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Shaaban MT, Mohamed BS, Zayed M, El-Sabbagh SM. Antibacterial, antibiofilm, and anticancer activity of silver-nanoparticles synthesized from the cell-filtrate of Streptomyces enissocaesilis. BMC Biotechnol 2024; 24:8. [PMID: 38321442 PMCID: PMC10848522 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-024-00833-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) have a unique mode of action as antibacterial agents in addition to their anticancer and antioxidant properties. In this study, microbial nanotechnology is employed to synthesize Ag-NPs using the cell filtrate of Streptomyces enissocaesilis BS1. The synthesized Ag-NPs are confirmed by ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Also, the effects of different factors on Ag-NPs synthesis were evaluated to set the optimum synthesis conditions. Also, the antibacterial, antibiofilm, and anticancer activity of Ag-NPs was assessed. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the crystalline nature of the sample and validated that the crystal structure under consideration is a face-centered cubic (FCC) pattern. The TEM examination displayed the spherical particles of the Ag-NPs and their average size, which is 32.2 nm. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) revealed significant changes in functionality after silver nanoparticle dispersion, which could be attributed to the potency of the cell filtrate of Streptomyces enissocaesilis BS1 to act as both a reducing agent and a capping agent. The bioactivity tests showed that our synthesized Ag-NPs exhibited remarkable antibacterial activity against different pathogenic strains. Also, when the preformed biofilms of Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9027, Salmonella typhi ATCC 12023, Escherichia coli ATCC 8739, and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6598 were exposed to Ag NPs 50 mg/ml for 24 hours, the biofilm biomass was reduced by 10.7, 34.6, 34.75, and 39.08%, respectively. Furthermore, the Ag-NPs showed in vitro cancer-specific sensitivity against human breast cancer MCF-7 cell lines and colon cancer cell line Caco-2, and the IC50 was 0.160 mg/mL and 0.156 mg/mL, respectively. The results of this study prove the ease and efficiency of the synthesis of Ag-NPs using actinomycetes and demonstrate the significant potential of these Ag-NPs as anticancer and antibacterial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed T Shaaban
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom, Egypt
| | - Briksam S Mohamed
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom, Egypt.
| | - Muhammad Zayed
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom, Egypt
| | - Sabha M El-Sabbagh
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom, Egypt
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Elshaer S, Shaaban MI. Antibiofilm activity of biosynthesized silver and copper nanoparticles using Streptomyces S29. AMB Express 2023; 13:139. [PMID: 38055099 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-023-01647-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial resistance and biofilm formation have been considered as the main problems associated with microbial resistance. Several antimicrobial agents cannot penetrate biofilm layers and cannot eradicate microbial infection. Therefore, the aim of this study is the biological synthesis of silver and copper nanoparticles to assess their activities on bacterial attachment and on the viability of dormant cells within the biofilm matrix. Ag-NPs and Cu-NPs were biosynthesized using Streptomyces isolate S29. The biologically synthesized Ag-NPs and Cu-NPs exhibited brown and blue colors and were detected by UV/Vis spectrophotometry at 476 and 594 nm, respectively. The Ag-NPs showed an average size of 10-20 nm as indicated by TEM, and 25-35 nm for Cu-NPs. Both Ag-NPs and Cu-NPs were monodispersed with a polydispersity index of 0.1-0.546 and zeta potential were - 29.7, and - 33.7 mv, respectively. The biologically synthesized Ag-NPs and Cu-NPs significantly eliminated bacterial attachment and decreased the viable cells in the biofilm matrix as detected by using crystal violet and tri-phenyl tetrazolium chloride assays. Furthermore, Ag-NPs and Cu-NPs significantly eradicated mature biofilms developed by various Gram-negative pathogens, including A. baumannii, K. pneumoniae and P. aeruginosa standard strains and clinical isolates. Data were also confirmed at the molecular level with prominent elimination of biofilm gene expression carO, bssS and pelA in A. baumannii, K. pneumoniae and P. aeruginosa, respectively compared to untreated cells under the same conditions. As indicated, Ag-NPs and Cu-NPs could be used as adjuvant therapy in eradication of antibiotic resistance and biofilm matrix associated with Gram-negative bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soha Elshaer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt.
| | - Mona I Shaaban
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt.
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Abou El-Enain IM, Elqady EM, El-Said E, Salem HHA, Badr NF, Abd-Allah GE, Rezk MM. Biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) from isolated actinomycetes strains and their impact on the black cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 194:105492. [PMID: 37532318 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2023.105492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Nanomaterials have been produced with the use of bio-nanotechnology, which is a low-cost approach. Currently, research is being conducted to determine whether actinomycetes isolated from Egyptian soil can biosynthesize Ag nanoparticles (Ag NPs) and characterized by using the following techniques: Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Dynamic light scattering (DLS), Fourier transforms infrared (FT-IR), Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), UV-Vis spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The most promising actinomycetes isolate were identified, morphologically, biochemically, and molecularly. Streptomyces avermitilis Azhar A.4 was found to be able to reduce silver metal nanoparticles from silver nitrate in nine isolates collected from Egyptian soil. Toxicity of biosynthesized against 2nd and 4th larval instar of Agrotis ipsilon (Hufn.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) was estimated. In addition, activity of certain vital antioxidant and detoxifying enzymes as well as midgut histology of treated larvae were also investigated. The results showed appositive correlations between larval mortality percentage (y) and bio-AgNPs concentrations (x) with excellent (R2). The 4th larval instar was more susceptible than 2nd larval instar with LC50 (with 95% confirmed limits) =8.61 (2.76-13.89) and 26.44(13.25-35.58) ppml-1, respectively of 5 days from treatment. The initial stages of biosynthesized AgNps exposure showed significant increases in carboxylesterase (CarE) and peroxidases (PODs) activity followed by significant suppression after 5 days pos-exposure. While protease activity was significantly decreased by increasing time post-exposure. Midgut histology showed abnormality and progressive damage by increasing time post exposure leading to complete destruction of midgut cells after 5 days from exposure. These results make biosynthesized AgNPs an appropriate alternative to chemical insecticide in A. ipsilon management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inas M Abou El-Enain
- Botany and Microbiology Dept., Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University-Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Enayat M Elqady
- Zoology and Entomology Dept., Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University-Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Eman El-Said
- Zoology and Entomology Dept., Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University-Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hend H A Salem
- Zoology and Entomology Dept., Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University-Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Naglaa Fathi Badr
- Zoology and Entomology Dept., Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University-Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ghada E Abd-Allah
- Plant Protection Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M Rezk
- Isotops Dept., Research Sector, Nuclear Materials Authority, Cairo, Egypt.
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Raj R, Bhattu M, Verma M, Acevedo R, Duc ND, Singh J. Biogenic silver based nanostructures: Synthesis, mechanistic approach and biological applications. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 231:116045. [PMID: 37146935 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The alarming impact of antibiotic resistance sparked the quest for complementary treatments to overcome the confrontation over resistant pathogens. Metallic nanoparticles, especially silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) have gained a much attention because of their remarkable biological characteristics. Moreover, their medicinal properties can be enhanced by preparing the composites with other materials. This article delves a comprehensive review of biosynthesis route for Ag NPs and their nanocomposites (NCs) with in-depth mechanism, methods and favorable experimental parameters. Comprehensive biological features Ag NPs such as antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal have been examined, with a focus on their potential uses in biomedicine and diagnostics has also been discussed. Additionally, we have also explored the hitches and potential outcomes of biosynthesis of Ag NPs in biomedical filed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riya Raj
- Department of Biochemistry, Bangalore University, Mysore Rd, Jnana Bharathi, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560056, India
| | - Monika Bhattu
- Department of Chemistry, University Centre for Research and Development, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali, 140413, Punjab, India
| | - Meenakshi Verma
- Department of Chemistry, University Centre for Research and Development, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali, 140413, Punjab, India
| | - Roberto Acevedo
- San Sebastián University.Santiago, Campus Bellavista 7, Chile
| | - Nguyen D Duc
- Department of Environmental Energy Engineering, Kyonggi University, South Korea
| | - Jagpreet Singh
- Department of Chemistry, University Centre for Research and Development, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali, 140413, Punjab, India.
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Zwar IP, Trotta CDV, Ziotti ABS, Lima Neto M, Araújo WL, de Melo IS, Ottoni CA, de Souza AO. Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using actinomycetes, phytotoxicity on rice seeds, and potential application in the biocontrol of phytopathogens. J Basic Microbiol 2023; 63:64-74. [PMID: 36336636 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202200439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
To find effective silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) for control of phytopathogens, in this study, two strains of actinomycetes isolated from the soil of the Brazilian biome Caatinga (Caat5-35) and from mangrove sediment (Canv1-58) were utilized. The strains were identified by using the 16S rRNA gene sequencing as Streptomyces sp., related to Streptomyces mimosus species. The obtained AgNPs were coded as AgNPs 35 and AgNPs58 and characterized by size and morphology using dynamic light scattering, zeta potential, transmission electron microscopy, and Fourier transformed infrared (FTIR). The antifungal activity of the AgNPs35 and AgNPs58 was evaluated in vitro by the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) assay on the phytopathogens, Alternaria solani, Alternaria alternata, and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. The phytotoxic effect was evaluated by the germination rate and seedling growth of rice (Oryza sativa). AgNPs35 and AgNPs58 showed surface plasmon resonance and average sizes of 30 and 60 nm, respectively. Both AgNPs presented spherical shape and the FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of functional groups such as free amines and hydroxyls of biomolecules bounded to the external layer of the nanoparticles. Both AgNPs inhibited the growth of the three phytopathogens tested, and A. alternate was the most sensible (MIC ≤ 4 µM). Moreover, the AgNPs35 and AgNPs58 did not induce phytotoxic effects on the germination and development of rice seedlings. In conclusion, these AgNPs are promising candidates to biocontrol of these phytopathogens without endangering rice plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid P Zwar
- Development and Innovation Laboratory, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
- Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Vicente, Brazil
| | - Caterina do Valle Trotta
- Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Vicente, Brazil
- Institute of Advanced Sea Studies (IEAMAR), São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Vicente, Brazil
| | - Ana B S Ziotti
- Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Vicente, Brazil
- Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Milton Lima Neto
- Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Vicente, Brazil
- Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Welington L Araújo
- LABMEM, Microbiology Department, ICB II, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Itamar S de Melo
- Environmental Microbiology Laboratory, EMBRAPA Meio Ambiente, Jaguariúna, Brazil
| | - Cristiane A Ottoni
- Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Vicente, Brazil
- Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food (LEAF), Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana O de Souza
- Development and Innovation Laboratory, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
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Elsilk SE, Khalil MA, Aboshady TA, Alsalmi FA, Ali SS. Streptomyces rochei MS-37 as a Novel Marine Actinobacterium for Green Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles and Their Biomedical Applications. Molecules 2022; 27:7296. [PMID: 36364123 PMCID: PMC9654146 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27217296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis, as one of the most common diseases on a global scale, is a public health concern. Microbial resistance to currently available antimicrobial agents is becoming a growing issue in periodontal treatment. As a result, it is critical to develop effective and environmentally friendly biomedical approaches to overcome such challenges. The investigation of Streptomyces rochei MS-37's performance may be the first of its kind as a novel marine actinobacterium for the green biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (SNPs) and potentials as antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antibiofilm, and antioxidant candidates suppressing membrane-associated dental infections. Streptomyces rochei MS-37, a new marine actinobacterial strain, was used in this study for the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles for various biomedical applications. Surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy showed a peak at 429 nm for the SNPs. The SNPs were spherical, tiny (average 23.2 nm by TEM, 59.4 nm by DLS), very stable (-26 mV), and contained capping agents. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of the SNPs that showed potential antibacterial action ranged from 8 to 128 µg/mL. Periodontal pathogens were used to perform qualitative evaluations of microbial adhesion and bacterial penetration through guided tissue regeneration membranes. The findings suggested that the presence of the SNPs could aid in the suppression of membrane-associated infection. Furthermore, when the anti-inflammatory action of the SNPs was tested using nitric oxide radical scavenging capacity and protein denaturation inhibition, it was discovered that the SNPs were extremely efficient at scavenging nitric oxide free radicals and had a strong anti-denaturation impact. The SNPs were found to be more cytotoxic to CAL27 than to human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), with IC50 values of 81.16 µg/mL in PBMCs and 34.03 µg/mL in CAL27. This study's findings open a new avenue for using marine actinobacteria for silver nanoparticle biosynthesis, which holds great promise for a variety of biomedical applications, in particular periodontal treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sobhy E. Elsilk
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
| | - Maha A. Khalil
- Biology Department, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tamer A. Aboshady
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatin A. Alsalmi
- Biology Department, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sameh S. Ali
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
- Biofuels Institute, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
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Mabrouk M, Beherei HH, Tanaka Y, Tanaka M. Sol-gel silicate glass doped with silver for bone regeneration: Antibacterial activity, intermediate water, and cell death mode. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2022; 138:212965. [PMID: 35913231 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2022.212965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The hydration state of bioactive glass materials and its relationship with their biocompatibility have been receiving attention. In this research, silver-containing bioactive glasses (BGAgs) (Ag contents of 0.25, 0.5, and 1.0% in the glass system) were developed using the sol-gel method. Their physicochemical properties, size, morphology, and surface area were characterized by conducting X-rays diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area analyses. The surface charges of the developed BGAgs were evaluated using the Nano Zetasizer. Moreover, the antibacterial activities and intermediate water (IW) contents of hydrated BGAgs were determined. Finally, BGAgs disks were tested against osteosarcoma (MG63) cell line to evaluate their death modes. The physicochemical characteristics of the BGAgs revealed no modifications after Ag doping. In comparison, relative changes were recorded in the particle size (20-33 to 16-29 nm), surface area (4.3 to 3.7 m2/g), and particle charge (-24 to -14.6 mV). Doping the current glass system with silver produced impressive amounts of IW, consistent with recorded proliferation rates of the cells when treated with BGAgs. The determined hydration states correlated with other findings in this research might be helpful in predicting and assessing the biological behaviors of BGAgs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Mabrouk
- Refractories, Ceramics and Building materials Department, National Research Centre, 33El Bohouth St. (former EL Tahrir St.), Dokki, P.O.12622, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Hanan H Beherei
- Refractories, Ceramics and Building materials Department, National Research Centre, 33El Bohouth St. (former EL Tahrir St.), Dokki, P.O.12622, Giza, Egypt
| | - Yukiko Tanaka
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, 744, Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masaru Tanaka
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, 744, Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan.
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Green synthesis of nanoparticles by probiotics and their application. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2022; 119:83-128. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.aambs.2022.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Abd-Elhady HM, Ashor MA, Hazem A, Saleh FM, Selim S, El Nahhas N, Abdel-Hafez SH, Sayed S, Hassan EA. Biosynthesis and Characterization of Extracellular Silver Nanoparticles from Streptomyces aizuneusis: Antimicrobial, Anti Larval, and Anticancer Activities. Molecules 2021; 27:212. [PMID: 35011443 PMCID: PMC8746530 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27010212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of microorganisms to reduce inorganic metals has launched an exciting eco-friendly approach towards developing green nanotechnology. Thus, the synthesis of metal nanoparticles through a biological approach is an important aspect of current nanotechnology. In this study, Streptomyces aizuneusis ATCC 14921 gave the small particle of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) a size of 38.45 nm, with 1.342 optical density. AgNPs produced by Streptomyces aizuneusis were characterized by means of UV-VIS spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The UV-Vis spectrum of the aqueous solution containing silver ion showed a peak between 410 to 430. Moreover, the majority of nanoparticles were found to be a spherical shape with variables between 11 to 42 nm, as seen under TEM. The purity of extracted AgNPs was investigated by energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDXA), and the identification of the possible biomolecules responsible for the reduction of Ag+ ions by the cell filtrate was carried out by Fourier Transform Infrared spectrum (FTIR). High antimicrobial activities were observed by AgNPs at a low concentration of 0.01 ppm, however, no deleterious effect of AgNPs was observed on the development and occurrence of Drosophila melanogaster phenotype. The highest reduction in the viability of the human lung carcinoma and normal cells was attained at 0.2 AgNPs ppm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemmat M Abd-Elhady
- Agricultural Microbiology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt
| | - Mona A Ashor
- Agricultural Microbiology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt
| | - Abdelkader Hazem
- Agricultural Microbiology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt
| | - Fayez M Saleh
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia
| | - Samy Selim
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nihal El Nahhas
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21515, Egypt
| | - Shams H Abdel-Hafez
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Samy Sayed
- Department of Science and Technology, University College-Ranyah, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Enas A Hassan
- Agricultural Microbiology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt
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