Silver ions promote blebs growth in U251 glioblastoma cell by activating nonselective cationic currents

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and aggressive human brain cancer with low prognosis and therefore the discovery of new anticancer agents is needful. Sulfydryl reagents, such as silver, have been shown to induce membrane vesiculation in several cellular models through a mechanism that has not been yet completely clarified. Using U251 glioblastoma cells, we observed that silver induced irreversible bleb formation of the plasma membrane. This morphological event was anticipated by an increase of intracellular Ca²⁺ associated to extracellular Ca²⁺ influx. Accordingly, using patch-clamp whole cell recording during silver ion application, inward current/s (IAg) at -90 mV were detected and cells were permeable to Ca²⁺ and monovalent ions such as Na⁺. IAg activation and the intracellular Ca²⁺ increase promoted by silver ions (Ag⁺) were prevented by co-application of 20 µM cysteine and 300 µM DIDS (4,4'-Diisothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid), suggesting a critical role of thiol groups in the biological effects of silver ions. IAg was partially inhibited by 1 mM Gd³⁺, an unspecific inhibitor of cationic currents. Cysteine, Gd³⁺ and extracellular free Ca²⁺ solution completely abolished blebbing formation promoted by Ag⁺. Furthermore, extracellular Na⁺ ion replacement with TEA or an increase of extracellular tonicity by sucrose (100 mM) reduced both size and growth of membrane blebbing. Our data suggest that Ag⁺ promotes the formation necrotic blebs as consequence of the increase of intracellular Ca²⁺ and intracellular hydrostatic pressure associated to the activation of cationic currents. Since silver-induced blebs were less evident in benign glial human Müller MIO-M1 cells, silver compounds could represent new adjuvant to anticancer agents to improve GBM therapies.

Jacareubin inhibits FcεRI-induced extracellular calcium entry and production of reactive oxygen species required for anaphylactic degranulation of mast cells

Mast cells (MCs) are important effectors in allergic reactions since they produce a number of pre-formed and de novo synthesized pro-inflammatory compounds in response to the high affinity IgE receptor (FcεRI) crosslinking. IgE/Antigen-dependent degranulation and cytokine synthesis in MCs have been recognized as relevant pharmacological targets for the control of deleterious inflammatory reactions. Despite the relevance of allergic diseases worldwide, efficient pharmacological control of mast cell degranulation has been elusive. In this work, the xanthone jacareubin was isolated from the heartwood of the tropical tree Callophyllum brasilense, and its tridimensional structure was determined for the first time by X-ray diffraction. Also, its effects on the main activation parameters of bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMCs) were evaluated. Jacareubin inhibited IgE/Ag-induced degranulation in a dose-response manner with an IC₅₀ = 46 nM. It also blocked extracellular calcium influx triggered by IgE/Ag complexes and by the SERCA ATPase inhibitor thapsigargin (Thap). Inhibition of calcium entry correlated with a blockage on the reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation. Antioxidant capacity of jacareubin was higher than the showed by α-tocopherol and caffeic acid, but similar to trolox. Jacareubin shown inhibitory actions on xanthine oxidase, but not on NADPH oxidase (NOX) activities. In vivo, jacareubin inhibited passive anaphylactic reactions and TPA-induced edema in mice. Our data demonstrate that jacareubin is a potent natural compound able to inhibit anaphylactic degranualtion in mast cells by blunting FcεRI-induced calcium flux needed for secretion of granule content, and suggest that xanthones could be efficient anti-oxidant, antiallergic, and antiinflammatory molecules.

Cross talk between polysulfide and nitric oxide in rat peritoneal mast cells

The aim of this study was to define the effects of polysulfide on intracellular Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)]i) and the underlying machinery, especially from the hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and nitric oxide (NO) perspectives, in rat peritoneal mast cells. We found that a polysulfide donor, Na2S4, increased [Ca(2+)]i, which is both extracellular and intracellular Ca(2+) dependent. Intracellular Ca(2+) release induced by Na2S4 was attenuated by the addition of a ryanodine receptor blocker. A slow-releasing H2S donor, GYY4137, dose dependently increased [Ca(2+)]i that was independent from extracellular Ca(2+) influx. The GYY4137-induced [Ca(2+)]i release was partially attenuated in the presence of the ryanodine receptor blocker. Both polysulfide and H2S donors increased the intracellular NO levels in DAF-2-loaded mast cells, which were abolished by an NO scavenger, cPTIO. Inhibition of NO synthase (NOS) significantly abolished the polysulfide- or H2S-donor-induced [Ca(2+)]i elevation in the absence of extracellular Ca(2+) An NO donor, diethylamine (DEA) NONOate, increased [Ca(2+)]i in a concentration-dependent manner, in which both extracellular and intracellular Ca(2+) are associated. At higher concentrations, the DEA NONOate-induced [Ca(2+)]i increases were attenuated in the absence of extracellular Ca(2+) and by the addition of the ryanodine receptor blocker. H2S and NO dose dependently induced polysulfide production. Curiously, polysulfide, H2S, and NO donors had no effect on mast cell degranulation. Among synthases, cystathionine-γ-lyase, and neuronal NOS seemed to be the major H2S- and NO-producing synthases, respectively. These results indicate that polysulfide acts as a potential signaling molecule that regulates [Ca(2+)]i homeostasis in rat peritoneal mast cells via a cross talk with NO and H2S.

Involvement of red blood cells in the regulation of leukotriene synthesis in polymorphonuclear leucocytes upon interaction with Salmonella Typhimurium

Leukotriene (LT) B4 is the primary eicosanoid product of polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMNLs). We studied LT synthesis in PMNLs upon interaction with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Human PMNLs exposed to Salmonella produced LTs; mostly LTB4 and ω-hydroxy-LTB4. Opsonization with normal serum increased the capacity of S. Typhimurium to induce LT synthesis in PMNLs. Addition of red blood cells (RBCs) alone did not activate LT synthesis in PMNLs but did further increase the Salmonella-induced release of LTs. Priming of PMNLs with lipopolysaccharide before the addition of bacteria potentiated LT synthesis in these cells. The effect was more pronounced in the presence of RBCs. We found that RBCs diminished the effect of exogenously added NO donors on LT synthesis in PMNLs. We conclude that RBCs mediate the activation of LT synthesis in PMNLs exposed to Salmonella bacteria at least in part by regulating the intercellular exchange and metabolism of NO.

S100A8 modulates mast cell function and suppresses eosinophil migration in acute asthma

S100A8 is implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases. S100A8 is upregulated in macrophages by Toll-like receptors (TLR)-3, 4, and 9 agonists in an IL-10-dependent manner, and by corticosteroids in vitro and in vivo, and scavenges oxidants generated by activated phagocytes. Because if its elevated expression in various lung disorders, we asked whether S100A8 was protective in allergic inflammation. S100A8, but not Cys(41)-Ala S100A8, in which the single reactive Cys residue was replaced by Ala, reduced mast cell (MC) degranulation and production of particular cytokines (IL-6, IL-4, and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor) in response to IgE-crosslinking in vitro, likely by inhibiting intracellular reactive oxygen species production, thereby reducing downstream linker for activation of T cells and extracellular signal regulated kinase/mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylation. In lungs of mice with acute asthma, S100A8, but not Cys(41)-Ala S100A8, reduced MC degranulation, production of eosinophil chemoattractants (IL-5, eotaxin, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1), and eosinophil infiltration. Suppression of IL-6 and IL-13 could have contributed to reduced mucus production seen in lungs of S100A8-treated mice. IgE production was unaffected. In asthma, there is an imbalance of anti-oxidant systems that are generally protective. Our results strongly support a protective role for S100A8 in allergic inflammation by modulating MC activation and eosinophil recruitment, and by scavenging oxidants generated by activated leukocytes, in processes reliant on its thiol-scavenging capacity.