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Shi C, Bonnett L, Dumville J, Cullum N. Nonblanchable erythema for predicting pressure ulcer development: a systematic review with an individual participant data meta‐analysis. Br J Dermatol 2019; 182:278-286. [DOI: 10.1111/bjd.18154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Shi
- Division of Nursing, Midwifery& Social Work, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre Manchester M13 9PL U.K
| | - L.J. Bonnett
- Department of Biostatistics University of Liverpool Waterhouse Building, Block F, 1–5 Brownlow Street Liverpool L69 3GL U.K
| | - J.C. Dumville
- Division of Nursing, Midwifery& Social Work, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre Manchester M13 9PL U.K
| | - N. Cullum
- Division of Nursing, Midwifery& Social Work, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre Manchester M13 9PL U.K
- Research and Innovation Division Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust Manchester Academic Health Science Centre 1st Floor, Nowgen Building, 29 Grafton Street Manchester M13 9WU U.K
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Evaluating the development and validation of empirically-derived prognostic models for pressure ulcer risk assessment: A systematic review. Int J Nurs Stud 2019; 89:88-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2018.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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3
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Skin status for predicting pressure ulcer development: A systematic review and meta-analyses. Int J Nurs Stud 2018; 87:14-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Carter MJ. Harnessing electronic healthcare data for wound care research: Wound registry analytic guidelines for less-biased analyses. Wound Repair Regen 2017; 25:564-573. [DOI: 10.1111/wrr.12565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Borlawsky T, Hripcsak G. Evaluation of an Automated Pressure Ulcer Risk Assessment Model. HOME HEALTH CARE MANAGEMENT AND PRACTICE 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/1084822307303566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The key to timely interventions and reducing avoidable incidence is the early identification of patients at risk for developing pressure ulcers. To enable the automatic detection of such patients and inform acute care interdisciplinary providers, a filter feature model using heuristic statistical methods was applied to a relational database of retrospective patient data including demographics, medications, and clinical visit details. These attributes served as input for the C4.5 decision tree induction algorithm, which was used to classify patient risk. The validity of the resulting classification model, Electronic Pressure Ulcer Prediction (ePUP), was assessed using a fourfold cross-validation. The current results show a limited application of such a naïve classification algorithm for automating pressure ulcer risk assessments. Additional refinements will be necessary before the predictions of ePUP are sufficient for general clinical use and the improvement of patient safety in acute care settings, and during the transition from hospital to home.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara Borlawsky
- The Ohio State University Medical Center Information Warehouse
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O'Tuathail C, Taqi R. Evaluation of three commonly used pressure ulcer risk assessment scales. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 20:S27-8, S30, S32 Passim. [DOI: 10.12968/bjon.2011.20.sup2.s27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claire O'Tuathail
- Postgraduate Diploma in Nursing (Gerontology), Aras Moyola, School of Nursing and Midwifery, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Rebecca Taqi
- Accident and Emergency Department, Whipps Cross University Hospital, London
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Walsh B, Dempsey L. Investigating the reliability and validity of the waterlow risk assessment scale: a literature review. Clin Nurs Res 2010; 20:197-208. [PMID: 21078891 DOI: 10.1177/1054773810389809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this review was to examine health literature on the reliability and validity of the Waterlow pressure sore assessment scale. A systematic review of published studies relating to the topic was conducted and literature was examined for its relevancy to the topic under investigation. Findings suggest that despite the availability of over 40 assessment tools, the Waterlow assessment scale is the most frequently used by health care staff. Research suggests that the Waterlow Scale is an unreliable method of assessing individuals at risk of pressure sore development with all studies indicating a poor interrater reliability status. Its validity has also been criticized because of its high-sensitivity but low-specificity levels.
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Anthony D, Papanikolaou P, Parboteeah S, Saleh M. Do risk assessment scales for pressure ulcers work? J Tissue Viability 2010; 19:132-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtv.2009.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2009] [Accepted: 11/19/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Anthony D, Willock J, Baharestani M. A comparison of Braden Q, Garvin and Glamorgan risk assessment scales in paediatrics. J Tissue Viability 2010; 19:98-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtv.2010.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2009] [Revised: 03/18/2010] [Accepted: 03/19/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Inter- and intrarater reliability of the Waterlow pressure sore risk scale: A systematic review. Int J Nurs Stud 2009; 46:369-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2008.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2008] [Revised: 09/17/2008] [Accepted: 09/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Nonnemacher M, Stausberg J, Bartoszek G, Lottko B, Neuhaeuser M, Maier I. Predicting pressure ulcer risk: a multifactorial approach to assess risk factors in a large university hospital population. J Clin Nurs 2009; 18:99-107. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2702.2008.02425.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Anthony D, Parboteeah S, Saleh M, Papanikolaou P. Norton, Waterlow and Braden scores: a review of the literature and a comparison between the scores and clinical judgement. J Clin Nurs 2008; 17:646-53. [PMID: 18279297 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2702.2007.02029.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES To consider the validity and reliability of risk assessment scales for pressure ulcers. BACKGROUND Pressure ulcers are a major problem worldwide. They cause morbidity and lead to mortality. Risk assessment scales have been available for nearly 50 years, but there is insufficient evidence to state with any certainty that they are useful. DESIGN A literature review and commentary. METHODS Bibliographic databases were searched for relevant papers, a critical review was completed on relevant papers. RESULTS There is contradictory evidence concerning the validity of risk assesment scales. The interaction of education, clinical judgement and use of risk assessment scales has not been fully explored. It is not known which of these is most important, nor whether combining them results in better patient care. CONCLUSIONS There is a need for further work. A study exploring the complex interaction of risk assessment scales, clinical judgement and education and training is introduced. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE Nurses may be wasting their time conducting risk assessment scoring if clinical judgement and/or education are sufficient to assess pressure ulcers risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Anthony
- Mary Seacole Research Centre, De Montfort University, Leicester, UK.
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Papanikolaou P, Lyne P, Anthony D. Risk assessment scales for pressure ulcers: A methodological review. Int J Nurs Stud 2007; 44:285-96. [PMID: 17141782 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2006.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2005] [Revised: 12/19/2005] [Accepted: 01/10/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Much is written about risk-assessment scales (RASs) for pressure ulcers (PU) and their properties demonstrating that they are of limited value. Less is known about the reasons for these limitations and the scope for improvement. This review examines issues such as structure and scoring for the Norton, Waterlow and Braden scales, showing that the equal-weighting technique behind the current RASs is too simplistic and leads to limitations. It concludes that properly trained, experienced nurses should conduct PU risk assessments, whilst more robust data-driven RASs should be developed using the differential weighting scoring method together with advanced statistical techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panos Papanikolaou
- Nursing, Health and Social Care Research Centre, School of Nursing and Midwifery Studies, University of Cardiff, 35-43 Newport Road, Cardiff CF24 0AB, UK.
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Abstract
The National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE, 2001) stated that in order to achieve clinical governance strategies, risk management in the form of pressure ulcer risk assessment will contribute to improved quality of patient care. Risk-assessment tools must display high-predictive values, be highly sensitive and specific, reliable, and easy and convenient to use. Despite their extensively documented poor performance, pressure ulcer risk-assessment scales play a primary role in the prevention and management of pressure ulcers. The tools attempt to determine patients' risk status by quantifying a range of the most commonly recognized risk factors. Although there are over 40 different assessment tools, the Waterlow pressure ulcer risk-assessment tool is the tool that is most widely used in the UK. This article aims to review studies relating to the reliability, content validity, predictive validity, concurrent validity and the construct validity of the Waterlow pressure ulcer risk-assessment tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deirdre Thompson
- Heatherwood and Wexham Park Hospital NHS Trust, Slough, Berkshire
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Anthony D, Reynolds T, Russell L. A regression analysis of the Waterlow score in pressure ulcer risk assessment. Clin Rehabil 2003; 17:216-23. [PMID: 12625664 DOI: 10.1191/0269215503cr603oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the predictive value of the Waterlow score, and the subscores of age and gender. DESIGN Logistic regression analysis was conducted on the two subscores of the Waterlow score, and the residual Waterlow score with gender and age removed. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis gave a quantitative measure of the classification ability of the Waterlow score. SETTING Burton, UK. SUBJECTS All admissions over a five-year period to the District General Hospital, a total of 150,015 admissions of 82,691 patients. INTERVENTIONS None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Area under the ROC curve for significant (as determined by logistic regression) variables. RESULTS Data were inaccurate in at least 44.7% of the records, and analysis was conducted on the 43,735 records for which no errors were apparent. Nine hundred and fifty-four patients had a pressure ulcer on admission (2.1%); 277 developed a pressure ulcer (0.6%). The Waterlow score was predictive of pressure ulcers. Age was predictive, and gender was not found to be a significant predictor. CONCLUSIONS The Waterlow score may be improved and simplified by removing gender from the scoring system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Anthony
- Mary Seacole Research Centre, School of Nursing & Midwifery, De Montfort University, Leicester, UK.
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Papanikolaou P, Clark M, Lyne PA. Improving the accuracy of pressure ulcer risk calculators: some preliminary evidence. Int J Nurs Stud 2002; 39:187-94. [PMID: 11755449 DOI: 10.1016/s0020-7489(01)00011-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This study presents data from a prospective cohort study of 213 in-patient admissions of people over 65. Logit analysis was used to investigate the relative contribution of a range of risk factors to the risk of pressure ulcer occurrence, as a basis for development of improved risk assessment tools. It was found that for this population, a model containing the Waterlow risk factors appetite, continence, skin condition and age, plus diagnosis, performed better than one based on the complete set of Waterlow factors. Gender was not significant. A diagnosis of cancer was positively associated with pressure ulcer occurrence but presence of Parkinson's disease had the opposite effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panos Papanikolaou
- Nursing, Health and Social Care Research Centre, School of Nursing and Midwifery Studies, University of Wales College of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, Wales, UK.
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Claycamp HG, Sussman NB, Okladnikova ND, Azizova TV, Pesternikova VS, Sumina MV, Teplyakov II. Classification of chronic radiation sickness cases using neural networks and classification trees. HEALTH PHYSICS 2001; 81:522-529. [PMID: 11669205 DOI: 10.1097/00004032-200111000-00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Chronic radiation sickness is a deterministic radiation health effect observed among the Mayak Production Association workers in Russia. In this study, unsupervised neural networks were used to cluster hematological measurements in a subset (n = 88) of the Mayak Production Association population while excluding from the analysis the radiation dose and the historical clinical diagnosis. Clusters of observations that had lower average leukocyte and thrombocyte counts were labeled "affected" and those having higher average blood cell counts were labeled "unaffected." The class (cluster) membership for each individual was used subsequently as a dependent variable in a classification tree model in order to identify significant features of the underlying classification model. After re-classification of cases using this method, the results showed a better data separation between the blood cell counts for affected vs. unaffected groups compared to those based on historical classification, and a greater difference between group means for differential blood counts was observed than for the historical diagnosis. The reclassification of diagnostic groups changed the group mean radiation doses. The geometric means (and 95% CL) of cumulative radiation dose equivalent from external exposures, based on the historical diagnosis, are 0.31 (0.0035, 3.4) vs. 1.7 (0.0007, 18) Sv. After clustering and classification tree analyses, the group geometric means were 0.78 (0.0014, 8.6) vs. 1.5 (0.0007, 17) and 0.82 (0.0013, 9.0) vs. 1.4 (0.0008, 16) Sv, using (respectively) whole blood cell counts or differential counts as the independent variables. The approach presented here is useful as a diagnostic aid for both retrospective analyses and in the event of future radiation accidents.
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Affiliation(s)
- H G Claycamp
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15238, USA.
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Anthony D, Reynolds T, Russell L. An investigation into the use of serum albumin in pressure sore prediction. J Adv Nurs 2000; 32:359-65. [PMID: 10964183 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2648.2000.01484.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To ascertain the relevance of serum albumin and serum sodium as predictors of pressure sores in addition to the Waterlow score. DESIGN Observational study of patients at risk of developing decubitus ulcers. SETTING Staffordshire, in the midlands of the United Kingdom. PARTICIPANTS 773 elderly hospital in-patients of a district general hospital. MEASUREMENTS Waterlow scores and serum albumin and sodium. Development of a pressure sore. RESULTS Logistic regression analysis of serum albumin, serum sodium and the Waterlow score showed the Waterlow score and serum albumin were significant predictors of pressure sores. CONCLUSIONS Serum albumin may, in this patient group (in-patients over 64 years of age), be a useful predictor of pressure sore occurrence, though further work is needed to establish whether this is the case. Risk assessment of pressure sores can possibly be improved by adding serum albumin to one of the pre-existing tools such as the Waterlow score.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Anthony
- The Mary Seacole Research Centre, School of Nursing and Midwifery, De Montfort University, Leicester, England
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