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Intestinal organoids as advanced modeling platforms to study the role of host-microbiome interaction in homeostasis and disease. BMB Rep 2023; 56:15-23. [PMID: 36379514 PMCID: PMC9887104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
After birth, animals are colonized by a diverse community of microorganisms. The digestive tract is known to contain the largest number of microbiome in the body. With emergence of the gut-brain axis, the importance of gut microbiome and its metabolites in host health has been extensively studied in recent years. The establishment of organoid culture systems has contributed to studying intestinal pathophysiology by replacing current limited models. Owing to their architectural and functional complexity similar to a real organ, co-culture of intestinal organoids with gut microbiome can provide mechanistic insights into the detrimental role of pathobiont and the homeostatic function of commensal symbiont. Here organoid-based bacterial co-culture techniques for modeling host-microbe interactions are reviewed. This review also summarizes representative studies that explore impact of enteric microorganisms on intestinal organoids to provide a better understanding of host-microbe interaction in the context of homeostasis and disease. [BMB Reports 2023; 56(1): 15-23].
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Ahn JS, Shin YY, Oh SJ, Song MH, Kang MJ, Park SY, Nguyen PT, Nguyen DK, Kim HK, Han J, Vasileva EA, Mishchenko NP, Fedoreyev SA, Stonik VA, Seo Y, Lee BC, Kim HS. Implication of Echinochrome A in the Plasticity and Damage of Intestinal Epithelium. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:715. [PMID: 36421992 PMCID: PMC9693993 DOI: 10.3390/md20110715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
The diverse therapeutic feasibility of the sea urchin-derived naphthoquinone pigment, Echinochrome A (Ech A), has been studied. Simple and noninvasive administration routes should be explored, to obtain the feasibility. Although the therapeutic potential has been proven through several preclinical studies, the biosafety of orally administered Ech A and its direct influence on intestinal cells have not been evaluated. To estimate the bioavailability of Ech A as an oral administration drug, small intestinal and colonic epithelial organoids were developed from mice and humans. The morphology and cellular composition of intestinal organoids were evaluated after Ech A treatment. Ech A treatment significantly increased the expression of LGR5 (~2.38-fold change, p = 0.009) and MUC2 (~1.85-fold change, p = 0.08). Notably, in the presence of oxidative stress, Ech A attenuated oxidative stress up to 1.8-fold (p = 0.04), with a restored gene expression of LGR5 (~4.11-fold change, p = 0.0004), as well as an increased expression of Ly6a (~3.51-fold change, p = 0.005) and CLU (~2.5-fold change, p = 0.01), markers of revival stem cells. In conclusion, Ech A is harmless to intestinal tissues; rather, it promotes the maintenance and regeneration of the intestinal epithelium, suggesting possible beneficial effects on the intestine when used as an oral medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Su Ahn
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Dental and Life Science Institute, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea
- Department of Life Science in Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea
- Education and Research Team for Life Science on Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye Young Shin
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Dental and Life Science Institute, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea
- Department of Life Science in Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea
- Education and Research Team for Life Science on Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Jeong Oh
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Dental and Life Science Institute, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea
- Department of Life Science in Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea
- Education and Research Team for Life Science on Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Hye Song
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Dental and Life Science Institute, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Jung Kang
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Dental and Life Science Institute, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - So Yeong Park
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Dental and Life Science Institute, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea
- Department of Life Science in Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea
- Education and Research Team for Life Science on Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Phuong Thao Nguyen
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Dental and Life Science Institute, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea
- Department of Life Science in Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea
- Education and Research Team for Life Science on Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Dang Khoa Nguyen
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Dental and Life Science Institute, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea
- Department of Life Science in Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea
- Education and Research Team for Life Science on Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoung Kyu Kim
- Basic Research Laboratory, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Smart Marine Therapeutic Center, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Busan 614-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Han
- Basic Research Laboratory, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Smart Marine Therapeutic Center, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Busan 614-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Elena A Vasileva
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far-Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Natalia P Mishchenko
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far-Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Sergey A Fedoreyev
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far-Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Valentin A Stonik
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far-Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Yoojin Seo
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Dental and Life Science Institute, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Chul Lee
- Translational Stem Cell Biology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Hyung-Sik Kim
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Dental and Life Science Institute, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea
- Department of Life Science in Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea
- Education and Research Team for Life Science on Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea
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The Periodontopathic Pathogen, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Involves a Gut Inflammatory Response and Exacerbates Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11010084. [PMID: 35056032 PMCID: PMC8779656 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11010084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontal disease (PD) is one of the most prevalent disorders globally and is strongly associated with many other diseases. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), an inflammatory condition of the colon and the small intestine, is reported to be associated with PD through undetermined mechanisms. We analyzed taxonomic assignment files from the Crohn’s Disease Viral and Microbial Metagenome Project (PRJEB3206). The abundance of Porphyromonadaceae in fecal samples was significantly different between patients with Crohn’s disease and control volunteers. Dextran sulfate sodium was used to induce colitis in mice to reveal the effect of this periodontopathic pathogen in vivo. After intrarectal implantation of Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg)—the primary pathogen causing PD—the disease activity index score, colonic epithelial loss, and inflammatory cell infiltration were intensified. In addition, tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 showed the highest levels in Pg-infected colons. This revealed the importance of Pg in the exacerbation of IBD. Thus, simultaneous treatment of PD should be considered for people with IBD. Moreover, implantation of Pg in the rectum worsened the clinical symptoms of colitis in mice. Because Pg participates in the pathogenesis of IBD, reducing the chances of it entering the intestine might prevent the worsening of this disorder.
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Sohn J, Li L, Zhang L, Settem PR, Honma K, Sharma A, Falkner KL, Novak JM, Sun Y, Kirkwood KL. Porphyromonas gingivalis
indirectly elicits intestinal inflammation by altering the gut microbiota and disrupting epithelial barrier function through IL9‐producing CD4
+
T cells. Mol Oral Microbiol 2021; 37:42-52. [DOI: 10.1111/omi.12359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiho Sohn
- Genetics, Genomics, and Bioinformatics Program State University of New York at Buffalo University at Buffalo NY USA
- Department of Medicine State University of New York at Buffalo University at Buffalo NY USA
- Department of Oral Biology State University of New York at Buffalo University at Buffalo NY USA
| | - Lu Li
- Department of Oral Biology State University of New York at Buffalo University at Buffalo NY USA
| | - Lixia Zhang
- Department of Oral Biology State University of New York at Buffalo University at Buffalo NY USA
| | - Prasad R. Settem
- Department of Medicine State University of New York at Buffalo University at Buffalo NY USA
| | - Kiyonobu Honma
- Department of Oral Biology State University of New York at Buffalo University at Buffalo NY USA
| | - Ashu Sharma
- Department of Oral Biology State University of New York at Buffalo University at Buffalo NY USA
| | - Karen L. Falkner
- Department of Oral Biology State University of New York at Buffalo University at Buffalo NY USA
| | - Jan M. Novak
- Department of Medicine State University of New York at Buffalo University at Buffalo NY USA
| | - Yijun Sun
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology State University of New York at Buffalo University at Buffalo NY USA
| | - Keith L. Kirkwood
- Department of Medicine State University of New York at Buffalo University at Buffalo NY USA
- Department of Head & Neck/Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center Buffalo NY USA
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Ahn JS, Yang JW, Oh SJ, Shin YY, Kang MJ, Park HR, Seo Y, Kim HS. Porphyromonas gingivalis exacerbates the progression of fatty liver disease via CD36-PPARγ pathway. BMB Rep 2021. [PMID: 34078528 PMCID: PMC8249874 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2021.54.6.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontal diseases have been reported to have a multidirectional association with metabolic disorders. We sought to investigate the correlation between periodontitis and diabetes or fatty liver disease using HFD-fed obese mice inoculated with P. gingivalis. Body weight, alveolar bone loss, serological biochemistry, and glucose level were determined to evaluate the pathophysiology of periodontitis and diabetes. For the evaluation of fatty liver disease, hepatic nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) was assessed by scoring steatosis, inflammation, hepatocyte ballooning and the crucial signaling pathways involved in liver metabolism were analyzed. The C-reactive protein (CRP) level and NASH score in P. gingivalis-infected obese mice were significantly elevated. Particularly, the extensive lobular inflammation was observed in the liver of obese mice infected with P. gingivalis. Moreover, the expression of metabolic regulatory factors, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (Pparγ) and the fatty acid transporter Cd36, was up-regulated in the liver of P. gingivalis-infected obese mice. However, inoculation of P. gingivalis had no significant influence on glucose homeostasis, insulin resistance, and hepatic mTOR/AMPK signaling. In conclusion, our results indicate that P. gingivalis can induce the progression of fatty liver disease in HFD-fed mice through the upregulation of CD36-PPARγ axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Su Ahn
- Department of Life Science in Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea
| | - Ji Won Yang
- Department of Life Science in Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea
| | - Su-Jeong Oh
- Department of Life Science in Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea
| | - Ye Young Shin
- Department of Life Science in Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea
| | - Min-Jung Kang
- Periodontal Disease Signaling Network Research Center, Dental & Life Science Institute, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea
| | - Hae Ryoun Park
- Periodontal Disease Signaling Network Research Center, Dental & Life Science Institute, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea
| | - Yoojin Seo
- Periodontal Disease Signaling Network Research Center, Dental & Life Science Institute, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea
| | - Hyung-Sik Kim
- Department of Life Science in Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea
- Periodontal Disease Signaling Network Research Center, Dental & Life Science Institute, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea
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Superoxide Dismutase 3-Transduced Mesenchymal Stem Cells Preserve Epithelial Tight Junction Barrier in Murine Colitis and Attenuate Inflammatory Damage in Epithelial Organoids. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126431. [PMID: 34208517 PMCID: PMC8233984 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Superoxide dismutase 3 (SOD3), also known as extracellular superoxide dismutase, is an enzyme that scavenges reactive oxygen species (ROS). It has been reported that SOD3 exerts anti-inflammatory abilities in several immune disorders. However, the effect of SOD3 and the underlying mechanism in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have not been uncovered. Therefore, in the present study, we investigated whether SOD3 can protect intestinal cells or organoids from inflammation-mediated epithelial damage. Cells or mice were treated with SOD3 protein or SOD3-transduced mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Caco-2 cells or intestinal organoids stimulated with pro-inflammatory cytokines were used to evaluate the protective effect of SOD3 on epithelial junctional integrity. Dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis mice received SOD3 or SOD3-transduced MSCs (SOD3-MSCs), and were assessed for severity of disease and junctional protein expression. The activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway and elevated expression of cytokine-encoding genes decreased in TNF-α-treated Caco-2 cells or DSS-induced colitis mice when treated with SOD3 or SOD3-MSCs. Moreover, the SOD3 supply preserved the expression of tight junction (ZO-1, occludin) or adherence junction (E-cadherin) proteins when inflammation was induced. SOD3 also exerted a protective effect against cytokine- or ROS-mediated damage to intestinal organoids. These results indicate that SOD3 can effectively alleviate enteritis symptoms by maintaining the integrity of epithelial junctions and regulating inflammatory- and oxidative stress.
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Heterospheroid formation improves therapeutic efficacy of mesenchymal stem cells in murine colitis through immunomodulation and epithelial regeneration. Biomaterials 2021; 271:120752. [PMID: 33730631 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.120752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Tissue repairing capacity and immunomodulatory effects of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been extensively utilized for treating various inflammatory disorders; however, inconsistent efficacy and therapeutic outcomes due to low survival rate after transplantation often restrain their clinical potential. To overcome these limitations, 3-dimensional culture (3D-culture) was established to augment stemness and paracrine functions of MSCs, although hypoxic stress at the core often leads to unexpected cell death. Thus, we designed a novel strategy to improve the microenvironment of MSCs by creating heterospheroids (HS) consisting of MSCs and quercetin (QUR)-loaded microspheres (MSCHS), to achieve local drug delivery to the cells. Notably, MSCHS exhibited resistance for senescence-associated phenotype and oxidative stress-induced apoptosis compared to 3D-cultured MSCs (MSC3D), as well as to 2D-cultured cells (MSC2D) in vitro. In a murine model of colitis, MSC3D and MSCHS exhibited enhanced anti-inflammatory impact than MSC2Dvia attenuating neutrophil infiltration and regulating helper T cell (Th) polarization into Th1 and Th17 cells. Interestingly, MSCHS provided better therapeutic outcomes compared to MSC3D, partially due to their enhanced survival capacity in vivo. Moreover, we found that MSC-derived paracrine factor, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), can directly drive the epithelial regeneration process by inducing specialized tissue-repairing cell generation using the intestinal organoid culture. Importantly, MSC3D and MSCHS displayed an outstanding regeneration-inducing potency compared to MSC2D owing to their superior PGE2 secretion. Taken together, we suggest a convergent strategy of MSCHS formation with reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger, QUR, which can maximize the inflammation-attenuating and tissue-repairing capacity of MSCs, as well as the engraftment efficiency after transplantation.
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The Link between Oral and Gut Microbiota in Inflammatory Bowel Disease and a Synopsis of Potential Salivary Biomarkers. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10186421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this review is to provide recent evidence for the oral–gut axis connection and to discuss gastrointestinal (GI) immune response, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) pathogenesis, and potential salivary biomarkers for determining GI health. IBD affects an estimated 1.3% of the US adult population. While genetic predisposition and environment play a role, abnormal immune activity and microbiota dysbiosis within the gastrointestinal tract are also linked in IBD pathogenesis. It has been inferred that a reduced overall richness of bacterial species as well as colonization of opportunistic bacteria induce systemic inflammation in the GI tract. Currently, there is supporting evidence that both oral and gut microbiota may be related to the development of IBD. Despite this, there are currently no curative therapies for IBD, and diagnosis requires samples of blood, stool, and invasive diagnostic imaging techniques. Considering the relative ease of collection, emerging evidence of association with non-oral diseases may imply that saliva microbiome research may have the potential for gut diagnostic or prognostic value. This review demonstrates a link between saliva and intestinal profiles in IBD patients, suggesting that saliva sampling has the potential to serve as a non-invasive biomarker for gut diseases such as IBD in the oral–gut axis.
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Kang JY, Oh MK, Joo H, Park HS, Chae DH, Kim J, Lee HR, Oh IH, Yu KR. Xeno-Free Condition Enhances Therapeutic Functions of Human Wharton's Jelly-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells against Experimental Colitis by Upregulated Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase Activity. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9092913. [PMID: 32927587 PMCID: PMC7565923 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9092913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic applications of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been actively explored due to their broad anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties. However, the use of xenogeneic components, including fetal bovine serum (FBS), in the expansion media might pose a risk of xenoimmunization and zoonotic transmission to post-transplanted patients. Here, we extensively compared the physiological functions of human Wharton’s jelly-derived MSCs (WJ-MSCs) in a xeno-free medium (XF-MSCs) and a medium containing 10% FBS (10%-MSCs). Both groups showed similar proliferation potential; however, the 10%-MSCs showed prolonged expression of CD146, with higher colony-forming unit-fibroblast (CFU-F) ability than the XF-MSCs. The XF-MSCs showed enhanced adipogenic differentiation potential and sufficient hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) niche activity, with elevated niche-related markers including CXCL12. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the XF-MSCs had a significantly higher suppressive effect on human peripheral blood-derived T cell proliferation, Th1 and Th17 differentiation, as well as naïve macrophage polarization toward an M1 phenotype. Among the anti-inflammatory molecules, the production of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) and nitric oxide synthase 2 (NOS2) was profoundly increased, whereas cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) was decreased in the XF-MSCs. Finally, the XF-MSCs had an enhanced therapeutic effect against mouse experimental colitis. These findings indicate that xeno-free culture conditions improved the immunomodulatory properties of WJ-MSCs and ex vivo-expanded XF-MSCs might be an effective strategy for preventing the progression of colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Yeon Kang
- Department of Medical Life Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 08826, Korea; (J.Y.K.); (M.-K.O.); (H.J.); (H.S.P.); (D.-H.C.); (J.K.)
| | - Mi-Kyung Oh
- Department of Medical Life Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 08826, Korea; (J.Y.K.); (M.-K.O.); (H.J.); (H.S.P.); (D.-H.C.); (J.K.)
| | - Hansol Joo
- Department of Medical Life Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 08826, Korea; (J.Y.K.); (M.-K.O.); (H.J.); (H.S.P.); (D.-H.C.); (J.K.)
| | - Hyun Sung Park
- Department of Medical Life Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 08826, Korea; (J.Y.K.); (M.-K.O.); (H.J.); (H.S.P.); (D.-H.C.); (J.K.)
| | - Dong-Hoon Chae
- Department of Medical Life Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 08826, Korea; (J.Y.K.); (M.-K.O.); (H.J.); (H.S.P.); (D.-H.C.); (J.K.)
| | - Jieun Kim
- Department of Medical Life Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 08826, Korea; (J.Y.K.); (M.-K.O.); (H.J.); (H.S.P.); (D.-H.C.); (J.K.)
- Futuristic Animal Resource & Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungcheongbuk-do 28116, Korea
| | - Hae-Ri Lee
- Catholic High-Performance Cell Therapy Center & Department of Medical Life Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University, Seoul 08826, Korea;
| | - Il-Hoan Oh
- Catholic High-Performance Cell Therapy Center & Department of Medical Life Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University, Seoul 08826, Korea;
- Correspondence: (I.-H.O.); (K.-R.Y.)
| | - Kyung-Rok Yu
- Department of Medical Life Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 08826, Korea; (J.Y.K.); (M.-K.O.); (H.J.); (H.S.P.); (D.-H.C.); (J.K.)
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Correspondence: (I.-H.O.); (K.-R.Y.)
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