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Ustuntag S, Cakir N, Erdem A, Ozmen O, Dogan M. Production and Characterization of Flame Retardant Leather Waste Filled Thermoplastic Polyurethane. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:9475-9485. [PMID: 38434846 PMCID: PMC10905688 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c09074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Discovering new applications for discarded materials, such as leather waste (LW), has proven to be an effective approach to an ecofriendly and sustainable production. The manufacture of halogen-free flame retardant LW containing thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU)-based samples containing an organic phosphinate (OP)-based flame retardant additive would represent an advance in this area. The effects of LW and OP levels on the thermal, flame retardant, and tensile properties of the samples using thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), limiting oxygen index (LOI), vertical UL-94 (UL-94 V), mass loss calorimetry, and tensile tests have been assessed. OP is highly effective in LW-filled TPU. The highest UL-94 V rating of V0, LOI value of 31.4%, the lowest peak heat release rate (93 ± 3 kW/m2), and total heat evolved (49 ± 2 MJ/m2) values are obtained with the use of 20 wt % OP. OP is primarily promoted through the creation of a compact intumescent residue structure in the condensed phase. LW exhibits an adjuvant effect by producing nonflammable gases in the gas phase and raising the residual yield in the condensed phase. The most remarkable effect of the LW presence is observed in fire performance index (FPI) and fire growth rate (FIGRA) values. The highest FPI value of 0.49 sm2/kW and the lowest FIGRA value of 0.91 kW/m2s are observed with the use of 20 wt % LW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumeyye Ustuntag
- Department
of Textile Engineering, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38039, Turkiye
| | - Nida Cakir
- Department
of Fashion Design Trabzon Vocational School, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon 61080, Turkiye
| | | | - Ozkan Ozmen
- Department
of Industrial Design Engineering, Erciyes
University, Kayseri 38039, Turkiye
| | - Mehmet Dogan
- Department
of Textile Engineering, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38039, Turkiye
- Erciyes
Teknopark, Hematainer Biotechnology and
Health Products Inc, Kayseri 38010, Turkiye
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Ding W, Remón J, Gao M, Li S, Liu H, Jiang Z, Ding Z. A novel synergistic covalence and complexation bridging strategy based on multi-functional biomass-derived aldehydes and Al(III) for engineering high-quality eco-leather. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 862:160713. [PMID: 36509278 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
To get rid of the chrome pollution faced by the leather industry, we explored a novel engineering high-quality eco-leather technology based on the synergistic interactions between biomass-based aldehydes and Al(III). Firstly, dialdehyde xanthan gum (DXG) was prepared to covalently crosslink with the collagen fibers (CFs) via Schiff-base linkages under alkaline conditions, endowing the leather with a shrinkage temperature (Ts) of 80 °C and opening channels for the subsequent penetration of Al species (AL). Secondly, and for this latter purpose, the DXG-tanned leather was acidified to release part of the DXG from the leather according to the dynamic nature of the Schiff-base. Containing suitable oxygen-containing groups (OGs) with excellent complexation capabilities, the released DXG served as masking agents for AL, facilitating the penetration of AL into the inner CFs network for further complexation crosslinking. Consequently, a denser crosslinking network was constructed in the leather, and the crust leather exhibited higher Ts (82.2 °C), improved mechanical (tensile strength: 13.4 N/mm2, tear strength: 53.3 N/mm) and organoleptic properties than those of the DXG crust or AL crust leathers. This demonstrates that this synergistic covalence and complexation bridging strategy is a sustainable option to substitute highly restricted chrome tanning agent for eco-leather production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ding
- China Leather and Footwear Research Institute Co. Ltd., Beijing 100015, PR China.
| | - Javier Remón
- Instituto de Carboquímica, CSIC, Zaragoza 50018, Spain
| | - Mi Gao
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PR China
| | - Shuolin Li
- China Leather and Footwear Research Institute Co. Ltd., Beijing 100015, PR China
| | - Haiteng Liu
- China Leather and Footwear Research Institute Co. Ltd., Beijing 100015, PR China
| | - Zhicheng Jiang
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PR China.
| | - Zhiwen Ding
- China Leather and Footwear Research Institute Co. Ltd., Beijing 100015, PR China
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Zhang Z, Hu Y, Wang F, Zheng X, Liu J, Tang K. Pyrolysis of sulfuric acid-treated chrome-tanned leather wastes: Kinetics, mechanism and evolved gas analysis. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 143:105-115. [PMID: 35240446 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2022.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Management and safe disposal of chrome-tanned leather wastes generated in leather industry are of great importance due to their potential health risks and environmental hazards. Herein, an integrated strategy was proposed for disposing of chrome-tanned leather scrap (CTLS). This method involves the separation of chromium salts from CTLS with sulfuric acid for recycling purpose, followed by pyrolysis of the acid-treated CTLS in an inert atmosphere. SEM/EDX analysis was employed to characterize the changes in composition and morphology of CTLS after acid treatment. CO2 and H2O are main pyrolysis gases of CTLS, while the acid treatment increases the relative content of aliphatic hydrocarbons and NH3 in evolved gases. The pyrolysis characteristics and kinetics of the acid-treated CTLS were investigated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) at three different heating rates. After 3 and 6 days of acid treatment, the average activation energy of CTLS (450.9 kJ/mol) obtained from the Flynn-Wall-Ozawa method decreased to 369.6 and 351.0 kJ/mol, respectively. It is assumed that the CTLS consists of two pseudocomponents: low-crosslinked collagen (LCol) and highly-crosslinked collagen (HCol). Using the generalized master plots method, random nucleation and nuclei growth model (An model) was found to be the most probable kinetic model for the pyrolysis process of LCol and HCol. The kinetic exponent for pseudocomponent pyrolysis varied between 3.00 and 3.90, and the pre-exponential factor ranged from 5.83 × 1012 to 2.93 × 1013 min-1. The results of the present study provide an alternative route and useful information for recycling and disposing of chrome-containing leather wastes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zonghui Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Yadi Hu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Fang Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Xuejing Zheng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Jie Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China.
| | - Keyong Tang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China.
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Jian X, Zhang J. Component and Structure of Aspergillus flavipes sp.-Biodegraded Bayberry Tannins: A Potential Routine for Condensed Tannin Cleaner Degradation and Disposal. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:5809-5816. [PMID: 35224341 PMCID: PMC8867483 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c05768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Chemical degradation is widely used for producing lower-molecular-weight tannin compounds and tannin disposal, but it has negative effects on the environment, such as causing secondary pollution and consuming energy. For overcoming these disadvantages, a cleaner and sustainable degradation and disposal method for condensed tannins was developed through biodegradation. In this study, bayberry tannin solution, one kind of condensed tannin, was biodegraded by Aspergillus flavipes sp. at first; then, gel permeation chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography were used for separating the biodegraded and original tannins to analyze the differences in components; finally, the changes in the tannin structure after biodegradation were characterized by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance. The results showed that the high-molecular-weight components decreased while the low-molecular-weight components increased when bayberry was subjected to A. flavipes sp. biodegradation; furthermore, the molecular weight of the biodegraded bayberry tannin decreased from 3371 to 2658 Da. Meanwhile, the structure of bayberry tannin polyflavonoids, especially A ring and C ring together with the galloyl group, was destroyed and some small fragments were generated during biodegradation. These structural changes resulted in the increase of low-molecular-weight phenols but the decrease of polyflavonoids after bayberry biodegradation. These would be the pieces of evidence showing that A. flavipes sp. consumed simple phenols as nourishment for growth and converted polyflavonoids into low-molecular-weight substances at the same time. To sum up, biodegradation can be used in every field where condensed tannins should be degraded or removed for a cleaner and ecofriendly routine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Jian
- Key
Laboratory for Leather Chemistry and Engineering of the Education
Ministry, Sichuan University, 610065 Chengdu, China
| | - Jinwei Zhang
- Key
Laboratory for Leather Chemistry and Engineering of the Education
Ministry, Sichuan University, 610065 Chengdu, China
- College
of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan
University, 610065 Chengdu, China
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Xu W, Wu X, Wen Q, Li S, Song Y, Shi B. Effects of collagen fiber addition on the combustion and thermal stability of natural rubber. JOURNAL OF LEATHER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2020. [DOI: 10.1186/s42825-020-00040-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Collagen fiber (CF) and silane coupling agent-modified collagen fiber (MCF) were used as flame retardant filler for natural rubber (NR) modification. The combustion phenomena and properties of composites blended with different dosages of CF or MCF were compared to elucidate the flame retardant mechanism of the composites. The flame retardancy of NR can be enhanced effectively by increasing nitrogen content (the nitrogen content of CF is about 18%), creating air pockets, and structuring the flame retardant network in the composites. MCF failed to structure a flame retardant network in the composite, indicating that its modification effects of MCF are weaker than those of CF. When CF dosage was 30 wt%, the composite can achieve the best flame retardancy, with limited oxygen index of 29.4% and without smoke and dripping during burning. This study demonstrated a new method for the flame retardant modification of NR.
Graphical abstract
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Moise V, Vasilca S, Baltac A, Pintilie C, Virgolici M, Cutrubinis M, Kamerzan C, Dragan D, Ene M, Albota F, Maier S. Physicochemical study for characterization of lyophilized collagens irradiated with gamma radiation and for optimization of medical device manufacturing process. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2019.108658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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