV) nanoparticles (NPs) in colloidal solution were successfully prepared and the emission color was tuned via a simple way. The fuming process was carried out using a home-made device. The staining was accomplished by immersing a piece of absorbent cotton into the solution of NPs, and then gently applied on the fumed fingerprints for several times. The PPV NPs were found to have a better developing effect than Rhodamine 6G when excited by 365 nm UV lamp. Different emission colors of NPs are advantageous in developing fingerprints on various substrates. Mechanism study suggested that the NPs were embedded in the porous structure of the superglue resin. In all, the combination of fuming method with the staining by conjugated polymer NPs has been demonstrated to be successful for fluorescent fingerprint development and be promising for more practical forensic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Chen
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials,Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, PR China; School of Nano-Science and Nano-Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University Suzhou Research Institute, Suzhou 215123, PR China
| | - Rong-Liang Ma
- Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Public Security, Beijing 100038, PR China.
| | - Zhinan Fan
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials,Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, PR China
| | - Yun Chen
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials,Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, PR China
| | - Zizheng Wang
- Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Public Security, Beijing 100038, PR China
| | - Li-Juan Fan
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials,Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, PR China.
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