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Lai YT, Sasamura T, Kuroda J, Maeda R, Nakamura M, Hatori R, Ishibashi T, Taniguchi K, Ooike M, Taguchi T, Nakazawa N, Hozumi S, Okumura T, Aigaki T, Inaki M, Matsuno K. The Drosophila AWP1 ortholog Doctor No regulates JAK/STAT signaling for left-right asymmetry in the gut by promoting receptor endocytosis. Development 2023; 150:293490. [PMID: 36861793 PMCID: PMC10112927 DOI: 10.1242/dev.201224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
Many organs of Drosophila show stereotypical left-right (LR) asymmetry; however, the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Here, we have identified an evolutionarily conserved ubiquitin-binding protein, AWP1/Doctor No (Drn), as a factor required for LR asymmetry in the embryonic anterior gut. We found that drn is essential in the circular visceral muscle cells of the midgut for JAK/STAT signaling, which contributes to the first known cue for anterior gut lateralization via LR asymmetric nuclear rearrangement. Embryos homozygous for drn and lacking its maternal contribution showed phenotypes similar to those with depleted JAK/STAT signaling, suggesting that Drn is a general component of JAK/STAT signaling. Absence of Drn resulted in specific accumulation of Domeless (Dome), the receptor for ligands in the JAK/STAT signaling pathway, in intracellular compartments, including ubiquitylated cargos. Dome colocalized with Drn in wild-type Drosophila. These results suggest that Drn is required for the endocytic trafficking of Dome, which is a crucial step for activation of JAK/STAT signaling and the subsequent degradation of Dome. The roles of AWP1/Drn in activating JAK/STAT signaling and in LR asymmetric development may be conserved in various organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ting Lai
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Takeshi Sasamura
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Junpei Kuroda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Reo Maeda
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Mitsutoshi Nakamura
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Ryo Hatori
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Tomoki Ishibashi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Kiichiro Taniguchi
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Masashi Ooike
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Taguchi
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Naotaka Nakazawa
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Shunya Hozumi
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Takashi Okumura
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Toshiro Aigaki
- Department of Biological Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Mikiko Inaki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Kenji Matsuno
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
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Yu Y, Li S, Wang K, Wan X. A PDZ Protein MDA-9/Syntenin: As a Target for Cancer Therapy. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2019; 17:136-141. [PMID: 30766662 PMCID: PMC6360254 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma differentiation-associated gene 9 (MDA-9)/Syntenin is a multidomain PDZ protein and identified as a key oncogene in melanoma initially. This protein contains a unique tandem PDZ domain architecture (PDZ1 and PDZ2 spaced by a 4-amino acid linker), an N-terminal domain (NTD) that is structurally uncharacterized and a short C-terminal domain (CTD). The PDZ1 domain is regarded as the PDZ signaling domain while PDZ2 served as the PDZ superfamily domain. It has various cellular roles by regulating many of major signaling pathways in numerous cancertypes. Through the use of novel drug design methods, such as dimerization and unnatural amino acid substitution of inhibitors in our group, the protein may provide a valuable therapeutic target. The objective of this review is to provide a current perspective on the cancer-specific role of MDA-9/Syntenin in order to explore its potential for cancer drug discovery and cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongsheng Yu
- Clinical and Translational Research Center, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Shuangdi Li
- Department of Gynecology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Kai Wang
- Clinical and Translational Research Center, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Xiaoping Wan
- Department of Gynecology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
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Intrathecal expression of IL-5 and humoral response in patients with tick-borne encephalitis. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2018; 9:896-911. [PMID: 29602685 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2018.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2017] [Revised: 03/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
AIM The aim of the study was to assess the role of an early specific humoral response in human infection with a tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) and the role of IL-5 as its potential mediator and marker. MATERIALS AND METHODS The retrospective study involved a cohort of 199 patients diagnosed with TBE, in whom anti-TBEV IgM and IgG antibody titers were analyzed on admission and compared with clinical presentation and basic laboratory parameters. The prospective study included 50 TBE patients in whom IL-5 serum and CSF concentration was measured with ELISA on admission in the TBE neurologic phase and in selected patients before discharge, at follow-up or in samples obtained before the neurologic phase onset. RESULTS The serum anti-TBEV IgM correlated with good clinical outcome and the CSF anti-TBEV IgM with more pronounced CSF inflammation on admission, but also with its more complete resolution on follow-up. The serum anti-TBEV IgG correlated with milder presentation and better outcome. Concentration of IL-5 was increased in CSF but not in the serum of TBE patients. IL-5 concentration index on admission favored its intrathecal synthesis. IL-5 did not correlate significantly with clinical presentation and specific IgM and IgG titers. CONCLUSIONS Specific anti-TBEV IgM systemic and intrathecal response and IgG systemic response are protective, together favoring milder presentation, better outcome and resolution of central nervous system (CNS) inflammation. IL-5 is expressed intrathecally in TBE, but its pathogenetic role remains unclear.
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Endocytic regulation of cytokine receptor signaling. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2016; 32:63-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Zhao J, Wei J, Bowser RK, Traister RS, Fan MH, Zhao Y. Focal adhesion kinase-mediated activation of glycogen synthase kinase 3β regulates IL-33 receptor internalization and IL-33 signaling. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 194:795-802. [PMID: 25472995 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
IL-33, a relatively new member of the IL-1 cytokine family, plays a crucial role in allergic inflammation and acute lung injury. Long form ST2 (ST2L), the receptor for IL-33, is expressed on immune effector cells and lung epithelia and plays a critical role in triggering inflammation. We have previously shown that ST2L stability is regulated by the ubiquitin-proteasome system; however, its upstream internalization has not been studied. In this study, we demonstrate that glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) regulates ST2L internalization and IL-33 signaling. IL-33 treatment induced ST2L internalization, and an effect was attenuated by inhibition or downregulation of GSK3β. GSK3β was found to interact with ST2L on serine residue 446 in response to IL-33 treatment. GSK3β binding site mutant (ST2L(S446A)) and phosphorylation site mutant (ST2L(S442A)) are resistant to IL-33-induced ST2L internalization. We also found that IL-33 activated focal adhesion kinase (FAK). Inhibition of FAK impaired IL-33-induced GSK3β activation and ST2L internalization. Furthermore, inhibition of ST2L internalization enhanced IL-33-induced cytokine release in lung epithelial cells. These results suggest that modulation of the ST2L internalization by FAK/GSK3β might serve as a unique strategy to lessen pulmonary inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhao
- Department of Medicine, Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, Vascular Medical Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Jianxin Wei
- Department of Medicine, Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, Vascular Medical Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Rachel K Bowser
- Department of Medicine, Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, Vascular Medical Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Russell S Traister
- Department of Medicine, Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, Vascular Medical Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Ming-Hui Fan
- Department of Medicine, Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, Vascular Medical Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Yutong Zhao
- Department of Medicine, Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, Vascular Medical Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
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Kegelman TP, Das SK, Emdad L, Hu B, Menezes ME, Bhoopathi P, Wang XY, Pellecchia M, Sarkar D, Fisher PB. Targeting tumor invasion: the roles of MDA-9/Syntenin. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2014; 19:97-112. [PMID: 25219541 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2014.959495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Melanoma differentiation-associated gene - 9 (MDA-9)/Syntenin has become an increasingly popular focus for investigation in numerous cancertypes. Originally implicated in melanoma metastasis, it has diverse cellular roles and is consistently identified as a regulator of tumor invasion and angiogenesis. As a potential target for inhibiting some of the most lethal aspects of cancer progression, further insight into the function of MDA-9/Syntenin is mandatory. AREAS COVERED Recent literature and seminal articles were reviewed to summarize the latest collective understanding of MDA-9/Syntenin's role in normal and cancerous settings. Insights into its participation in developmental processes are included, as is the functional significance of the N- and C-terminals and PDZ domains of MDA-9/Syntenin. Current reports highlight the clinical significance of MDA-9/Syntenin expression level in a variety of cancers, often correlating directly with reduced patient survival. Also presented are assessments of roles of MDA-9/Syntenin in cancer progression as well as its functions as an intracellular adapter molecule. EXPERT OPINION Multiple studies demonstrate the importance of MDA-9/Syntenin in tumor invasion and progression. Through the use of novel drug design approaches, this protein may provide a worthwhile therapeutic target. As many conventional therapies do not address, or even enhance, tumor invasion, an anti-invasive approach would be a worthwhile addition in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy P Kegelman
- Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics , Richmond, VA , USA
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Carbone CJ, Fuchs SY. Eliminative signaling by Janus kinases: role in the downregulation of associated receptors. J Cell Biochem 2014; 115:8-16. [PMID: 23959845 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Activation of cytokine receptor-associated Janus kinases (JAKs) mediates most, if not all, of the cellular responses to peptide hormones and cytokines. Consequently, JAKs play a paramount role in homeostasis and immunity. Members of this family of tyrosine kinases control the cytokine/hormone-induced alterations in cell gene expression program. This function is largely mediated through an ability to signal toward activation of the signal transducer and activator of transcription proteins (STAT), as well as toward some other pathways. Importantly, JAKs are also instrumental in tightly controlling the expression of associated cytokine and hormone receptors, and, accordingly, in regulating the cell sensitivity to these cytokines and hormones. This review highlights the enzymatic and non-enzymatic mechanisms of this regulation and discusses the importance of the ambidextrous nature of JAK as a key signaling node that integrates the combining functions of forward signaling and eliminative signaling. Attention to the latter aspect of JAK function may contribute to emancipating our approaches to the pharmacological modulation of JAKs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Carbone
- Department of Animal Biology and Mari Lowe Center for Comparative Oncology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104
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Kim SH, Kim MO, Cho YY, Yao K, Kim DJ, Jeong CH, Yu DH, Bae KB, Cho EJ, Jung SK, Lee MH, Chen H, Kim JY, Bode AM, Dong Z. ERK1 phosphorylates Nanog to regulate protein stability and stem cell self-renewal. Stem Cell Res 2014; 13:1-11. [PMID: 24793005 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2014.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Revised: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanog regulates human and mouse embryonic stem (ES) cell self-renewal activity. Activation of ERKs signaling negatively regulates ES cell self-renewal and induces differentiation, but the mechanisms are not understood. We found that ERK1 binds and phosphorylates Nanog. Activation of MEK/ERKs signaling and phosphorylation of Nanog inhibit Nanog transactivation, inducing ES cell differentiation. Conversely, suppression of MEK/ERKs signaling enhances Nanog transactivation to inhibit ES cell differentiation. We observed that phosphorylation of Nanog by ERK1 decreases Nanog stability through ubiquitination-mediated protein degradation. Further, we found that this phosphorylation induces binding of FBXW8 with Nanog to reduce Nanog protein stability. Overall, our results demonstrated that ERKs-mediated Nanog phosphorylation plays an important role in self-renewal of ES cells through FBXW8-mediated Nanog protein stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Hyun Kim
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, 801, 16th AVE, NE, Austin, MN 55912, USA; Kyungpook National University, Center for Laboratory Animal Resources, School of Animal BT Science, Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, Dae-gu, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung Ok Kim
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, 801, 16th AVE, NE, Austin, MN 55912, USA; Kyungpook National University, Center for Laboratory Animal Resources, School of Animal BT Science, Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, Dae-gu, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Yeon Cho
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, 801, 16th AVE, NE, Austin, MN 55912, USA
| | - Ke Yao
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, 801, 16th AVE, NE, Austin, MN 55912, USA
| | - Dong Joon Kim
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, 801, 16th AVE, NE, Austin, MN 55912, USA
| | - Chul-Ho Jeong
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, 801, 16th AVE, NE, Austin, MN 55912, USA
| | - Dong Hoon Yu
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, 801, 16th AVE, NE, Austin, MN 55912, USA
| | - Ki Beom Bae
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, 801, 16th AVE, NE, Austin, MN 55912, USA
| | - Eun Jin Cho
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, 801, 16th AVE, NE, Austin, MN 55912, USA
| | - Sung Keun Jung
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, 801, 16th AVE, NE, Austin, MN 55912, USA
| | - Mee Hyun Lee
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, 801, 16th AVE, NE, Austin, MN 55912, USA
| | - Hanyong Chen
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, 801, 16th AVE, NE, Austin, MN 55912, USA
| | - Jae Young Kim
- Kyungpook National University, Center for Laboratory Animal Resources, School of Animal BT Science, Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, Dae-gu, Republic of Korea
| | - Ann M Bode
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, 801, 16th AVE, NE, Austin, MN 55912, USA
| | - Zigang Dong
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, 801, 16th AVE, NE, Austin, MN 55912, USA.
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The role of suppressors of cytokine signalling in human neoplasms. Mol Biol Int 2014; 2014:630797. [PMID: 24757565 PMCID: PMC3976820 DOI: 10.1155/2014/630797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Revised: 02/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Suppressors of cytokine signalling 1-7 (SOCS1-7) and cytokine-inducible SH2-containing protein (CIS) are a group of intracellular proteins that are well known as JAK-STAT and several other signalling pathways negative feedback regulators. More recently several members have been identified as tumour suppressors and dysregulation of their biological roles in controlling cytokine and growth factor signalling may contribute to the development of many solid organ and haematological malignancies. This review explores their biological functions and their possible tumour suppressing role in human neoplasms.
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Wei Q, Sha Y, Bhattacharya A, Abdel Fattah E, Bonilla D, Jyothula SSSK, Pandit L, Khurana Hershey GK, Eissa NT. Regulation of IL-4 receptor signaling by STUB1 in lung inflammation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2014; 189:16-29. [PMID: 24251647 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201305-0874oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE IL-4Rα, the common receptor component for IL-4 and IL-13, plays a critical role in IL-4- and IL-13-mediated signaling pathways that regulate airway inflammation and remodeling. However, the regulatory mechanisms underlying IL-4Rα turnover and its signal termination remain elusive. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the role of STUB1 (STIP1 homology and U-Box containing protein 1) in regulating IL-4R signaling in airway inflammation. METHODS The roles of STUB1 in IL-4Rα degradation and its signaling were investigated by immunoblot, immunoprecipitation, and flow cytometry. The involvement of STUB1 in airway inflammation was determined in vivo by measuring lung inflammatory cells infiltration, mucus production, serum lgE levels, and alveolar macrophage M2 activation in STUB1(-/-) mice. STUB1 expression was evaluated in airway epithelium of patients with asthma and lung tissues of subjects with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS STUB1 interacted with IL-4Rα and targeted it for ubiquitination-mediated proteasomal degradation, terminating IL-4 or IL-13 signaling. STUB1 knockout cells showed increased levels of IL-4Rα and sustained STAT6 activation, whereas STUB1 overexpression reduced IL-4Rα levels. Mice deficient in STUB1 had spontaneous airway inflammation, alternative M2 activation of alveolar macrophage, and increased serum IgE. STUB1 levels were increased in airways of subjects with asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, suggesting that up-regulation of STUB1 might be an important feedback mechanism to dampen IL-4R signaling in airway inflammation. CONCLUSIONS Our study identified a previously uncharacterized role for STUB1 in regulating IL-4R signaling, which might provide a new strategy for attenuating airway inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Wei
- 1 Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; and
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Pan S, Wu D, Teschendorff AE, Hong T, Wang L, Qian M, Wang C, Wang X. JAK2-centered interactome hotspot identified by an integrative network algorithm in acute Stanford type A aortic dissection. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89406. [PMID: 24586754 PMCID: PMC3933461 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The precise mechanisms underlying dissections, especially those without connective tissue diseases or congenital vascular diseases, are incompletely understood. This study attempted to identify both the expression profile of the dissected ascending aorta and the interactome hotspots associated with the disease, using microarray technology and gene regulatory network analysis. There were 2,737 genes differentially expressed between patients with acute Stanford type A aortic dissection and controls. Eight interactome hotspots significantly associated with aortic dissection were identified by an integrative network algorithm. In particular, we identified a JAK2-centered expression module, which was validated in an independent gene expression microarray data set, and which was characterized by over-expressed cytokines and receptors in acute aortic dissection cases, indicating that JAK2 may play a key role in the inflammatory process, which potentially contributes to the occurrence of acute aortic dissection. Overall, the analytical strategy used in this study offered the possibility to identify functional relevant network modules and subsequently facilitated the biological interpretation in the complicated disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Pan
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Duojiao Wu
- Biomedical Research Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Andrew E. Teschendorff
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Hong
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Linyan Wang
- Biomedical Research Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengjia Qian
- Biomedical Research Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunsheng Wang
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (CW); (XW)
| | - Xiangdong Wang
- Biomedical Research Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (CW); (XW)
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Bunda S, Kommaraju K, Heir P, Ohh M. SOCS-1 mediates ubiquitylation and degradation of GM-CSF receptor. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76370. [PMID: 24086733 PMCID: PMC3784415 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and the related cytokines interleukin (IL)-3 and IL-5 regulate the production and functional activation of hematopoietic cells. GM-CSF acts on monocytes/macrophages and granulocytes, and several chronic inflammatory diseases and a number of haematological malignancies such as Juvenile myelomonocytic leukaemia (JMML) are associated with deregulated GM-CSF receptor (GMR) signaling. The downregulation of GMR downstream signaling is mediated in part by the clearance of activated GMR via the proteasome, which is dependent on the ubiquitylation of βc signaling subunit of GMR via an unknown E3 ubiquitin ligase. Here, we show that suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS-1), best known for its ability to promote ubiquitin-mediated degradation of the non-receptor tyrosine kinase Janus kinase 2 (JAK2), also targets GMRβc for ubiquitin-mediated degradation and attenuates GM-CSF-induced downstream signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Severa Bunda
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kamya Kommaraju
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Pardeep Heir
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael Ohh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Javadi M, Richmond TD, Huang K, Barber DL. CBL linker region and RING finger mutations lead to enhanced granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) signaling via elevated levels of JAK2 and LYN. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:19459-70. [PMID: 23696637 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.475087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML) is characterized by hypersensitivity to granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). SHP2, NF-1, KRAS, and NRAS are mutated in JMML patients, leading to aberrant regulation of RAS signaling. A subset of JMML patients harbor CBL mutations associated with 11q acquired uniparental disomy. Many of these mutations are in the linker region and the RING finger of CBL, leading to a loss of E3 ligase activity. We investigated the mechanism by which CBL-Y371H, a linker region mutant, and CBL-C384R, a RING finger mutant, lead to enhanced GM-CSF signaling. Expression of CBL mutants in the TF-1 cell line resulted in enhanced survival in the absence of GM-CSF. Cells expressing CBL mutations displayed increased phosphorylation of GM-CSF receptor βc subunit in response to stimulation, although expression of total GM-CSFR βc was lower. This suggested enhanced kinase activity downstream of GM-CSFR. JAK2 and LYN kinase expression is elevated in CBL-Y371H and CBL-C384R mutant cells, resulting in enhanced phosphorylation of CBL and S6 in response to GM-CSF stimulation. Incubation with the JAK2 inhibitor, TG101348, abolished the increased phosphorylation of GM-CSFR βc in cells expressing CBL mutants, whereas treatment with the SRC kinase inhibitor dasatinib resulted in equalization of GM-CSFR βc phosphorylation signal between wild type CBL and CBL mutant samples. Dasatinib treatment inhibited the elevated phosphorylation of CBL-Y371H and CBL-C384R mutants. Our study indicates that CBL linker and RING finger mutants lead to enhanced GM-CSF signaling due to elevated kinase expression, which can be blocked using small molecule inhibitors targeting specific downstream pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojib Javadi
- Ontario Cancer Institute, Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada
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The ING1a tumor suppressor regulates endocytosis to induce cellular senescence via the Rb-E2F pathway. PLoS Biol 2013; 11:e1001502. [PMID: 23472054 PMCID: PMC3589274 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
An age-associated isoform of ING1, ING1a, induces cell senescence by altering endocytosis, subsequently activating the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor. The INhibitor of Growth (ING) proteins act as type II tumor suppressors and epigenetic regulators, being stoichiometric members of histone acetyltransferase and histone deacetylase complexes. Expression of the alternatively spliced ING1a tumor suppressor increases >10-fold during replicative senescence. ING1a overexpression inhibits growth; induces a large flattened cell morphology and the expression of senescence-associated β-galactosidase; increases Rb, p16, and cyclin D1 levels; and results in the accumulation of senescence-associated heterochromatic foci. Here we identify ING1a-regulated genes and find that ING1a induces the expression of a disproportionate number of genes whose products encode proteins involved in endocytosis. Intersectin 2 (ITSN2) is most affected by ING1a, being rapidly induced >25-fold. Overexpression of ITSN2 independently induces expression of the p16 and p57KIP2 cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors, which act to block Rb inactivation, acting as downstream effectors of ING1a. ITSN2 is also induced in normally senescing cells, consistent with elevated levels of ING1a inducing ITSN2 as part of a normal senescence program. Inhibition of endocytosis or altering the stoichiometry of endosome components such as Rab family members similarly induces senescence. Knockdown of ITSN2 also blocks the ability of ING1a to induce a senescent phenotype, confirming that ITSN2 is a major transducer of ING1a-induced senescence signaling. These data identify a pathway by which ING1a induces senescence and indicate that altered endocytosis activates the Rb pathway, subsequently effecting a senescent phenotype. Alternative splicing of several genes including the p16 and p53 tumor suppressors has been reported to increase during replicative senescence of normal diploid cells, but the biological functions of most alternative transcripts are unknown. We have found that a splicing product of the ING1 epigenetic regulator, ING1a, also increases during senescence; moreover, forced expression of ING1a at these levels in otherwise growth-competent cells can induce senescence. In this study we have determined that a major mechanism by which ING1a induces senescence is through inhibiting endocytosis; this subsequently activates the retinoblastoma (Rb) tumor suppressor pathway by increasing Rb levels and preventing its inactivation through multiple mechanisms. Our study also establishes a link between endocytosis and oxidative stress and suggests that multiple mechanisms that induce cellular senescence may do so by inhibiting normal endocytic processes, thereby affecting normal signal transduction pathways including those mitogenic pathways required for cell growth.
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Nespital T, Strous GJ. The Jak/STAT signaling pathway is downregulated at febrile temperatures. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49374. [PMID: 23166650 PMCID: PMC3498154 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Janus family of kinases (JAKs), Jak1, Jak2, Jak3, and Tyk2, constitute a subgroup of non-receptor protein tyrosine kinases. Upon cytokine binding, the receptor-associated kinases are activated and phosphorylate tyrosine residues in their cognate cytokine receptors. Their activities are controlled at several levels and include cellular concentration, auto-activation, and degradation. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Our findings show that elevated temperatures in the fever range irreversibly aggregate Jak2 and considerably reduce functional Jak2 protein levels. Jak2 synthesis remains unaltered. We observed that also the protein level of the signal transducer and activator of transcription, STAT5b, is transiently decreased at temperatures above 37°C. Consequently, the signaling response, e.g. via the growth hormone receptor, is reduced. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE These findings predict that elevated body temperatures lower the responsiveness of cytokine receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ger J. Strous
- Department of Cell Biology and Institute of Biomembranes, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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16
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Zhao J, Wei J, Mialki RK, Mallampalli DF, Chen BB, Coon T, Zou C, Mallampalli RK, Zhao Y. F-box protein FBXL19-mediated ubiquitination and degradation of the receptor for IL-33 limits pulmonary inflammation. Nat Immunol 2012; 13:651-8. [PMID: 22660580 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The ST2L receptor for interleukin 33 (IL-33) mediates pulmonary inflammation and immune system-related disorders, such as asthma and rheumatoid arthritis. At present, very little is known about the molecular regulation of ST2L expression. Here we found that FBXL19, an 'orphan' member of the Skp1-Cullin-F-box family of E3 ubiquitin ligases, selectively bound to ST2L to mediate its polyubiquitination and elimination in the proteasome. Degradation of ST2L involved phosphorylation of ST2L at Ser442 catalyzed by the kinase GSK3β. Overexpression of FBXL19 abrogated the proapoptotic and inflammatory effects of IL-33 and lessened the severity of lung injury in mouse models of pneumonia. Our results suggest that modulation of the IL-33-ST2L axis by ubiquitin ligases might serve as a unique strategy for lessening pulmonary inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhao
- Department of Medicine and the Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Abstract
Since its discovery two decades ago, the activation of the Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription (JAK/STAT) pathway by numerous cytokines and growth factors has resulted in it becoming one of the most well-studied intracellular signalling networks. The field has progressed from the identification of the individual components to high-resolution crystal structures of both JAK and STAT, and an understanding of the complexities of the molecular activation and deactivation cycle which results in a diverse, yet highly specific and regulated pattern of transcriptional responses. While there is still more to learn, we now appreciate how disruption and deregulation of this pathway can result in clinical disease and look forward to adoption of the next generation of JAK inhibitors in routine clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiu Kiu
- Walter & Eliza Hall Institute, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville 3052, Australia
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18
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Conti L, De Palma R, Rolla S, Boselli D, Rodolico G, Kaur S, Silvennoinen O, Niccolai E, Amedei A, Ivaldi F, Clerico M, Contessa G, Uccelli A, Durelli L, Novelli F. Th17 cells in multiple sclerosis express higher levels of JAK2, which increases their surface expression of IFN-γR2. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2012; 188:1011-8. [PMID: 22219326 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1004013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
IFN-β inhibits the expansion of Th17 cells in active multiple sclerosis (AMS), and this might contribute to improve the clinical symptoms. The effectiveness of this inhibition, however, requires intact IFN-γ signaling in T cells. In this study, we report that both mRNA and cell surface expression of the signaling chain of the IFN-γ receptor (IFN-γR2) and its cognate tyrosine kinase JAK2 are enhanced in peripheral blood Th17 cells and clones from patients with AMS compared with those with inactive multiple sclerosis (IMS) or healthy subjects (HS). IFN-γ decreased the frequency of Th17 peripheral cells and proliferation of Th17 clones from AMS patients. Stimulation of PBMCs from HS in Th17-polarizing conditions resulted in the enhancement of JAK2 expression and accumulation of cell surface IFN-γR2. The role of JAK2 in the modulation of IFN-γR2 was demonstrated as its transduction prevented rapid internalization and degradation of IFN-γR2 in JAK2-deficient γ2A cells. In conclusion, these data identify JAK2 as a critical factor that stabilizes IFN-γR2 surface expression in Th17 cells from AMS patients, making them sensitive to IFN-γ. These data may have clinical implications for a better use of IFNs in multiple sclerosis and possibly other inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Conti
- Center for Experimental Research and Medical Studies, San Giovanni Battista Hospital, 10126 Turin, Italy
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Rajesh S, Bago R, Odintsova E, Muratov G, Baldwin G, Sridhar P, Rajesh S, Overduin M, Berditchevski F. Binding to syntenin-1 protein defines a new mode of ubiquitin-based interactions regulated by phosphorylation. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:39606-14. [PMID: 21949238 PMCID: PMC3234783 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.262402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2011] [Revised: 09/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Syntenin-1 is a PDZ domain-containing adaptor that controls trafficking of transmembrane proteins including those associated with tetraspanin-enriched microdomains. We describe the interaction of syntenin-1 with ubiquitin through a novel binding site spanning the C terminus of ubiquitin, centered on Arg(72), Leu(73), and Arg(74). A conserved LYPSL sequence in the N terminus, as well as the C-terminal region of syntenin-1, are essential for binding to ubiquitin. We present evidence for the regulation of this interaction through syntenin-1 dimerization. We have also established that syntenin-1 is phosphorylated downstream of Ulk1, a serine/threonine kinase that plays a critical role in autophagy and regulates endocytic trafficking. Importantly, Ulk1-dependent phosphorylation of Ser(6) in the LYPSL prevents the interaction of syntenin-1 with ubiquitin. These results define an unprecedented ubiquitin-dependent pathway involving syntenin-1 that is regulated by Ulk1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sundaresan Rajesh
- From the School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Ružica Bago
- From the School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Elena Odintsova
- From the School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Gayrat Muratov
- From the School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Gouri Baldwin
- From the School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Pooja Sridhar
- From the School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Sandya Rajesh
- From the School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Overduin
- From the School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Fedor Berditchevski
- From the School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
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20
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Lei JT, Mazumdar T, Martinez-Moczygemba M. Three lysine residues in the common β chain of the interleukin-5 receptor are required for Janus kinase (JAK)-dependent receptor ubiquitination, endocytosis, and signaling. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:40091-103. [PMID: 21965659 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.273482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils are multifunctional leukocytes implicated in the pathogenesis of numerous inflammatory diseases including allergic asthma and hypereosinophilic syndrome. Eosinophil physiology is critically dependent on IL-5 and the IL-5 receptor (IL-5R), composed of a ligand binding α chain (IL-5Rα), and a common β chain, βc. Previously, we demonstrated that the βc cytoplasmic tail is ubiquitinated and degraded by proteasomes following IL-5 stimulation. However, a complete understanding of the role of βc ubiquitination in IL-5R biology is currently lacking. By using a well established, stably transduced HEK293 cell model system, we show here that in the absence of ubiquitination, βc subcellular localization, IL-5-induced endocytosis, turnover, and IL-5R signaling were significantly impaired. Whereas ubiquitinated IL-5Rs internalized into trafficking endosomes for their degradation, ubiquitination-deficient IL-5Rs accumulated on the cell surface and displayed blunted signaling even after IL-5 stimulation. Importantly, we identified a cluster of three membrane-proximal βc lysine residues (Lys(457), Lys(461), and Lys(467)) whose presence was required for both JAK1/2 binding to βc and receptor ubiquitination. These findings establish that JAK kinase binding to βc requires the presence of three critical βc lysine residues, and this binding event is essential for receptor ubiquitination, endocytosis, and signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan T Lei
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Pathogenesis, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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21
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Mishchenko E, Tadmor T, Schiff E, Attias D, Polliack A. Hypereosinophilia, JAK2V617F, and Budd-Chiari syndrome: who is responsible for what? Am J Hematol 2011; 86:223-4. [PMID: 21264914 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.21926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Budd-Chiari syndrome (BCS) is characterized by hepatic venous outflow obstruction, which sometimes may be life threatening, with the development of fulminant hepatic failure. In cases of this kind, the most frequent underlying cause of BCS, myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN), should always be excluded first, and molecular analysis of the Janus Kinase 2 (JAK2) mutation must always be performed [1]. While the association of BCS with polycythemia vera, essential thrombocythemia, and idiopathic myelofibrosis is well documented, hypereosinophilia has only been described in sporadic cases [2–7]. Furthermore, Jak2 mutation in association with hypereosinophilia has been reported very rarely and its prevalence in this disorder still requires further investigation [8,9]. To the best of our knowledge, cases with the above association occurring together with BCS have not been reported until now. Here, we describe a young woman presenting with idiopathic eosinophilia, JAK2 mutation, and BCS. We also elaborate briefly on the biological mechanism and clinical features of this rare entity. In our opinion, this case supports the formal inclusion of hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES) in the WHO MPN category and also raises the possible pathogenetic contribution of eosinophils, or their products, in MPN-associated splanchnic vein thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tamar Tadmor
- Hematology Unit, Bnai‐Zion Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
| | - Elad Schiff
- Department of Internal Medicine, Bnai‐Zion Hospital, Haifa, Israel
| | - Dina Attias
- Hematology Unit, Bnai‐Zion Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
| | - Aaron Polliack
- Department of Hematology, Hadassah University Hospital and Hebrew University Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
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22
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Takatsu K. Interleukin-5 and IL-5 receptor in health and diseases. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2011; 87:463-85. [PMID: 21986312 PMCID: PMC3313690 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.87.463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2011] [Accepted: 06/03/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
While interleukin-5 (IL-5) is initially identified by its ability to support the growth and terminal differentiation of mouse B cells in vitro into antibody-secreting cells, recombinant IL-5 exerts pleiotropic activities on various target cells including B cells, eosinophils, and basophils. IL-5 is produced by both hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells including T cells, granulocytes, and natural helper cells. IL-5 exerts its effects for proliferation and differentiation via receptors that comprise an IL-5-specific α and common β-subunit. IL-5Rα expression in activated B cells is regulated by a complex of transcription factors including E12, E47, Sp1, c/EBPβ, and Oct2. IL-5 signals are transduced through JAK-STAT, Btk, and Ras/Raf-ERK signaling pathways and lead to maintenance of survival and functions of B cells and eosinophils. Overexpression of IL-5 in vivo significantly increases eosinophils and B cells in number, while mice lacking a functional gene for IL-5 or IL-5 receptor display a number of developmental and functional impairments in B cells and eosinophil lineages. In humans, the biologic effects of IL-5 are best characterized for eosinophils. The recent expansion in our understanding of eosinophil development and activation and pathogenesis of eosinophil-dependent inflammatory diseases has led to advance in therapeutic options. Intravenous administration of humanized anti-IL-5 monoclonal antibody reduces baseline bronchial mucosal eosinophils in mild asthma; providing important implications for strategies that inhibit the actions of IL-5 to treat asthma and other allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoshi Takatsu
- Department of Immunobiology and Pharmacological Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Japan.
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23
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Mirza S, Chen J, Wen B, Ewens CL, Dai J, Murphy JM, Young IG. Two modes of beta-receptor recognition are mediated by distinct epitopes on mouse and human interleukin-3. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:22370-81. [PMID: 20472554 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.117465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytokine interleukin-3 (IL-3) is a critical regulator of inflammation and immune responses in mammals. IL-3 exerts its effects on target cells via receptors comprising an IL-3-specific alpha-subunit and common beta-subunit (beta c; shared with IL-5 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor) or a beta-subunit that specifically binds IL-3 (beta(IL-3); present in mice but not humans). We recently identified two splice variants of the alpha-subunit of the IL-3 receptor (IL-3R alpha) that are relevant to hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation or proliferation: the full length ("SP1" isoform) and a novel isoform (denoted "SP2") lacking the N-terminal Ig-like domain. Although our studies demonstrated that each mouse IL-3 (mIL-3) R alpha isoform can direct mIL-3 binding to two distinct sites on the beta(IL-3) subunit, it has remained unclear which residues in mIL-3 itself are critical to the two modes of beta(IL-3) recognition and whether the human IL-3R alpha SP1 and SP2 orthologs similarly instruct human IL-3 binding to two distinct sites on the human beta c subunit. Herein, we describe the identification of residues clustering around the highly conserved A-helix residue, Glu(23), in the mIL-3 A- and C-helices as critical for receptor binding and growth stimulation via the beta(IL-3) and mIL-3R alpha SP2 subunits, whereas an overlapping cluster was required for binding and activation of beta(IL-3) in the presence of mIL-3R alpha SP1. Similarly, our studies of human IL-3 indicate that two different modes of beta c binding are utilized in the presence of the hIL-3R alpha SP1 or SP2 isoforms, suggesting a possible conserved mechanism by which the relative orientations of receptor subunits are modulated to achieve distinct signaling outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamaruh Mirza
- Department of Structural Biology, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia
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24
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IL-7 induces rapid clathrin-mediated internalization and JAK3-dependent degradation of IL-7Ralpha in T cells. Blood 2010; 115:3269-77. [PMID: 20190194 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2009-10-246876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-7 (IL-7) is an essential cytokine for T-cell development and homeostasis. It is well established that IL-7 promotes the transcriptional down-regulation of IL7RA, leading to decreased IL-7Ralpha surface expression. However, it is currently unknown whether IL-7 regulates the intracellular trafficking and early turnover of its receptor on ligand binding. Here, we show that, in steady-state T cells, IL-7Ralpha is slowly internalized and degraded while a significant fraction recycles back to the surface. On IL-7 stimulation, there is rapid IL-7Ralpha endocytosis via clathrin-coated pits, decreased receptor recycling, and accelerated lysosome and proteasome-dependent degradation. In accordance, the half-life of IL-7Ralpha decreases from 24 hours to approximately 3 hours after IL-7 treatment. Interestingly, we further demonstrate that clathrin-dependent endocytosis is necessary for efficient IL-7 signal transduction. In turn, pretreatment of T cells with JAK3 or pan-JAK inhibitors suggests that IL-7Ralpha degradation depends on the activation of the IL-7 signaling effector JAK3. Overall, our findings indicate that IL-7 triggers rapid IL-7Ralpha endocytosis, which is required for IL-7-mediated signaling and subsequent receptor degradation.
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25
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Cheng S, Zhang J, Zhu P, Ma Y, Xiong Y, Sun L, Xu J, Zhang H, He J. The PDZ domain protein CAL interacts with mGluR5a and modulates receptor expression. J Neurochem 2010; 112:588-98. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.06454.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abstract
Abstract
The granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)/interleukin (IL)–3/IL-5 receptor family regulates the production and function of myeloid cells. These cytokines signal through receptor complexes that consist of unique ligand-binding α-chains and common signaling β-chains. IL-5 is distinct from IL-3 and GM-CSF in its capacity to induce eosinophil development, however, the molecular mechanisms that generate functional diversity within this receptor family are mostly unknown. Here, we characterized the selective IL-5Rα–binding adapter protein syntenin in IL-5R function. Syntenin and IL-5Rα colocalize at the plasma membrane and in early endosomal compartments. Manipulation of syntenin expression by ectopic expression or knockdown selectively modulated IL-5R but not GM-CSF receptor signaling, and severely affected IL-5–induced eosinophil differentiation from primary human CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells. We found syntenin up-regulated during eosinophilopoiesis but down-regulated during neutropoiesis. Syntenin forms complexes with multiple IL-5Rα chains, suggesting that syntenin-enhanced IL-5R output may result from stabilization of an IL-5–induced oligomeric receptor complex. These data demonstrate that cytokine-specific functions can be transduced by unique receptor α-chain–associating adapter proteins.
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27
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Kouro T, Takatsu K. IL-5- and eosinophil-mediated inflammation: from discovery to therapy. Int Immunol 2009; 21:1303-9. [PMID: 19819937 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxp102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-5 was originally defined as a T-cell-derived cytokine that triggers activated B cells for terminal differentiation into antibody-secreting plasma cells, at least in mice. Concurrently, IL-5 was recognized as the major maturation and differentiation factor for eosinophils in mice and humans. Over-expression of IL-5 significantly increases eosinophil numbers and antibody levels in vivo. Conversely, mice lacking a functional gene for IL-5 or the IL-5 receptor alpha chain (IL-5Ralpha) display a number of developmental and functional impairments in B-cell and eosinophil lineages. In addition to the Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription pathway, the tyrosine kinases Lyn and Btk (Bruton agammaglobulinemia tyrosine kinase) are involved, and Ras GTPase-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Ras-ERK) signals are important for IL-5-dependent cell proliferation and survival. IL-5 critically regulates expression of genes involved in proliferation, cell survival and maturation and effector functions of B cells and eosinophils. Thus, IL-5 plays a pivotal role in innate and acquired immune responses and eosinophilia. In humans, the biologic effects of IL-5 are best characterized for eosinophils. The recent expansion in our understanding of the mechanisms of eosinophil development and activation in the context of IL-5 has led to advances in therapeutic options. A new therapy currently in clinical trials uses humanized mAbs against IL-5 or the IL-5R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taku Kouro
- Laboratory of Immune Modulation, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, 7-6-8 Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
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28
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Yoo Y, Ho HJ, Wang C, Guan JL. Tyrosine phosphorylation of cofilin at Y68 by v-Src leads to its degradation through ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Oncogene 2009; 29:263-72. [PMID: 19802004 PMCID: PMC2806939 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2009.319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Cofilin is a major regulator of actin dynamics involved in the regulation of cell spreading and migration through its actin depolymerizing and severing activities. V-Src is an activated Src tyrosine kinase and a potent oncogene known to phosphorylate a variety of cellular proteins in cell transformation process including altered cell adhesion, spreading and migration. Recently, it has been suggested that cofilin is a potential substrate of v-Src (Rush et al., 2005). Here, we show direct tyrosine phosphorylation of cofilin by v-Src and identify Y68 as the major phosphorylation site. Cofilin phosphorylation at Y68 did not change its activity per se, but induced increased ubiquitination of cofilin and its degradation through the proteosome pathway. Furthermore, the negative effect of cofilin on cellular F-actin contents was inhibited by co-expression of v-Src, whereas that of cofilin mutant Y68F (Y68 mutated to F) was not affected, suggesting that v-Src-mediated cofilin phosphorylation at Y68 is required for degradation of cofilin in vivo. Lastly, inhibition of cell spreading by v-Src was rescued partially by co-expression of cofilin, and to a greater extent by the Y68F mutant which is not subjected to v-Src induced degradation through phosphorylation, suggesting that v-Src mediated changes in cell spreading is, at least in part, through inhibiting the function of cofilin via phosphorylating it at Y68. Together, these results suggest a novel mechanism by which cofilin is regulated by v-Src through tyrosine phosphorylation at Y68 that triggers degradation of cofilin via ubiquitination-proteosome pathway and consequently inhibits cofilin activity in reducing cellular F-actin contents and cell spreading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Yoo
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Departments of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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29
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Gevaert P, Hellman C, Lundblad L, Lundahl J, Holtappels G, van Cauwenberge P, Tavernier J, Bachert C. Differential expression of the interleukin 5 receptor alpha isoforms in blood and tissue eosinophils of nasal polyp patients. Allergy 2009; 64:725-32. [PMID: 19170670 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2008.01885.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Given the key role of interleukin-5 (IL-5) in eosinophil function, we investigated the regulated expression of the membrane-anchored (TM-IL-5Ralpha) isoform, or a secreted (SOL IL-5Ralpha) isoform, on both protein and transcript level in vitro and in vivo. METHODS A real-time PCR, FACS and ELISA were established to determine IL-5Ralpha isoform expression in peripheral blood and nasal tissue from control subjects and nasal polyp (NP) patients with or without asthma. Human peripheral blood eosinophils were incubated with IL-5 and were analyzed for SOL-IL-5Ralpha and TM-IL-5Ralpha mRNA and protein levels in comparison with CD-69 expression. RESULTS SOL-IL-5Ralpha and TM-IL-5Ralpha mRNA and protein expression was significantly increased in NP vs controls. In polyp tissue, SOL-IL-5Ralpha expression correlated to disease severity and eosinophils counts, whereas TM-IL-5Ralpha levels were inversely correlated to eosinophils counts and SOL-IL-5Ralpha expression. FACS analysis revealed increased CD-69 and decreased TM-IL-5Ralpha expression in NP tissue eosinophils vs blood eosinophils. Incubation of blood eosinophils with IL-5 caused up-regulation of CD-69 and down-regulation of TM-IL-5Ralpha after 2 and 24 h. CONCLUSION The expression of SOL-IL-5Ralpha and TM-IL-5Ralpha differs according to the eosinophil activation state and localization in the body (blood vs tissue) and may therefore be involved in the fine-tuning of the eosinophil homeostasis. Exposure of eosinophils to IL-5 reduces their responsiveness to IL-5 by regulated expression of the IL-5Ralpha isoforms. Since, TM-IL-5Ralpha is down-regulated and SOL-IL-5Ralpha (antagonistic) is upregulated in NP tissue, our findings are important to understand the clinical trials with anti-IL-5 in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Gevaert
- Upper Airways Research Laboratory, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Takatsu K, Kouro T, Nagai Y. Interleukin 5 in the link between the innate and acquired immune response. Adv Immunol 2009; 101:191-236. [PMID: 19231596 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2776(08)01006-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-5 (IL-5) is an interdigitating homodimeric glycoprotein that is initially identified by its ability to support the in vitro growth and differentiation of mouse B cells and eosinophils. IL-5 transgenic mouse shows two predominant features, remarkable increase in B-1 cells resulting in enhanced serum antibody levels, predominantly IgM, IgA, and IgE classes and in expansion of eosinophil numbers in the blood and eosinophil infiltration into various tissues. Conversely, mice lacking a functional gene for IL-5 or IL-5 receptor alpha chain (IL-5Ralpha) display a number of developmental and functional impairments in B cells and eosinophils. IL-5 receptor (IL-5R) comprises alpha and betac chains. IL-5 specifically binds to IL-5Ralpha and induces the recruitment of betac to IL-5R. Although precise mechanisms on cell-lineage-specific IL-5Ralpha expression remain elusive, several transcription factors including Sp1, E12/E47, Oct-2, and c/EBPbeta have been shown to regulate its expression in B cells and eosinophils. JAK2 and JAK1 tyrosine kinase are constitutively associated with IL-5Ralpha and betac, respectively, and are activated by IL-5 stimulation. IL-5 activates at least three different signaling pathways including JAK2/STAT5 pathway, Btk pathway, and Ras/ERK pathway. IL-5 is one of key cytokines for mouse B cell differentiation in general, particularly for fate-determination of terminal B cell differentiation to antibody-secreting plasma cells. IL-5 critically regulates homeostatic proliferation and survival of and natural antibody production by B-1 cells, and enhances the AID and Blimp-1 expression in activated B-2 cells leading to induce mu to gamma1 class switch recombination and terminal differentiation to IgM- and IgG1-secreting plasma cells, respectively. In humans, major target cells of IL-5 are eosinophils. IL-5 appears to play important roles in pathogenesis of asthma, hypereosinophilic syndromes, and eosinophil-dependent inflammatory diseases. Clinical studies will provide a strong impetus for investigating the means of modulating IL-5 effects. We will discuss the role of IL-5 in the link between innate and acquired immune response, particularly emphasis of the molecular basis of IL-5-dependent B cell activation, allergen-induced chronic inflammation and hypereosinophilic syndromes on a novel target for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoshi Takatsu
- Department of Immunobiology and Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Science for Research, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
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González-González IM, García-Tardón N, Giménez C, Zafra F. PKC-dependent endocytosis of the GLT1 glutamate transporter depends on ubiquitylation of lysines located in a C-terminal cluster. Glia 2008; 56:963-74. [PMID: 18381652 DOI: 10.1002/glia.20670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The activity of the main glutamate transporter in the CNS, GLT1, can be regulated by protein kinase C (PKC). It is known that activation of PKC by phorbol esters promotes the clathrin-dependent internalization of the transporter, followed by its lysosomal degradation. However, the molecular mechanisms that link PKC activation and the internalization of GLT1 are not fully understood. In this article, we show that this internalization process is dependent on the ubiquitylation of lysine residues located in the C-terminal tail of GLT1. Exposure to PMA increases the ubiquitylation of GLT1 in transfected cells and in the rat brain, and this ubiquitylated GLT1 accumulates in the intracellular compartment. However, internalization of ubiquitylated GLT1 was blocked with a dominant negative dynamin 2 mutant, indicating that the addition of ubiquitin moieties to the transporter in the membrane precedes its endocytosis. The elimination of lysines from the C-terminus of the transporter (lysines 497, 517, 526, 550, 558, 570, and 573) blocked GLT1 ubiquitylation and endocytosis. However, reintroduction of lysine 517 alone into this mutant was sufficient to restore PMA dependent ubiquitylation and internalization of GLT1. Similarly, reintroduction of lysine 526 restored the endocytosis, while this was only partially recovered after the individual reintroduction of lysines 550 or 570. These data suggest that the activation of PKC induces the ubiquitylation of these C-terminal lysine residues in GLT1 and that this modification mediates the interaction of the transporter with the endocytic machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inmaculada M González-González
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and CIBERER, Madrid, Spain
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Lei JT, Martinez-Moczygemba M. Separate endocytic pathways regulate IL-5 receptor internalization and signaling. J Leukoc Biol 2008; 84:499-509. [PMID: 18511572 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1207828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils are critically dependent on IL-5 for their activation, differentiation, survival, and augmentation of cytotoxic activity. We previously showed that the cytoplasmic domain of the hematopoietic receptor, betac, which is shared by IL-5, IL-3, and GM-CSF, is directly ubiquitinated and degraded by the proteasomes in a JAK2-dependent manner. However, studies describing the spatial distribution, endocytic regulation, and trafficking of betac-sharing receptors in human eosinophils are currently lacking. Using deconvolution microscopy and biochemical methods, we clearly demonstrate that IL-5Rs reside in and are internalized by clathrin- and lipid raft-dependent endocytic pathways. Microscopy analyses in TF1 cells and human eosinophils revealed significant colocalization of betac, IL-5Ralpha, and Cy3-labeled IL-5 with transferrin- (clathrin) and cholera toxin-B- (lipid raft) positive vesicles. Moreover, whereas internalized IL-5Rs were detected in both clathrin- and lipid raft-positive vesicles, biochemical data revealed that tyrosine phosphorylated, ubiquitinated, and proteasome-degraded IL-5Rs partitioned to the soluble, nonraft fractions (clathrin-containing). Lastly, we show that optimal IL-5-induced signaling requires entry of activated IL-5Rs into the intracellular compartment, as coimmunoprecipitation of key signaling molecules with the IL-5R was completely blocked when either endocytic pathway was inhibited. These data provide the first evidence that IL-5Rs segregate and traffic into two distinct plasma membrane compartments, and they further establish that IL-5R endocytosis regulates signaling both positively and negatively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan T Lei
- Biology of Inflammation Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030-3411, USA
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Takatsu K, Nakajima H. IL-5 and eosinophilia. Curr Opin Immunol 2008; 20:288-94. [PMID: 18511250 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2008.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2008] [Revised: 03/24/2008] [Accepted: 04/02/2008] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
While Interleukin-5 (IL-5) is initially identified by its ability to support the growth and differentiation of activated B cells, overexpression of IL-5 significantly increases eosinophil numbers and antibody levels predominantly from an expanded population of B-1 cells in vivo. Conversely, mice lacking a functional gene for IL-5 or IL-5 receptor alpha chain (IL-5Ralpha) display a number of developmental and functional impairments in B cell and eosinophil lineages. In addition to the JAK-STAT and Btk pathway, the Ras-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signals are important for IL-5-dependent cell survival. IL-5 critically regulates expression of genes involved in cell survival, IgH switch recombination, maturation in B cells and genes required for growth, survival, and effector function of eosinophils. IL-5Ralpha expression in B cells, but not in eosinophils is regulated by Oct-2. Eosinophilia is associated with a wide variety of conditions, including asthma and atopic diseases, helminth infections, drug hypersensitivity, and neoplastic disorders. In humans, the biologic effects of IL-5 are best characterized for eosinophils. The Sprouty-related Ena/VASP homology 1-domain containing protein (Spred)-1 negatively controls eosinophil numbers and functions by modulating IL-5 signaling in allergic asthma. We will emphasize that IL-5 plays a pivotal role in the innate and acquired immune response and eosinophilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoshi Takatsu
- Department of Immunobiology and Pharmacological Genetics, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan.
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