1
|
Olesen MA, Villavicencio-Tejo F, Quintanilla RA. The use of fibroblasts as a valuable strategy for studying mitochondrial impairment in neurological disorders. Transl Neurodegener 2022; 11:36. [PMID: 35787292 PMCID: PMC9251940 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-022-00308-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurological disorders (NDs) are characterized by progressive neuronal dysfunction leading to synaptic failure, cognitive impairment, and motor injury. Among these diseases, Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington’s disease (HD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) have raised a significant research interest. These disorders present common neuropathological signs, including neuronal dysfunction, protein accumulation, oxidative damage, and mitochondrial abnormalities. In this context, mitochondrial impairment is characterized by a deficiency in ATP production, excessive production of reactive oxygen species, calcium dysregulation, mitochondrial transport failure, and mitochondrial dynamics deficiencies. These defects in mitochondrial health could compromise the synaptic process, leading to early cognitive dysfunction observed in these NDs. Interestingly, skin fibroblasts from AD, PD, HD, and ALS patients have been suggested as a useful strategy to investigate and detect early mitochondrial abnormalities in these NDs. In this context, fibroblasts are considered a viable model for studying neurodegenerative changes due to their metabolic and biochemical relationships with neurons. Also, studies of our group and others have shown impairment of mitochondrial bioenergetics in fibroblasts from patients diagnosed with sporadic and genetic forms of AD, PD, HD, and ALS. Interestingly, these mitochondrial abnormalities have been observed in the brain tissues of patients suffering from the same pathologies. Therefore, fibroblasts represent a novel strategy to study the genesis and progression of mitochondrial dysfunction in AD, PD, HD, and ALS. This review discusses recent evidence that proposes fibroblasts as a potential target to study mitochondrial bioenergetics impairment in neurological disorders and consequently to search for new biomarkers of neurodegeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margrethe A Olesen
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Facultad de Ciencias de La Salud, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisca Villavicencio-Tejo
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Facultad de Ciencias de La Salud, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo A Quintanilla
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Facultad de Ciencias de La Salud, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Regulation of dopaminergic neuronal phenotypes by the estrogen-related receptor gamma ligand GSK4716 via the activation of CREB signaling. Neurochem Int 2020; 136:104726. [PMID: 32173553 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2020.104726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Midbrain dopaminergic (DAergic) neurotransmission plays a crucial role in regulating motor, cognitive, and emotional functions. The orphan nuclear receptor estrogen-related receptor gamma (ERRγ) is highly expressed in the adult brain and in the developing fetal brain. Our previous study showed the relevance of ERRγ in the regulation of the DAergic neuronal phenotype with the upregulation of dopamine synthesizing tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopamine transporter (DAT) and the possibility that ERRγ could be a novel target for regulating DAergic neuronal differentiation. In this study, we examined whether ERRγ ligands could be small molecule regulators of DAergic phenotypes. The ERRγ agonist GSK4716 increased DAT and TH expression, and the ERRγ inverse agonist GSK5182 attenuated the retinoic acid-induced upregulation of DAT and TH in differentiated SH-SY5Y cells. We found that biphasic activation of the protein kinase A/cyclic AMP response element-binding (CREB) protein signaling pathway was involved in the GSK4716-induced increase in the DAergic phenotype in SH-SY5Y cells. CREB signaling activated as early as 3 h after GSK4716 treatment in an ERRγ-independent manner, but increased following ERRγ activation after 3 days. Protein kinase A inhibitor H-89 attenuated GSK4716-induced DAT and TH upregulation. In primary cultured DAergic neurons, GSK4716 increased neurite length and the number of DAT and TH-double-positive (DAT + TH+) neurons compared to that in control cells. These findings suggest that ERRγ ligands could serve as useful chemical tools for obtaining a better understanding of the regulation of DAergic phenotypes and might facilitate the development of small molecule therapeutics to treat DA-related neurological diseases.
Collapse
|
3
|
Romeo L, Diomede F, Gugliandolo A, Scionti D, Lo Giudice F, Lanza Cariccio V, Iori R, Bramanti P, Trubiani O, Mazzon E. Moringin Induces Neural Differentiation in the Stem Cell of the Human Periodontal Ligament. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9153. [PMID: 29904155 PMCID: PMC6002387 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27492-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic strategies for neurodegenerative diseases still represent a vast research field because of the lack of targeted, effective and resolutive treatment for neurodegenerative diseases. The use of stem cell-based therapy is an alternative approach that could lead to the replacement of damaged neuronal tissue. For this purpose, adult mesenchymal stem cells (MSC), including periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs), could be very useful for their differentiation capacity, easy isolation and the ability to perform an autologous implant. The aim of this work was to test whether the Moringin [4-(α-L-rhamnosyloxy) benzyl isothiocyanate; GMG-ITC], an isothiocyanate extracted from Moringa oleifera seeds, was able to induce PDLSCs toward neural progenitor differentiation. Next-generation transcriptomics sequencing showed that moringin treatment increased the expression of genes involved in neuron cortical development and in particular in neuron belonging to upper and deep cortical layers. Moreover, moringin treatment upregulated genes involved in osteogenesis and adipogenesis although with a lower fold change compared to upregulated genes involved in neuronal differentiation. Finally, moringin did not induce the expression of oncogenes resulting in a safe treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Letizia Romeo
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino-Pulejo", Via Provinciale Palermo, Contrada Casazza, 98124, Messina, Italy
| | - Francesca Diomede
- Department of medical, oral and biotechnological sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Agnese Gugliandolo
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino-Pulejo", Via Provinciale Palermo, Contrada Casazza, 98124, Messina, Italy
| | - Domenico Scionti
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino-Pulejo", Via Provinciale Palermo, Contrada Casazza, 98124, Messina, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Lo Giudice
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino-Pulejo", Via Provinciale Palermo, Contrada Casazza, 98124, Messina, Italy
| | - Veronica Lanza Cariccio
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino-Pulejo", Via Provinciale Palermo, Contrada Casazza, 98124, Messina, Italy
| | - Renato Iori
- Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria, Centro di ricerca Agricoltura e Ambiente (CREA-AA), Via di Corticella 133, 40128, Bologna, Italy
| | - Placido Bramanti
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino-Pulejo", Via Provinciale Palermo, Contrada Casazza, 98124, Messina, Italy
| | - Oriana Trubiani
- Department of medical, oral and biotechnological sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Emanuela Mazzon
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino-Pulejo", Via Provinciale Palermo, Contrada Casazza, 98124, Messina, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Han F, Baremberg D, Gao J, Duan J, Lu X, Zhang N, Chen Q. Development of stem cell-based therapy for Parkinson's disease. Transl Neurodegener 2015; 4:16. [PMID: 26339485 PMCID: PMC4559356 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-015-0039-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative disorders of aging, characterized by the degeneration of dopamine neurons (DA neurons) in the substantial nigra, leading to the advent of both motor symptoms and non-motor symptoms. Current treatments include electrical stimulation of the affected brain areas and dopamine replacement therapy. Even though both categories are effective in treating PD patients, the disease progression cannot be stopped. The research advance into cell therapies provides exciting potential for the treatment of PD. Current cell sources include neural stem cells (NSCs) from fetal brain tissues, human embryonic stem cells (hESCs), induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and directly induced dopamine neurons (iDA neurons). Here, we evaluate the research progress in different cell sources with a focus on using iPSCs as a valuable source and propose key challenges for developing cells suitable for large-scale clinical applications in the treatment of PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabin Han
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, The Liaocheng People's Hospital/Affiliated Liaocheng Hospital, Taishan Medical University, Shandong, 252000 China
| | - Deborah Baremberg
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, The Liaocheng People's Hospital/Affiliated Liaocheng Hospital, Taishan Medical University, Shandong, 252000 China
| | - Junyu Gao
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, The Liaocheng People's Hospital/Affiliated Liaocheng Hospital, Taishan Medical University, Shandong, 252000 China
| | - Jing Duan
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, The Liaocheng People's Hospital/Affiliated Liaocheng Hospital, Taishan Medical University, Shandong, 252000 China
| | - Xianjie Lu
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, The Liaocheng People's Hospital/Affiliated Liaocheng Hospital, Taishan Medical University, Shandong, 252000 China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, The Liaocheng People's Hospital/Affiliated Liaocheng Hospital, Taishan Medical University, Shandong, 252000 China
| | - Qingfa Chen
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, The Liaocheng People's Hospital/Affiliated Liaocheng Hospital, Taishan Medical University, Shandong, 252000 China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hunsberger JG, Efthymiou AG, Malik N, Behl M, Mead IL, Zeng X, Simeonov A, Rao M. Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Models to Enable In Vitro Models for Screening in the Central Nervous System. Stem Cells Dev 2015; 24:1852-64. [PMID: 25794298 PMCID: PMC4533087 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2014.0531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
There is great need to develop more predictive drug discovery tools to identify new therapies to treat diseases of the central nervous system (CNS). Current nonpluripotent stem cell-based models often utilize non-CNS immortalized cell lines and do not enable the development of personalized models of disease. In this review, we discuss why in vitro models are necessary for translational research and outline the unique advantages of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-based models over those of current systems. We suggest that iPSC-based models can be patient specific and isogenic lines can be differentiated into many neural cell types for detailed comparisons. iPSC-derived cells can be combined to form small organoids, or large panels of lines can be developed that enable new forms of analysis. iPSC and embryonic stem cell-derived cells can be readily engineered to develop reporters for lineage studies or mechanism of action experiments further extending the utility of iPSC-based systems. We conclude by describing novel technologies that include strategies for the development of diversity panels, novel genomic engineering tools, new three-dimensional organoid systems, and modified high-content screens that may bring toxicology into the 21st century. The strategic integration of these technologies with the advantages of iPSC-derived cell technology, we believe, will be a paradigm shift for toxicology and drug discovery efforts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nasir Malik
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Mamta Behl
- National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Ivy L. Mead
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Xianmin Zeng
- Buck Institute for Age Research, Novato, California
| | - Anton Simeonov
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, Maryland
| | - Mahendra Rao
- New York Stem Cell Foundation, New York, New York
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lv H, Li L, Sun M, Zhang Y, Chen L, Rong Y, Li Y. Mechanism of regulation of stem cell differentiation by matrix stiffness. Stem Cell Res Ther 2015; 6:103. [PMID: 26012510 PMCID: PMC4445995 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-015-0083-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cell behaviors are regulated by multiple microenvironmental cues. As an external signal, mechanical stiffness of the extracellular matrix is capable of governing stem cell fate determination, but how this biophysical cue is translated into intracellular signaling remains elusive. Here, we elucidate mechanisms by which stem cells respond to microenvironmental stiffness through the dynamics of the cytoskeletal network, leading to changes in gene expression via biophysical transduction signaling pathways in two-dimensional culture. Furthermore, a putative rapid shift from original mechanosensing to de novo cell-derived matrix sensing in more physiologically relevant three-dimensional culture is pointed out. A comprehensive understanding of stem cell responses to this stimulus is essential for designing biomaterials that mimic the physiological environment and advancing stem cell-based clinical applications for tissue engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Lv
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China. .,College of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.
| | - Lisha Li
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.
| | - Meiyu Sun
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.
| | - Yin Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China. .,College of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.
| | - Li Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China. .,College of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.
| | - Yue Rong
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China. .,College of Clinical Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.
| | - Yulin Li
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Direct in vivo assessment of human stem cell graft-host neural circuits. Neuroimage 2015; 114:328-37. [PMID: 25936696 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.03.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Revised: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the potential of stem cell-derived neural transplants for treating intractable neurological diseases, the global effects of a transplant's electrical activity on host circuitry have never been measured directly, preventing the systematic optimization of such therapies. Here, we overcome this problem by combining optogenetics, stem cell biology, and neuroimaging to directly map stem cell-driven neural circuit formation in vivo. We engineered human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) to express channelrhodopsin-2 and transplanted resulting neurons to striatum of rats. To non-invasively visualize the function of newly formed circuits, we performed high-field functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during selective stimulation of transplanted cells. fMRI successfully detected local and remote neural activity, enabling the global graft-host neural circuit function to be assessed. These results demonstrate the potential of a novel neuroimaging-based platform that can be used to identify how a graft's electrical activity influences the brain network in vivo.
Collapse
|
8
|
Debowski K, Warthemann R, Lentes J, Salinas-Riester G, Dressel R, Langenstroth D, Gromoll J, Sasaki E, Behr R. Non-viral generation of marmoset monkey iPS cells by a six-factor-in-one-vector approach. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118424. [PMID: 25785453 PMCID: PMC4365012 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Groundbreaking studies showed that differentiated somatic cells of mouse and human origin could be reverted to a stable pluripotent state by the ectopic expression of only four proteins. The resulting pluripotent cells, called induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, could be an alternative to embryonic stem cells, which are under continuous ethical debate. Hence, iPS cell-derived functional cells such as neurons may become the key for an effective treatment of currently incurable degenerative diseases. However, besides the requirement of efficacy testing of the therapy also its long-term safety needs to be carefully evaluated in settings mirroring the clinical situation in an optimal way. In this context, we chose the long-lived common marmoset monkey (Callithrix jacchus) as a non-human primate species to generate iPS cells. The marmoset monkey is frequently used in biomedical research and is gaining more and more preclinical relevance due to the increasing number of disease models. Here, we describe, to our knowledge, the first-time generation of marmoset monkey iPS cells from postnatal skin fibroblasts by non-viral means. We used the transposon-based, fully reversible piggyback system. We cloned the marmoset monkey reprogramming factors and established robust and reproducible reprogramming protocols with a six-factor-in-one-construct approach. We generated six individual iPS cell lines and characterized them in comparison with marmoset monkey embryonic stem cells. The generated iPS cells are morphologically indistinguishable from marmoset ES cells. The iPS cells are fully reprogrammed as demonstrated by differentiation assays, pluripotency marker expression and transcriptome analysis. They are stable for numerous passages (more than 80) and exhibit euploidy. In summary, we have established efficient non-viral reprogramming protocols for the derivation of stable marmoset monkey iPS cells, which can be used to develop and test cell replacement therapies in preclinical settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Debowski
- Stem Cell Biology Unit, German Primate Center—Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
- * E-mail: (KD); (RB)
| | - Rita Warthemann
- Stem Cell Biology Unit, German Primate Center—Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jana Lentes
- Stem Cell Biology Unit, German Primate Center—Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Gabriela Salinas-Riester
- Microarray and Deep-Sequencing Core Facility, University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ralf Dressel
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Daniel Langenstroth
- Centre of Reproductive Medicine and Andrology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Jörg Gromoll
- Centre of Reproductive Medicine and Andrology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Erika Sasaki
- Department of Applied Developmental Biology, Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan, Keio Advanced Research Center, Keio University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rüdiger Behr
- Stem Cell Biology Unit, German Primate Center—Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- * E-mail: (KD); (RB)
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells infected with adenovirus expressing HGF promote regeneration of damaged neuron cells in a Parkinson's disease model. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:909657. [PMID: 25276829 PMCID: PMC4167956 DOI: 10.1155/2014/909657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative movement disorder that is characterized by the progressive degeneration of the dopaminergic (DA) pathway. Mesenchymal stem cells derived from human umbilical cord (hUC-MSCs) have great potential for developing a therapeutic agent as such. HGF is a multifunctional mediator originally identified in hepatocytes and has recently been reported to possess various neuroprotective properties. This study was designed to investigate the protective effect of hUC-MSCs infected by an adenovirus carrying the HGF gene on the PD cell model induced by MPP+ on human bone marrow neuroblastoma cells. Our results provide evidence that the cultural supernatant from hUC-MSCs expressing HGF could promote regeneration of damaged PD cells at higher efficacy than the supernatant from hUC-MSCs alone. And intracellular free Ca2+ obviously decreased after treatment with cultural supernatant from hUC-MSCs expressing HGF, while the expression of CaBP-D28k, an intracellular calcium binding protein, increased. Therefore our study clearly demonstrated that cultural supernatant of MSC overexpressing HGF was capable of eliciting regeneration of damaged PD model cells. This effect was probably achieved through the regulation of intracellular Ca2+ levels by modulating of CaBP-D28k expression.
Collapse
|
10
|
Human dental mesenchymal stem cells and neural regeneration. Hum Cell 2013; 26:91-6. [PMID: 23817972 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-013-0069-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Nerve tissue presents inherent difficulties for its effective regeneration. Stem cell transplantation is considered an auspicious treatment for neuronal injuries. Recently, human dental mesenchymal stem cells (DMSCs) have received extensive attention in the field of regenerative medicine due to their accessibility and multipotency. Since their origin is within the neural crest, they can be differentiated into neural crest-derived cells including neuron and glia cells both in vitro and in vivo. DMSCs are also able to secrete a wide variety of neurotrophins and chemokines, which promote neuronal cells to survival and differentiation. Experimental evidence has shown that human DMSCs engraftment recovered neuronal tissue damage in animal models of central nervous system injuries. Human DMSCs can be a new hope for treatment of nervous system diseases and deficits such as spinal cord injury, stroke and Parkinson's disease.
Collapse
|