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Sharma N, Gupta N, Orfali R, Kumar V, Patel CN, Peng J, Perveen S. Evaluation of the Antifungal, Antioxidant, and Anti-Diabetic Potential of the Essential Oil of Curcuma longa Leaves from the North-Western Himalayas by In Vitro and In Silico Analysis. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27227664. [PMID: 36431765 PMCID: PMC9695312 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27227664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Essential oils (EOs) have gained immense popularity due to considerable interest in the health, food, and pharmaceutical industries. The present study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial and antioxidant activity and the anti-diabetic potential of Curcuma longa leaf (CLO) essential oil. Further, major phytocompounds of CLO were analyzed for their in-silico interactions with antifungal, antioxidant, and anti-diabetic proteins. CLO was found to have a strong antifungal activity against the tested Candida species with zone of inhibition (ZOI)-11.5 ± 0.71 mm to 13 ± 1.41 mm and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was 0.63%. CLO also showed antioxidant activity, with IC50 values of 5.85 ± 1.61 µg/mL using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging assay and 32.92 ± 0.64 µM using ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. CLO also showed anti-diabetic activity with an IC50 of 43.06 ± 1.24 µg/mL as compared to metformin (half maximal inhibitory concentration, IC50-16.503 ± 0.66 µg/mL). Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of CLO showed the presence of (-)-zingiberene (17.84%); 3,7-cyclodecadien-1-one, 3,7-dimethyl-10-(1-methylethylidene)-(15.31%); cyclohexene, 4-methyl-3-(1-methylethylidene) (12.47%); and (+)-4-Carene (11.89%) as major phytocompounds. Molecular docking of these compounds with antifungal proteins (cytochrome P450 14 alpha-sterol demethylase, PDB ID: 1EA1, and N-myristoyl transferase, PDB ID: 1IYL), antioxidant (human peroxiredoxin 5, PDB ID: 1HD2), and anti-diabetic proteins (human pancreatic alpha-amylase, PDB ID: 1HNY) showed strong binding of 3,7-cyclodecadien-1-one with all the selected protein targets. Furthermore, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations for a 100 ns time scale revealed that most of the key contacts of target proteins were retained throughout the simulation trajectories. Binding free energy calculations using molecular mechanics generalized born surface area (MM/GBSA), and drug-likeness and toxicity analysis also proved the potential for 3,7-cyclodecadien-1-one, 3,7-dimethyl-10-(1-methylethylidene) to replace toxic synthetic drugs and act as natural antioxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitin Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Chandigarh College of Technology, CGC, Landran, Mohali 140307, India
- Correspondence: (N.S.); (S.P.)
| | - Nidhi Gupta
- Department of Biotechnology, Chandigarh College of Technology, CGC, Landran, Mohali 140307, India
| | - Raha Orfali
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia
| | - Vikas Kumar
- University Institute of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali 140413, India
| | - Chirag N. Patel
- Department of Botany, Bioinformatics, and Climatic Change Impacts Management, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad 380009, India
| | - Jiangnan Peng
- Department of Medicinal, School of Computer, Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Morgan State University, Baltimore, MD 21251, USA
| | - Shagufta Perveen
- Department of Medicinal, School of Computer, Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Morgan State University, Baltimore, MD 21251, USA
- Correspondence: (N.S.); (S.P.)
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Mitra S, Anjum J, Muni M, Das R, Rauf A, Islam F, Bin Emran T, Semwal P, Hemeg HA, Alhumaydhi FA, Wilairatana P. Exploring the journey of emodin as a potential neuroprotective agent: Novel therapeutic insights with molecular mechanism of action. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 149:112877. [PMID: 35367766 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Emodin is an anthraquinone derivative found in the roots and bark of a variety of plants, molds, and lichens. Emodin has been used as a traditional medication for more than 2000 years and is still common in numerous herbal drugs. Emodin is plentiful in the three plant families, including Polygonaceae (Rheum, Rumex, and Polygonum spp.), Fabaceae (Cassia spp.), and Rhamnaceae (Rhamnus, Frangula, and Ventilago spp.). Emerging experimental evidences indicate that emodin confers a wide range of pharmacological activities; special focus was implemented toward neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, cerebral ischemia, anxiety and depression, schizophrenia, chronic hyperglycemic peripheral neuropathy, etc. Numerous preclinical evidences were established in support of the neuroprotection of emodin. However, this review highlighted the role of emodin as a potent neurotherapeutic agent; therefore, its evidence-based functionality on neurological disorders (NDs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Saikat Mitra
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Juhaer Anjum
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Maniza Muni
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Rajib Das
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Abdur Rauf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Swabi, Anbar 23561, Pakistan.
| | - Fahadul Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Talha Bin Emran
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh; Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong 4381, Bangladesh.
| | - Prabhakar Semwal
- Department of Life Sciences, Graphic Era (Deemed to be University), Dehradun 248002, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Hassan A Hemeg
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, P.O. Box 344, Al-Medinah Al-Monawara 41411, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahad A Alhumaydhi
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Polrat Wilairatana
- Department of Clinical of Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
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