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Suarez-Ramirez JE, Cauley LS, Chandiran K. CTLs Get SMAD When Pathogens Tell Them Where to Go. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 209:1025-1032. [PMID: 36130123 PMCID: PMC9512391 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Vaccines protect against infections by eliciting both Ab and T cell responses. Because the immunity wanes as protective epitopes get modified by accruing mutations, developing strategies for immunization against new variants is a major priority for vaccine development. CTLs eliminate cells that support viral replication and provide protection against new variants by targeting epitopes from internal viral proteins. This form of protection has received limited attention during vaccine development, partly because reliable methods for directing pathogen-specific memory CD8 T cells to vulnerable tissues are currently unavailable. In this review we examine how recent studies expand our knowledge of mechanisms that contribute to the functional diversity of CTLs as they respond to infection. We discuss the role of TGF-β and the SMAD signaling cascade during genetic programming of pathogen-specific CTLs and the pathways that promote formation of a newly identified subset of terminally differentiated memory CD8 T cells that localize in the vasculature.
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2
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Topham DJ, DeDiego ML, Nogales A, Sangster MY, Sant A. Immunity to Influenza Infection in Humans. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2021; 11:cshperspect.a038729. [PMID: 31871226 PMCID: PMC7919402 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a038729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This review discusses the human immune responses to influenza infection with some insights from studies using animal models, such as experimental infection of mice. Recent technological advances in the study of human immune responses have greatly added to our knowledge of the infection and immune responses, and therefore much of the focus is on recent studies that have moved the field forward. We consider the complexity of the adaptive response generated by many sequential encounters through infection and vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J. Topham
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642, USA
| | - Marta L. DeDiego
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Aitor Nogales
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnologia Agraria y Ailmentaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mark Y. Sangster
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642, USA
| | - Andrea Sant
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642, USA
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3
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Son YM, Cheon IS, Wu Y, Li C, Wang Z, Gao X, Chen Y, Takahashi Y, Fu YX, Dent AL, Kaplan MH, Taylor JJ, Cui W, Sun J. Tissue-resident CD4 + T helper cells assist the development of protective respiratory B and CD8 + T cell memory responses. Sci Immunol 2021; 6:6/55/eabb6852. [PMID: 33419791 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abb6852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Much remains unknown about the roles of CD4+ T helper cells in shaping localized memory B cell and CD8+ T cell immunity in the mucosal tissues. Here, we report that lung T helper cells provide local assistance for the optimal development of tissue-resident memory B and CD8+ T cells after the resolution of primary influenza virus infection. We have identified a population of T cells in the lung that exhibit characteristics of both follicular T helper and TRM cells, and we have termed these cells as resident helper T (TRH) cells. Optimal TRH cell formation was dependent on transcription factors involved in T follicular helper and resident memory T cell development including BCL6 and Bhlhe40. We show that TRH cells deliver local help to CD8+ T cells through IL-21-dependent mechanisms. Our data have uncovered the presence of a tissue-resident helper T cell population in the lung that plays a critical role in promoting the development of protective B cell and CD8+ T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Min Son
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.,Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - In Su Cheon
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.,Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Yue Wu
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.,Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Chaofan Li
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.,Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Zheng Wang
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.,Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Xiaochen Gao
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.,Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Yao Chen
- Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI 53213, USA
| | - Yoshimasa Takahashi
- Department of Immunology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Yang-Xin Fu
- Department of Pathology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235, USA
| | - Alexander L Dent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Mark H Kaplan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Justin J Taylor
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Weiguo Cui
- Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI 53213, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Jie Sun
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA. .,Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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4
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Wang Z, Wang S, Goplen NP, Li C, Cheon IS, Dai Q, Huang S, Shan J, Ma C, Ye Z, Xiang M, Limper AH, Porquera EC, Kohlmeier JE, Kaplan MH, Zhang N, Johnson AJ, Vassallo R, Sun J. PD-1 hi CD8 + resident memory T cells balance immunity and fibrotic sequelae. Sci Immunol 2020; 4:4/36/eaaw1217. [PMID: 31201259 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aaw1217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
CD8+ tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cells provide frontline immunity in mucosal tissues. The mechanisms regulating CD8+ TRM maintenance, heterogeneity, and protective and pathological functions are largely elusive. Here, we identify a population of CD8+ TRM cells that is maintained by major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) signaling, and CD80 and CD86 costimulation after acute influenza infection. These TRM cells have both exhausted-like phenotypes and memory features and provide heterologous immunity against secondary infection. PD-L1 blockade after the resolution of primary infection promotes the rejuvenation of these exhausted-like TRM cells, restoring protective immunity at the cost of promoting postinfection inflammatory and fibrotic sequelae. Thus, PD-1 serves to limit the pathogenic capacity of exhausted-like TRM cells at the memory phase. Our data indicate that TRM cell exhaustion is the result of a tissue-specific cellular adaptation that balances fibrotic sequelae with protective immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Wang
- Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Shaohua Wang
- Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Nick P Goplen
- Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Chaofan Li
- Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - In Su Cheon
- Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Qigang Dai
- Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.,Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Su Huang
- Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Jinjun Shan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Disease, Institute of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Chaoyu Ma
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Zhenqing Ye
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Min Xiang
- Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Andrew H Limper
- Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Eva-Carmona Porquera
- Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Jacob E Kohlmeier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Mark H Kaplan
- HB Wells Pediatric Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Nu Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Aaron J Johnson
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Robert Vassallo
- Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Jie Sun
- Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905, USA. .,Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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5
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Suarez-Ramirez JE, Chandiran K, Brocke S, Cauley LS. Immunity to Respiratory Infection Is Reinforced Through Early Proliferation of Lymphoid T RM Cells and Prompt Arrival of Effector CD8 T Cells in the Lungs. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1370. [PMID: 31258537 PMCID: PMC6587114 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cross-protection between serologically distinct strains of influenza A virus (IAV) is mediated by memory CD8 T cells that recognize epitopes from conserved viral proteins. Early viral control begins with activation of tissue-resident memory CD8 T cells (TRM) cells at the site of viral replication. These CD8 T cells do not act in isolation, as protection against disseminated infection is reinforced by multiple waves of effector cells (TEFF) that enter the lungs with different kinetics. To define how a protective CTL response evolves, we compared the functional properties of antiviral CD8 T cells in the respiratory tract and local lymphoid tissues. When analyzed 30 dpi, large numbers of antiviral CD8 T cells in the lungs and mediastinal lymph nodes (MLNs) expressed canonical markers of TRM cells (CD69 and/or CD103). The check point inhibitor PD-1 was also highly expressed on NP-specific CD8 T cells in the lungs, while the ratios of CD8 T cells expressing CD69 and CD103 varied according to antigen specificity. We next used in vitro experiments to identify conditions that induce a canonical TRM phenotype and found that that naïve and newly activated CD8 T cells maintain CD103 expression during culture with transforming growth factor-beta (TGFβ), while central memory CD8 T cells (TCM) do not express CD103 under similar conditions. In vivo experiments showed that the distribution of antiviral CTLs in the MLN changed when immune mice were treated with reagents that block interactions with PD-L1. Importantly, the lymphoid TRM cells were poised for early proliferation upon reinfection with a different strain of IAV and defenses in the lungs were augmented by a transient increase in numbers of TEFF cells at the site of infection. As the interval between infections increased, lymphoid TRM cells were replaced with TCM cells which proliferated with delayed kinetics and contributed to an exaggerated inflammatory response in the lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny E Suarez-Ramirez
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - Karthik Chandiran
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - Stefan Brocke
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - Linda S Cauley
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, United States
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6
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Varga SM, Sant AJ. Editorial: Orchestration of an Immune Response to Respiratory Pathogens. Front Immunol 2019; 10:690. [PMID: 31024541 PMCID: PMC6465544 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Steven M Varga
- Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Andrea J Sant
- Microbiology and Immunology, David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Rochester, NY, United States
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7
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Zhou C, Sun L, Zhao L, Zhang X. Advancement in regional immunity and its clinical implication. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2017; 60:1178-1190. [PMID: 29170892 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-017-9224-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Organs in our body have formed their own unique immune surveillance system that is finely tuned by in situ milieu. Sequestrated tissue-resident immune cells differ from their counterparts in circulation and participate in tissue physiological activities and the maintenance of local homeostasis. Dysregulation of regional immunity leads to organ-specific inflammatory injuries. Here we review the recent developments in the field of tissue-resident immune cells and organ-specific regional immunity, and discuss their clinical implication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhou
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Clinical Immunology Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Luxi Sun
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Clinical Immunology Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Lidan Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Clinical Immunology Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory, Beijing, 100730, China.
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Clinical Immunology Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory, Beijing, 100730, China.
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