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Clinical and Functional Evaluation of Ocular Inflammatory Disease Using the Model of Experimental Autoimmune Uveitis. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1899:211-227. [PMID: 30649775 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8938-6_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Non-infections uveitis in humans is an autoimmune disease of the retina and uvea that can be blinding if untreated. Its laboratory equivalent is experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) induced in susceptible rodents by immunization with retinal antigens and described elsewhere in this series (Agarwal et al., Methods Mol Biol, 900:443-469, 2012). Evaluation and quantitation of the disease is usually performed by fundus examination and/or histopathology, which provide limited information on structural and no information on functional changes as disease progresses. Here, we describe methods for systematic evaluation of disease using noninvasive clinical assessments by fundus examination and photography, optical coherence tomography, and functional evaluation by electroretinography, which are then compared to histopathology. Using these methodologies, we demonstrate that clinical variants of disease can be accurately evaluated both clinically and functionally, facilitating longitudinal follow-up and providing information that cannot be obtained by fundoscopy and histology alone. These methodologies can be useful to obtain additional information and to evaluate effects of therapeutic modalities under investigation.
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Candia M, Kratzer B, Pickl WF. On Peptides and Altered Peptide Ligands: From Origin, Mode of Action and Design to Clinical Application (Immunotherapy). Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2016; 170:211-233. [PMID: 27642756 PMCID: PMC7058415 DOI: 10.1159/000448756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
T lymphocytes equipped with clonotypic T cell antigen receptors (TCR) recognize immunogenic peptides only when presented in the context of their own major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. Peptide loading to MHC molecules occurs in intracellular compartments (ER for class I and MIIC for class II molecules) and relies on the interaction of the respective peptides and peptide binding pockets on MHC molecules. Those peptide residues not engaged in MHC binding point towards the TCR screening for possible peptide MHC complex binding partners. Natural or intentional modification of both MHC binding registers and TCR interacting residues of peptides – leading to the formation of altered peptide ligands (APLs) – might alter the way peptides interact with TCRs and hence influence subsequent T cell activation events, and consequently T cell effector functions. This review article summarizes how APLs were detected and first described, current concepts of how APLs modify T cellular signaling, which biological mechanisms might force the generation of APLs in vivo, and how peptides and APLs might be used for the benefit of patients suffering from allergic or autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martín Candia
- Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Mattapallil MJ, Silver PB, Cortes LM, St Leger AJ, Jittayasothorn Y, Kielczewski JL, Moon JJ, Chan CC, Caspi RR. Characterization of a New Epitope of IRBP That Induces Moderate to Severe Uveoretinitis in Mice With H-2b Haplotype. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2015; 56:5439-49. [PMID: 26284549 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.15-17280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) induced in mice using the retinal antigen interphotoreceptor retinoid binding protein (IRBP) is an animal model for posterior uveitis in humans. However, EAU induced by native IRBP protein or its widely used epitope amino acid residues 1 to 20 of human IRBP (hIRBP1-20) is inconsistent, often showing low scores and incidence. We found an urgent need to identify a better pathogenic epitope for the C57BL/6 strain. METHODS Mice were immunized with uveitogenic peptides or with native bovine IRBP. Clinical and histological disease and associated immunological responses were evaluated. Truncated and substituted peptides, as well as bioinformatic analyses, were used to identify critical major histocompatibility complex (MHC)/T cell receptor (TCR) contact residues and the minimal core epitope. RESULTS The new uveitogenic epitope of IRBP, amino acid residues 651 to 670 of human IRBP (LAQGAYRTAVDLESLASQLT [hIRBP651-670]) is uveitogenic for mice of the H-2b haplotype and elicits EAU with a higher severity and incidence in C57BL/6 mice than the previously characterized hIRBP1-20 epitope. Using truncated and substituted peptides, as well as bioinformatic analysis, we identified the critical contact residues with MHC/TCR and defined the minimal core epitope. This made it possible to design MHC tetramers and use them to detect epitope-specific T cells in the uveitic eye and in lymphoid organs of hIRBP651-670-immunized mice. CONCLUSIONS Data suggest that hIRBP651-670 is an epitope naturally processed from a conserved region of native IRBP, potentially explaining its relatively high uveitogenicity. This epitope should be useful for basic and preclinical studies of uveitis in the C57BL/6 model and gives access to genetically engineered mice available on this background.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary J Mattapallil
- Laboratory of Immunology National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Phyllis B Silver
- Laboratory of Immunology National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Lizette M Cortes
- Laboratory of Immunology National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Anthony J St Leger
- Laboratory of Immunology National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Yingyos Jittayasothorn
- Laboratory of Immunology National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Jennifer L Kielczewski
- Laboratory of Immunology National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - James J Moon
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases and Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Chi-Chao Chan
- Laboratory of Immunology National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Rachel R Caspi
- Laboratory of Immunology National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
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Barbour M, Allan D, Xu H, Pei C, Chen M, Niedbala W, Fukada SY, Besnard AG, Alves-Filho JC, Tong X, Forrester JV, Liew FY, Jiang HR. IL-33 attenuates the development of experimental autoimmune uveitis. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:3320-9. [PMID: 25116404 PMCID: PMC4449115 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201444671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Revised: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-33 (IL-33) is associated with several important immune-mediated disorders. However, its role in uveitis, an important eye inflammatory disease, is unknown. Here, we investigated the function of IL-33 in the development of experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU). IL-33 and IL-33 receptor (ST2) were expressed in murine retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells in culture, and IL-33 increased the expression of Il33 and Mcp1 mRNA in RPE cells. In situ, IL-33 was highly expressed in the inner nuclear cells of the retina of naïve mice, and its expression was elevated in EAU mice. ST2-deficient mice developed exacerbated EAU compared with WT mice, and administration of IL-33 to WT mice significantly reduced EAU severity. The attenuated EAU in IL-33-treated mice was accompanied by decreased frequency of IFN-γ+ and IL-17(+) CD4+ T cells and reduced IFN-γ and IL-17 production but with increased frequency of IL-5(+) and IL-4(+) CD4 T cells and IL-5 production in the draining lymph node and spleen. Macrophages from the IL-33-treated mice show a significantly higher polarization toward an alternatively activated macrophage phenotype. Our results therefore demonstrate that the endogenous IL-33/ST2 pathway plays an important role in EAU, and suggest that IL-33 represents a potential option for treatment of uveitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Barbour
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of StrathclydeGlasgow, UK
| | - Debbie Allan
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of StrathclydeGlasgow, UK
| | - Heping Xu
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University BelfastBelfast, UK
| | - Cheng Pei
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of StrathclydeGlasgow, UK
| | - Mei Chen
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University BelfastBelfast, UK
| | - Wanda Niedbala
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of GlasgowGlasgow, UK
| | - Sandra Y Fukada
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of GlasgowGlasgow, UK
| | - Anne-Galle Besnard
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of GlasgowGlasgow, UK
| | - Jose C Alves-Filho
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of GlasgowGlasgow, UK
| | - Xiaoguang Tong
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of StrathclydeGlasgow, UK
| | - John V Forrester
- Institute of Medical Science, University of AberdeenUK
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The University of Western AustraliaAustralia
- Centre for Experimental Immunology, Lions Eye InstituteNedlands, Australia
| | - Foo Yew Liew
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of GlasgowGlasgow, UK
- CEGMR, King Abdulaziz UniversityJeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow UniversitySuzhou, China
| | - Hui-Rong Jiang
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of StrathclydeGlasgow, UK
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Peres RS, Chiuso-Minicucci F, da Rosa LC, Domingues A, Zorzella-Pezavento SFG, França TGD, Ishikawa LLW, do Amarante AFT, Sartori A. Previous contact with Strongyloides venezuelensis contributed to prevent insulitis in MLD-STZ diabetes. Exp Parasitol 2013; 134:183-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2013.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2012] [Accepted: 03/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Abstract
The model of experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) in mice and in rats is described. EAU targets immunologically privileged retinal antigens and serves as a model of autoimmune uveitis in humans as well as a model for autoimmunity in a more general sense. EAU is a well-characterized, robust, and reproducible model that is easily followed and quantitated. It is inducible with synthetic peptides derived from retinal autoantigens in commonly available strains of rats and mice. The ability to induce EAU in various gene-manipulated, including HLA-transgenic, mouse strains makes the EAU model suitable for the study of basic mechanisms as well as in clinically relevant interventions.
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London A, Itskovich E, Benhar I, Kalchenko V, Mack M, Jung S, Schwartz M. Neuroprotection and progenitor cell renewal in the injured adult murine retina requires healing monocyte-derived macrophages. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 208:23-39. [PMID: 21220455 PMCID: PMC3023128 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20101202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
After retinal injury in mice, infiltrating monocyte-derived macrophages preserve retinal ganglion cells and promote retinal progenitor cell renewal. The death of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) is a hallmark of many retinal neuropathies. Neuroprotection, axonal regeneration, and cell renewal are vital for the integrity of the visual system after insult but are scarce in the adult mammalian retina. We hypothesized that monocyte-derived macrophages, known to promote healing in peripheral tissues, are required after an insult to the visual system, where their role has been largely overlooked. We found that after glutamate eye intoxication, monocyte-derived macrophages infiltrated the damaged retina of mice. Inhibition of this infiltration resulted in reduced survival of RGCs and diminished numbers of proliferating retinal progenitor cells (RPCs) in the ciliary body. Enhancement of the circulating monocyte pool led to increased RGC survival and RPC renewal. The infiltrating monocyte-derived macrophages skewed the milieu of the injured retina toward an antiinflammatory and neuroprotective one and down-regulated accumulation of other immune cells, thereby resolving local inflammation. The beneficial effect on RGC survival depended on expression of interleukin 10 and major histocompatibility complex class II molecules by monocyte-derived macrophages. Thus, we attribute to infiltrating monocyte-derived macrophages a novel role in neuroprotection and progenitor cell renewal in the injured retina, with far-reaching potential implications to retinal neuropathies and other neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anat London
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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Camelo S, Lajavardi L, Bochot A, Goldenberg B, Naud MC, Brunel N, Lescure B, Klein C, Fattal E, Behar-Cohen F, de Kozak Y. Protective effect of intravitreal injection of vasoactive intestinal peptide-loaded liposomes on experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2009; 25:9-21. [PMID: 19232006 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2008.0074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a single intravitreal (i.v.t.) injection of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) loaded in rhodamine-conjugated liposomes (VIP-Rh-Lip) on experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis (EAU). METHODS An i.v.t. injection of VIP-Rh-Lip, saline, VIP, or empty-(E)-Rh-Lip was performed simultaneously, either 6 or 12 days after footpad immunization with retinal S-antigen in Lewis rats. Clinical and histologic scores were determined. Immunohistochemistry and cytokine quantification by multiplex enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were performed in ocular tissues. Systemic immune response was determined at day 20 postimmunization by measuring proliferation and cytokine secretion of cells from inguinal lymph nodes (ILNs) draining the immunization site, specific delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH), and the serum concentration of cytokines. Ocular and systemic biodistribution of VIP-Rh-Lip was studied in normal and EAU rats by immunofluorescence. RESULTS The i.v.t. injection of VIP-Rh-Lip performed during the afferent, but not the efferent, phase of the disease reduced clinical EAU and protected against retinal damage. No effect was observed after saline, E-Rh-Lip, or VIP injection. VIP-Rh-Lip and VIP were detected in intraocular macrophages and in lymphoid organs. In VIP-Rh-Lip-treated eyes, macrophages expressed transforming growth factor-beta2, low levels of major histocompatibility complex class II, and nitric oxide synthase-2. T-cells showed activated caspase-3 with the preservation of photoreceptors. Intraocular levels of interleukin (IL)-2, interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), IL-17, IL-4, GRO/KC, and CCL5 were reduced with increased IL-13. At the systemic level, treatment reduced retinal soluble autoantigen lymphocyte proliferation, decreased IL-2, and increased IL-10 in ILN cells, and diminished specific DTH and serum concentration of IL-12 and IFN-gamma. CONCLUSIONS An i.v.t. injection of VIP-Rh-Lip, performed during the afferent stage of immune response, reduced EAU pathology through the immunomodulation of intraocular macrophages and deviant stimulation of T-cells in ILN. Thus, the encapsulation of VIP within liposomes appears as an effective strategy to deliver VIP into the eye and is an efficient means of the prevention of EAU severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serge Camelo
- INSERM, U872 Physiopathology of Ocular Disease, Therapeutic Innovations, Paris, France
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