Parenting Experiences With Adolescent Daughters When Mothers Have Breast Cancer

Cancer parents' experiences of parenting concerns about minor children: A meta-synthesis of qualitative studies

Background

Some cancer patients not only endure physical and mental distress due to the disease and treatment but also shoulder the responsibility of raising their children. This situation significantly impacts the patients' quality of life. While there is a growing body of qualitative research focusing on parenting concerns among cancer patients, there remains a lack of comprehensive qualitative evidence.

Objective

This study aims to conduct a systematic review and synthesis of qualitative research evidence, investigating the experiences of cancer patients in raising minor children.

Design

Systematic review and synthesis of qualitative studies.

Settings

Through a screening process employing inclusion/exclusion criteria, qualitative studies specifically addressing cancer patients raising minor children were identified.

Participants

Participants: A total of 669 participants from 40 studies were included in the review.

Methods

Four English (Pubmed, Web of Science, Embase and Cochrane Library) and three Chinese (CNKI, Wanfang and Sinomed) databases were searched for qualitative studies of the real-life experiences of raising children in cancer patients from the establishment of the library to January 2024. The methodological quality of the included literature was assessed using the Critical Appraisal Skill Program (CSAP). Qualitative data were extracted, summarized, and meta-synthesized.

Results

A total of 26 studies were included in this meta-synthesis, encompassing 11 different countries. 160 themes were extracted from these included literatures, which were combined into ten categories, ultimately forming four themes: the impact of parents' disease on their children, the challenges of parenting, coping strategies, and multifaceted parenting needs. Based on the Confidence in the Output of Qualitative research synthesis (ConQual) approach, the confidence level of the synthesized findings ranged from moderate to low.

Conclusions

Cancer patients experience significant psychological stress while raising children, which can lead to a reduction in their quality of life and influence treatment decisions. These findings elucidate the parenting concerns experienced by cancer patients, allowing medical staff to understand their emotions and treatment preferences. Additionally, healthcare professionals should pay attention to the special needs of this group and develop targeted interventions to support and reduce patients' psychological stress and burden.

Fulfilling the Role of a Parent While Undergoing Treatment for Cancer: A Review of the Literature and the Potential Impact of Childcare Support on Cancer Outcomes

Breast cancer is the most prevalent malignancy among adolescents and young adults (AYAs). Despite the efficacy of chemotherapy, AYA patients contend with psychosocial challenges, including psychological distress and financial toxicity, exacerbated further by those with dependent children. Parenting responsibilities intersect with cancer care, impacting both family dynamics and treatment adherence. Despite recognized needs, however, the impact of parenting concerns or even parenting status and the presence of dependents has not been systematically addressed and there is a paucity of interventional research regarding patients with cancer as concomitant caregivers. A feasibility study conducted by the Brown University Oncology Cooperative Group demonstrated the potential benefits of providing financial assistance for childcare, both improving treatment adherence and reducing distress among participants. Similar interventions have shown promise in addressing financial hardships for AYA patients with cancer who are concomitant caregivers. Ultimately, parenting concerns have a significant impact on medical decision-making, and further interventional research on childcare support is required to examine the ways in which health systems can improve family stability, stress, and quality of life.

Supporting Families with Breast Cancer: Insights from the Danish Nurse-Led Program "The Children's Tour" for Families with Parental Cancer

PURPOSE

This study explores how a Danish nurse-led program designed to provide support to families where mothers are affected by breast cancer is experienced by the women attending the program and the nurses organizing it. Their experiences provide insights into the program's impact and potential areas of improvement and inform future interventions targeting the well-being of this specific population.

DATA SOURCES

The study involved data collected through qualitative research. An observational study of the intervention was conducted to inform the development of an interview guide for semistructured individual interviews and a focus group interview. Five women with breast cancer and children aged 5 to 16 years were interviewed, and four nurses involved in the nurse-led program took part in the focus group interview. Data were audio recorded, transcribed verbatim, and thematically analyzed.

CONCLUSION

Families participating in the nurse-led program reported it helpful in many ways. Three themes emerged from the analysis of the interviews: 1) "How to talk about parental cancer with school-aged children," 2) "Setting up the room," and 3) "Exchanging imagination for reality." Getting familiar with the treatment room and nurses, playing with hospital gear (syringes, bandages, and the treatment chair), and watching a movie together indicate that the visit to the ward is important and cannot be entirely replaced by digital solutions. With the need for support and limited resources at the hospital, it is pivotal to identify the families most in need.

IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE

Women with breast cancer parenting adolescent children need family-based care based at the hospital. Further research is needed to refine the program to cover the concerns of the whole family, including fathers and grandparents, and to apply the program to other families with parental cancer of other types.

Post-traumatic growth and cancer-related communication among adolescents having mothers with breast cancer

PURPOSE

This study aimed to clarify the characteristics of post-traumatic growth (PTG) among adolescents having mothers diagnosed with breast cancer and the relationship between PTG and cancer-related communication with breast cancer survivors.

METHODS

A cross-sectional study was conducted using anonymous self-report questionnaires with breast cancer survivors and adolescent children. PTG in adolescents was measured using the Japanese version of the revised PTG Inventory for Children (PTGI-C-R-J). Furthermore, hierarchical multiple regression analysis was implemented. To evaluate the impact of cancer-related communication on each subscale, the total score of cancer-related communication was switched with other subscales individually within the constructed model.

RESULTS

A total of 97 breast cancer survivors and their adolescent children were included. The mean scores of the total PTGI-C-R-J and subscale scores for "personal strength," "new possibilities," "relating to others," "appreciation of life," and "spiritual change" were 9.0, 1.7, 1.8, 2.3, 2.4, and 0.9, respectively. The connection between PTG and cancer-related communication was partially clarified. The PTGI-C-R-J score was higher when adolescents shared more information regarding breast cancer with their mothers and lower when adolescents expressed more negative feelings toward their mothers. Communication regarding relationships with mothers was not correlated with PTG.

CONCLUSIONS

Of all PTG domains, "relating to others" and "appreciation of life" were comparatively higher in adolescents. Health professionals should support breast cancer survivors to ensure that they convey appropriate information regarding their treatment plans and side effects to their adolescent children. Health professionals should help adolescent children express their negative feelings calmly and clearly.

Families Addressing Cancer Together (FACT): feasibility and acceptability of a web-based psychosocial intervention for parents with cancer

PURPOSE

Although parents with cancer report that talking with their children about cancer and dying is distressing, accessible support is rare. We assessed the feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary effects of Families Addressing Cancer Together (FACT), a web-based, tailored psychosocial intervention to help parents talk about their cancer with their children.

METHODS

This pilot study used a pre-posttest design. Eligible participants were parents with new or metastatic solid tumors who had minor (ages 3-18) children. Participants who completed baseline assessments received online access to FACT. We assessed feasibility through enrollment and retention rates and reasons for study refusal. Acceptability was evaluated by satisfaction ratings. We examined participants' selection of intervention content and preliminary effects on communication self-efficacy and other psychosocial outcomes (depression and anxiety symptoms, health-related quality of life, family functioning) at 2- and 12-week post-intervention.

RESULTS

Of 68 parents we approached, 53 (78%) agreed to participate. Forty-six parents completed baseline assessments and received the FACT intervention. Of the 46 participants, 35 (76%) completed 2-week assessments, and 25 (54%) completed 12-week assessments. Parents reported that FACT was helpful (90%), relevant (95%), and easy to understand (100%). Parents' psychosocial outcomes did not significantly improve post-intervention, but parents endorsed less worry about talking with their child (46% vs. 37%) and reductions in the number of communication concerns (3.4 to 1.8).

CONCLUSION

The FACT intervention was feasible, acceptable, and has potential to address communication concerns of parents with cancer. A randomized trial is needed to test its efficacy in improving psychological and parenting outcomes.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

This study was IRB-approved and registered with clinicaltrials.gov (NCT04342871).

“I’m walking on eggshells”: challenges faced by mothers with breast cancer in interacting with adolescent daughters

Background

With breast cancer becoming the most diagnosed cancer in the world, the number of breast cancer-afflicted mothers with adolescent daughters is also rising. Further, adolescent daughters’ mothers serve as role models for in identity formation processes, especially concerning gender and sexuality. Nevertheless, breast cancer threats mother’s health, including such a key symbol of her womanhood—the breast—which may adversely affect the development of an adolescent daughter’s own sense of personal identity and womanhood. However, few researchers and practitioners have paid attention to mother-daughter interactions in the context of breast cancer. Therefore, this study aimed to uncover the nuances of the interactive challenges with adolescent daughters from breast cancer-afflicted mothers’ perspective.

Methods

We conducted a qualitative study following the sample saturation principle, collecting data through semi-structured interviews with 21 breast cancer patients who met the inclusion criteria. We utilized thematic analysis and partially integrated the Foucauldian discourse approach to analyze the data.

Results

Three major themes emerged from the data: (1) mothers are lost in chaos (inability to handle the shock of cancer, feelings of powerlessness about the uncertainty of their life span, and confusion about how to respond to daughter’s curiosity); (2) mothers struggle to maintain balance (torn between protecting daughters and letting them be independent, and making a tough choice between being a mother or a patient); and (3) mothers are immersed in guilt (increasing daughters’ risk of cancer, influencing daughters’ development, and imposing burdens on daughters).

Conclusions

Our research explored the interactive experience of breast cancer-afflicted mothers and adolescent daughters. The insights uncovered by this study will help mothers enhance interaction with their daughters and assist health practitioners in devising interventions.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12905-022-01872-1.

Breaking the silence about illness and death: Potential effects of a pilot study of the family talk intervention when a parent with dependent children receives specialized palliative home care

Objective

The entire family is affected when a parent is severely ill. Parents often need and appreciate professional support when talking to children about illness and death. The family talk intervention (FTI) is family-centered and intends to promote communication about the illness and its consequences, support parenting to enhance family coping and help family members share experiences with each other to create a shared family history. This study aimed to explore potential effects of FTI in specialized palliative home care, as reported by parents.

Method

This pre-post test intervention pilot was conducted in specialized palliative home care. A convergent mixed-method design was used to analyze interview and questionnaire data. Twenty families with dependent children were recruited from two specialized palliative home care units in Stockholm, Sweden.

Results

Parents reported that family communication improved after participation in FTI as family members learned communication strategies that facilitated open sharing of thoughts and feelings. Increased open communication helped family members gain a better understanding of each other's perspectives. Parents reported that relationships with their partner and children had improved as they now shared several strategies for maintaining family relationships. Parents were also less worried following participation in FTI. The ill parents stated that they gained a sense of security and were less worried about the future.

Significance of results

This study adds to the evidence that FTI may be a useful intervention for families with dependent children and an ill parent in a palliative care setting. This trial is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT03119545.

Maternal Experiences of Parenting Young Children While Battling Breast Cancer in Taiwan

BACKGROUND

Western mothers with breast cancer find themselves struggling with parenting responsibilities. Because parenting is culturally shaped, literature on ill mothers' experiences of parenting young children from a collectivist culture is limited.

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to examine Taiwanese mothers' experiences of and cultural practices embedded in parenting young children while in treatment for breast cancer.

METHODS

Sixteen mothers with at least 1 child younger than 12 years were recruited from a breast cancer organization in Taiwan. Data were collected from November 2016 to June 2017 via a semistructured individual interview and analyzed using a content analysis technique.

RESULTS

Five themes, namely, "maternal limited disclosure, complementary with children's tacit knowledge," "the scar is no longer a scar but a symbol for intimate bonding," "issues of maternal absence for young children and school-aged children," "the power of 'We are a family'," and "to live a simple life and to live for one's self," elucidate how cultural beliefs and practices shape maternal parenting experiences during treatment of breast cancer.

CONCLUSIONS

The findings illustrate how Taiwanese mothers interpret their illness, contextualize illness-related messages in daily life, and maintain family ties while coping with breast cancer. The will to maintain the family's integrity, including the extended family, can empower mothers throughout the trajectory.

IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE

Ill mothers may benefit from nurses' guidance on daily routines and cultural practices that they can exploit to frame illness messages for their children. Maternal efforts to change their outlook on life, vocalize their needs, and become more assertive should be acknowledged and supported.

Distinct dyadic coping profiles in Chinese couples with breast cancer

PURPOSE

Conceptualizing cancer as a dyadic stress provides new insight into how stress impacts couples with breast cancer. The present study aimed to identify subgroups with distinct dyadic coping profiles in a sample of Chinese couples with breast cancer and to determine how these subgroups differed in terms of demographic and clinical characteristics in addition to marital adjustment outcomes.

METHODS

Using convenience sampling, a cross-sectional survey was conducted. Couples with breast cancer completed the general information questionnaire, the Dyadic Coping Inventory, and the Locke-Wollance Marital Adjustment Test. The modeling was performed using a latent profile analysis to identify the dyadic coping subgroups. Parametric and nonparametric tests were applied to examine between-group differences across the identified classes.

RESULTS

The analytical results supported a three-class solution of dyadic coping groups: high (27.4%), medium (32.2%), and low (40.4%). Between-group differences were found in educational background, number of children, postoperative time, and type of surgery.

CONCLUSION

Most couples reported low levels of dyadic coping. The couples with an educational level of primary school or below, with one child or who were childless, and who had undergone breast preservation surgery within the past year were more likely to belong to the low dyadic coping group. When supporting couples with breast cancer, it is essential to assess several demographic and clinical risk factors in addition to the marital adjustment level to identify high-risk subgroups that warrant intervention.

Experiences of adults as parents with cancer: a systematic review and thematic synthesis of qualitative studies

PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION

This thematic synthesis is aimed at providing an overview of qualitative studies on parenting experiences during cancer and focuses on the investigation of the challenges parents face and the strategies they use to adapt to a new situation.

LITERATURE SEARCH

A search of five electronic databases was conducted, specifying publication dates between 1993 and 2020. Qualitative studies, which focused on parenting experiences of cancer patients with minor children from an ill parent perspective, were included in the review. Thematic synthesis was undertaken to examine the included studies by referring to a theoretical model of family resilience by Froma Walsh.

DATA EVALUATION

12,345 articles were discovered and, after assessment for eligibility, 27 studies were included in the review. The thematic synthesis involved line by line coding of the findings of the primary studies and the development of descriptive and analytical themes.

CONCLUSIONS

This review showed that parenting is a process that requires restructuring in the face of cancer. After cancer diagnosis, requirements connected to the illness and its treatments are imposed on previous family life duties.

The Parenting Concerns Questionnaire: A validation study with Portuguese parents with cancer

OBJECTIVES

To examine the psychometric properties of the Parenting Concerns Questionnaire (PCQ) in a sample of Portuguese parents with cancer.

METHODS

The PCQ was completed by 209 adults with cancer, who are parents of at least one minor child. Participants reported on parenting concerns, depressive and anxiety symptoms, parental stress as well as quality of life. Confirmatory factor analysis and Item Response Theory (IRT) were used to assess the psychometric properties of the PCQ. Cronbach's alpha was used to examine its reliability. Pearson correlation coefficients provided information regarding convergent validity. Criterion validity was analysed.

RESULTS

Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the original three-factor structure. IRT indicated that most of the items were highly discriminant and better identified as moderate versus low or high levels of parenting concerns in the three dimensions of PCQ. The pattern of associations with depressive and anxiety symptoms, parental stress, and quality of life provided evidence for the convergent validity. The PCQ differentiated between parents with and without depressive symptoms.

CONCLUSION

Exploring parenting concerns provides additional relevant information about the experiences and the potential psychological distress experienced by these parents with cancer. The PCQ can be an important tool to identify parents with cancer who might benefit from psychological support regarding parenting.

Psychological distress, role, and identity changes in mothers following a diagnosis of cancer: A systematic review

OBJECTIVE

To systematically review findings of the impact of cancer diagnosis and treatment on mothers' psychological well-being, roles, and identity and to explore the psychosocial factors that contribute to mothers' psychological well-being.

METHODS

Six databases were searched for research articles and theses exploring the association between the impact of cancer diagnosis and treatment on mothers' psychological well-being, identity, and role, and the psychosocial factors contributing to mothers' psychological distress regardless of their cancer type and stage. The Mixed-Method Appraisal Bias Tool was used to assess the selected studies' methodological quality.

RESULTS

A total of 30 qualitative, quantitative, and mixed-method studies were deemed eligible for inclusion. Most studies reported that mothers experienced significant psychological distress, changes to or loss of parenting efficacy, maternal identity, and role. Psychosocial factors that contributed to mothers' distress included mothers' young age, presence of metastases, lower parenting efficacy, fear of cancer recurrence, higher illness intrusiveness, and lack of appropriate support. Four main themes emerged from the qualitative studies: psychological impact of cancer on mothers, changes in maternal identity and role, relationship changes and concerns for their children, and meaning-making in cancer experience.

CONCLUSIONS

Changes in mothers' psychological well-being, role, and identity occurred across cancer diagnoses, treatment, and recovery trajectories. The evidence suggests that mothers may benefit from continued and tailored psychosocial support to cope with these challenges, even after treatment is completed. Further studies with improved methodological quality are needed to explore these issues in depth.

Motherhood and well-being in young breast cancer survivors

Aim: This exploratory study aimed to examine differences in well-being between young breast cancer survivors (BCS) with and without children. Materials & methods: Participants (n = 816) completed an online survey relating to quality of life, illness intrusiveness, fear of cancer recurrence, stress and social support. Results: Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses revealed similar models of well-being between both groups, but with a stronger relationship between psychological adjustment and illness intrusiveness for BCS with children (r = -0.779, 95% CI: -0.711, -0.848 vs r = -0.525, 95% CI: -0.423, -0.627). Conclusion: Parenting compromises the overall well-being of young BCS with children and they would therefore benefit from interventions and social and oncological support programs, especially for those caring for minor children.

Communication with children about a parent's advanced cancer and measures of parental anxiety and depression: a cross-sectional mixed-methods study

PURPOSE

Parents with advanced cancer are faced with difficult decision-making about communication about their illness with their children. The objectives of this study were to describe how parents communicated with their children about advanced cancer and to explore associations between communication and parental depression and anxiety.

METHODS

This was a cross-sectional, mixed-methods study of 42 patients with stage IV solid tumor malignancies who had at least one child less than 18 years of age. Participants completed a semi-structured interview and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). We used multiple linear regression to evaluate the association between extent of communication and HADS Anxiety and Depression scores. Interview data were analyzed using standard qualitative content and thematic techniques and triangulated with survey data.

RESULTS

Higher HADS Anxiety scores, but not HADS Depression scores, were cross-sectionally associated with greater extent of parental communication (p = 0.003), even when controlling for performance status and children's ages. In qualitative analyses, parents who acknowledged the terminal nature of their illness or experienced higher symptom burden were more likely to report that they also communicated more extensively with children. A third of parents (n = 14, 33%) described difficulty with illness-related communication with their children.

CONCLUSIONS

In this pilot study, parents with advanced cancer who reported more illness-related communication with their children also reported more symptoms of general anxiety. Future interventions should address psychological distress relevant to parenting and further assess how parental communication may be linked to parental mood symptoms.

Mothers with breast cancer: A mixed-method systematic review on the impact on the parent-child relationship

OBJECTIVE

To systematically review and integrate the findings from quantitative and qualitative studies on parenting and parent-child relationships in families where mothers had breast cancer (BC).

METHODS

Ten different databases were searched from inception to January 2016. All authors assessed these data independently. Full-text, peer-reviewed articles exploring parenting and/or mother-child relationships in families where the mother had BC, regardless of cancer stage, were considered for inclusion. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines were followed.

RESULTS

From 116 studies, 23 were deemed eligible for inclusion. Five of them were quantitative, 15 were qualitative, and 1 study used a mixed-method approach. Most studies analysed the mother's perceptions about the experience of having BC in parenting and in the parent-child relationship. The majority of studies explored experiences and perspectives on the parent-child relationship in mothers with minor children, although a minority of studies included adult children. Additionally, a few studies (17%) addressed perceptions and experiences of women with advanced stage cancer. Three main themes were found: priorities and concerns of patients, decision-making processes about sharing the diagnosis with their children, and mother-child relationship and parenting after mother's diagnosis.

CONCLUSIONS

Findings indicated that the diagnosis of BC is accompanied by an array of challenges that affect parental roles and parenting. Further studies are needed to explore these issues more sensitively. For now, however, the evidence suggests that the families of women with BC, and particularly the women themselves, may benefit from informal and formal support aimed at helping them cope effectively with this challenging life event.

The psychosocial experiences of women with breast cancer across the lifespan: a systematic review

OBJECTIVE

To summarize the psychosocial experience of women with breast cancer from a lifespan perspective by examining the findings of qualitative studies.

METHODS

A meta-aggregate review of 24 qualitative studies was undertaken. To be included, studies must include women with a breast cancer diagnosis and focus on younger or older women (as defined by the study), or compare a psychosocial issue across the lifespan. Eight databases were searched systematically.

RESULTS

Study participants ranged in age from 26 to 91 years. Sixteen studies focused on younger women, six focused on older women, and two included women across the lifespan. A total of 155 findings were extracted from the studies and were aggregated into 11 categories. These were synthesized into four synthesized findings: (a) dealing with cancer, (b) the importance of caring, (c) the aftermath of cancer, and (d) fertility and infertility.

CONCLUSIONS

Further research is required to explore these findings, and to examine the needs of older women in particular. Delineating the similarities and differences in the needs of women across the lifespan will inform the development of psychosocial interventions for all women with breast cancer.

Couple relationships in families with dependent children after a diagnosis of maternal breast cancer in the United Kingdom: Perspectives from mothers and fathers

This article examines the facilitators and the barriers to couple relationships in families in the UK with dependent children after a diagnosis of maternal breast cancer. Qualitative data were collected through in-depth semi-structured interviews with 23 participants, including 10 couples and three women whose partners did not take part. Recorded interviews were analyzed using a thematic approach identifying themes and patterns in the interview transcripts and categorizing them using a framework. Key individual and contextual factors perceived as barriers or facilitators to couple relationships included: being a "young" family with young children, frustration and resentment from male partners, women's reactions to the illness, individual communication styles, differing needs for "personal space," body image concerns, and social support. Findings indicated the need for strengthening "family focus" in services with adequate support for male partners. Health and family services should consider variability in the experiences of couples with dependent children and be sensitive to the needs of partners alongside the women.

How do women with secondary breast cancer experience telling their adolescent children about their diagnosis?

This study investigated how women with secondary breast cancer experience telling their adolescent children. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with women who had been diagnosed with secondary breast cancer at least 1 year prior to the interview. Seven women, who had at least one child between 12 and 19 years old living at home at the time of diagnosis, were interviewed. The interviews were analysed using interpretative phenomenological analysis for an in-depth understanding of women's experiences. Women found that it was easier to tell their children of their secondary breast cancer diagnosis compared to their primary cancer. However, they talked about the impact the diagnosis had on their family.

Balancing Illness and Parental Demands: Coping With Cancer While Raising Minor Children

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES

To explore the cancer experience of parents and their perceptions of supportive strategies to assist them with illness- and family-related challenges.

DESIGN

Qualitative, descriptive design.

SETTING

A large McGill University-affiliated hospital cancer care center in Montreal, Quebec, Canada.

PARTICIPANTS

Five mothers and seven fathers aged 33-67 years with a first cancer diagnosis who received treatment at the cancer clinic within the previous year. Participants had to have at least one minor child living with them.

METHODOLOGIC APPROACH

Semistructured, audio-recorded interviews.

FINDINGS

Three main categories emerged.

CONCLUSIONS

Coping with cancer while raising children requires delicate balancing of illness and parenting demands. Tangible support systems must include access to childcare services, home healthcare services, and transportation solutions.

INTERPRETATION

Support for parenting needs is a key component of comprehensive cancer care. Oncology nurses should stay informed of all hospital, clinic, and community resources to facilitate access for parents. Unmet support needs indicate that improvements need to be made in access to medical appointments around family schedules, expanded resources for children, and reduction of wait times.

Fathers' experiences of living with cancer: a phenomenological study

There is a paucity of knowledge about fathers' experiences of cancer. This study explored the experiences of fathers diagnosed and living with cancer while also having parental responsibility for children. A hermeneutic phenomenological approach guided the study. Data were generated through 22 in-depth interviews with 10 fathers throughout Northern Ireland. The findings evidenced that fathers' identities are challenged and frequently re-shaped by the cancer experience, in many cases leading to an improved lifestyle behaviour. Heightened engagement with their children can provide a protective effect from the illness. On the other hand a lack of involvement led to frustration and low mood. The findings also demonstrated that father/child relationships were adversely affected by the social complexities that exist in the variances and diversity of fathers parenting roles and status. This knowledge contributes to our understanding of the complex relationships of fathers in non-traditional roles. It extends our understanding of how, when stereotyped gendered roles are ascribed to fathers it can impact on a fathers' ability to fulfil the traditional breadwinner's role. This is knowledge that will inform health care professionals and enable them to provide gendered-sensitive care that takes account of the masculine psychological responses that can shape the cancer experience.

The adolescent's experience when a parent has advanced cancer: A qualitative inquiry

BACKGROUND

Parental cancer is a stressful experience for young people, constituting a potential threat to physical and mental health and normative development. Currently, there is insufficient information describing the sources and nature of this distress during advanced parental cancer, especially concerning families with adolescent children.

AIM

To address the significant gap in the literature by providing the adolescent's perspective on the impact of their parent's advanced cancer on their lives.

DESIGN

This qualitative study involved single-occasion, semi-structured elicitation interviews with adolescents whose parents were diagnosed with advanced stage cancer.

SETTING/PARTICIPANTS

The study sample consisted of seven adolescents from six families, five females and two males ranging in age from 11 to 15 years (mean = 13.6 years, standard deviation = 1.4 years). The ill parents consisted of four females and two males diagnosed with Stage IV cancer.

RESULTS

The core construct that organized study results was Weaving a Normal Life with Cancer which involved five major domains: feeling the weight of the world on my shoulders; cancer changes everything; confronting or getting away from the cancer; talking about it; and cancer was a positive for me … it taught me.

CONCLUSION

Study findings shed light on how adolescents self-manage their parent's advanced cancer and work to delimit the illness even as they are aware of its constant presence. Future research and intervention studies are needed to support and add to the adolescents' self-management strategies to weave a normal life for themselves while in the throes of the cancer's uncertainty and challenges with family communication.

Parenting concerns, quality of life, and psychological distress in patients with advanced cancer

OBJECTIVE

Parents with life-limiting illness anticipate the loss of their parental role and the long-term consequences of their illness on their children. The purpose of this study was to examine relationships between parenting concerns, quality of life (QOL), and symptoms of depression and anxiety in parents with advanced cancer who have dependent children.

METHODS

Sixty-three parents diagnosed with a Stage IV solid malignancy completed the Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale (HADS), Parenting Concerns Questionnaire (PCQ), and Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-General (FACT-G). The Medical Outcomes Study Social Support Survey (social support) and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status were assessed as potential covariates. We performed descriptive statistics and multivariable linear regression models for depression, anxiety, and QOL measures.

RESULTS

Mean PCQ score was 2.3 (SD 0.9), reflecting mild to moderate parenting concerns. Average depression and anxiety scores were 6.0 (SD 4.2) and 8.2 (SD 3.9), respectively. PCQ scores were associated with depressive symptoms (r = 0.46, p < 0.001), anxiety symptoms (r = 0.52, p < 0.0001), and QOL scores (r = -0.60, p < 0.001). The relationship of PCQ scores to anxiety symptoms (B = 1.5 p = 0.016) and QOL (B = -5.7, p = 0.02) remained significant after controlling for ECOG status, social support, and treatment status.

CONCLUSIONS

Parenting concerns are associated with anxiety and depressive symptoms and worse QOL in parents diagnosed with advanced cancer. Further studies that evaluate how parental status affects coping and psychological distress in advanced cancer are needed.Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Social support for South Asian Muslim parents with life-limiting illness living in Scotland: a multiperspective qualitative study

OBJECTIVE

To explore experiences of social support needs among South Asian Muslim patients with life-limiting illness, living in Scotland, who are parents of young children.

DESIGN

Secondary analysis of data from a multiperspective, longitudinal Scottish study involving in-depth semistructured interviews with patients, their nominated carers and healthcare professionals. Data were analysed using interpretive phenomenological analysis.

SETTING

Edinburgh, Scotland.

PARTICIPANTS

South-Asian Muslim patients with life-limiting illness with children under the age of 18 (n=8), their carer (n=6) and their healthcare professional.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

Access and provision of social support in palliative care.

RESULTS

Open-ended qualitative interviews identified four main themes: (1) parental sadness over being unable to provide tangible support; (2) parental desire to continue to provide emotional support; (3) limited availability of informal social support networks; and (4) differing perspectives between healthcare professionals and patients on patient access to social support sources, with a subtheme being the capacity of male carers to provide social support. South-Asian parents at the end of life had limited access to extended-network support. Gender roles appeared as challenging for healthcare providers who at times overestimated the amount of support a female carer could provide and underestimated the amount of support male carers provided. Implications for practice include the need for greater awareness by healthcare providers of the social support needs of ethnic minority and migrant parents with life-limiting illnesses and especially an awareness of the importance of the role of male and female carers. Further research is needed to explore how the timing of migration impacts the need for and availability of tangible and emotional informal social support among ethnic minority parents with life-limiting illness.

"I knew from day one that i'm either gonna fight this thing or be defeated": African American parents' experiences of coping with breast cancer

Few studies have explored how African American parents navigate breast cancer while parenting their school-age children. This focus-group study examined how African American parents cope with the diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer. Three focus groups were conducted with nine African American parents coping with breast cancer. Interviews were analyzed using content analysis. Participants described a variety of coping strategies. Five primary themes emerged: involvement in community of support, relationship with cancer, being the family emotional regulator, highlighting positives, and spirituality. Findings suggest that providers can improve the care of African American breast cancer patients and their families by facilitating patient advocacy, encouraging patients to reach out to various support systems, discussing with patients their children's functioning, and integrating spirituality into available support programs. Developing more culturally sensitive support groups that promote shared family understanding and open communication among African American parents and their children can facilitate better coping.

The impact of a breast cancer diagnosis in young women on their relationship with their mothers

BACKGROUND

For young women with breast cancer mothers might either be a source of support or of increased stress, depending on the premorbid relationship and on the psychological effect of the daughter's diagnosis on her mother.

OBJECTIVES

To examine the effects of a breast cancer diagnosis on young women's relationships with their mothers and the possible support needs of these mothers from the daughters' perspective.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

We developed and pre-tested a self-administered questionnaire on 10 survivors of breast cancer diagnosed ≤ age 40. Then, consecutive recurrence-free young women diagnosed with breast cancer were asked to complete the modified questionnaire.

RESULTS

Of 110 daughters approached from July/11 to May/12, 90 (82%) participated. In 11 cases (13%), the daughters had turned to their mothers before approaching anyone else. Of the 83 daughters who disclosed their diagnosis to their mothers, 76 (92%) stated their mothers had been emotionally and/or practically supportive, and 43 (54%) reported that the breast cancer diagnosis had a favorable impact on their relationship with their mothers. Of the 35 employed mothers, 26 had taken time off from work to support their daughters. Nineteen mothers, eight of whom had been living in a different country, had slept over or moved in with daughters during their treatment. Twenty-two daughters believed their mothers felt responsible to some extent for their developing breast cancer. Fifty-nine daughters indicated that health care professionals could help mothers by providing information pamphlets, education sessions, and linking to support groups.

CONCLUSION

Mothers are an important source of support for young daughters with breast cancer, with the mother-daughter relationship frequently becoming closer after the diagnosis. However, the practical and emotional burden on mothers appears to be high. Future studies should address the effects of a breast cancer diagnosis in young daughters from the mothers' perspective, and the benefit of formal supports for these mothers.

Parents' experience of cancer who have young children: a literature review

BACKGROUND

The National Cancer Institute estimates that 24% of adults with cancer are parenting children younger than 18 years. When a parent is diagnosed with cancer, this is a major stressor and often creates multiple problems for families.

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this article was to conduct a comprehensive review of the literature on the experience of parents with cancer who are caring for young children.

METHODS

A comprehensive review of the literature was undertaken using systematic review principles. The search strategy included five electronic bibliographic databases, using the search terms: parent, cancer, parents and cancer and communication.

RESULTS

Thirteen studies were found that focused on parents' experience of cancer. Eleven of the 13 studies used solely qualitative methodology, and 2 studies used mixed methods. Of the studies identified, the majority focused on the experience of mothers, and mainly those with a diagnosis of breast cancer. Analysis of the 13 studies on parents' experience following a diagnosis of cancer revealed 3 predominant themes: (a) being a good parent, (b) telling the children, and (c) maintaining routine at home.

CONCLUSION

The 3 themes highlight how parents with cancer struggle to know how best to talk to their children about cancer and the perceived lack of guidance and support from professionals, the feelings of guilt about not being "a good parent," and the effort required to maintain routine at home as a way of protecting their children.

IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE

Support for parents with cancer on relevant parenting issues should be acknowledged as an important facet of care for oncology nurses, as a mechanism of reducing parental stress and psychological distress for the whole family.