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Flora SJS, Jain K, Panghal A, Patwa J. Chemistry, Pharmacology, and Toxicology of Monoisoamyl Dimercaptosuccinic Acid: A Chelating Agent for Chronic Metal Poisoning. Chem Res Toxicol 2022; 35:1701-1719. [PMID: 35972774 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.2c00129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Arsenic, a metalloid, is known to cause deleterious effects in various body organs, particularly the liver, urinary bladder, and brain, and these effects are primarily mediated through oxidative stress. Chelation therapy has been considered one of the promising medical treatments for arsenic poisoning. Meso 2,3- dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) has been recognized as one of the most effective chelating drugs to treat arsenic poisoning. However, the drug is compromised with a number of shortcomings, including the inability to treat chronic arsenic poisoning due to its extracellular distribution. Monoisoamyl 2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid, one of the analogues of meso 2,3-dimeraptosuccinic acid (DMSA), is a lipophilic chelator and has shown promise to be considered as a potential future chelating agent/antidote not only for arsenic but also for a few other heavy metals like lead, mercury, cadmium, and gallium arsenide. The results from numerous studies carried out in the recent past, mainly from our group, strongly support the clinical application of MiADMSA. This review paper summarizes most of the scientific details including the chemistry, pharmacology, and safety profile of MiADMSA. The efficacy of MiADMSA mainly against arsenic toxicity but also a few other heavy metals was also discussed. We also reviewed a few other strategies in order to achieve the optimum effects of MiADMSA, like combination therapy using two chelating agents or coadministration of a natural and synthetic antioxidant (including phytomedicine) along with MiADMSA for treatment of metal/metalloid poisoning. We also briefly discussed the use of nanotechnology (nano form of MiADMSA i.e. nano-MiADMSA) and compared it with bulk MiADMSA. All these strategies have been shown to be beneficial in getting more pronounced therapeutic efficacy of MiADMSA, as an adjuvant or as a complementary agent, by significantly increasing the chelating efficacy of MiADMSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swaran J S Flora
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Raebareli, Bijnor-Sisendi Road, Near CRPF Base, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226002, India.,National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar, Mohali, Punjab 160062, India
| | - Keerti Jain
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Raebareli, Bijnor-Sisendi Road, Near CRPF Base, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226002, India
| | - Archna Panghal
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar, Mohali, Punjab 160062, India
| | - Jayant Patwa
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Raebareli, Bijnor-Sisendi Road, Near CRPF Base, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226002, India
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Barsain BL, Yadav SK. Picrorhiza kurrooa Royle ex Benth., an Endangered Himalayan Elixir- Medicinal Importance and Exploration of Biotechnological Approaches in Picroside Production. CURRENT TRADITIONAL MEDICINE 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/2215083805666190625144322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Although the history of P. kurrooa Royle ex Benth., popularly known as “Kutki
or Kadu” dates back to the Vedic era, it has only been about 69 years since research has focussed
on exploring its pharmacological properties. It is a small perennial medicinal herb
that belongs to the Scrophulariaceae family. Found primarily in the north-western alpine
Himalayan region at the altitudes of 3000-4300 meters (amsl), the plant has immense
therapeutic and medicinal properties. Uniquely gifted, the plant holds its reputation in the
modern system of medicine in the treatment of liver disorders. The species has earned an
endangered status lately due to various issues like unawareness on its conservation,
harvesting methods, and cultivation besides others. Therefore, various new scientific
methods are being developed for its propagation and conservation. This article provides an
overview of the therapeutic properties, various mode of propagation as well as the molecular
aspects of P. kurrooa. Also, the metabolic engineering strategies to modulate its secondary
metabolite picrosides are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharati Lalhal Barsain
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur-176061 (HP), India
| | - Sudesh Kumar Yadav
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur-176061 (HP), India
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Ganesan K, Jayachandran M, Xu B. A critical review on hepatoprotective effects of bioactive food components. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 58:1165-1229. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2016.1244154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kumar Ganesan
- Program of Food Science and Technology, Beijing Normal University–Hong Kong Baptist University United International College, Zhuhai, China
| | - Muthukumaran Jayachandran
- Program of Food Science and Technology, Beijing Normal University–Hong Kong Baptist University United International College, Zhuhai, China
| | - Baojun Xu
- Program of Food Science and Technology, Beijing Normal University–Hong Kong Baptist University United International College, Zhuhai, China
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Yadav N, Khandelwal S. Effect of Picroliv on cadmium-induced hepatic and renal damage in the rat. Hum Exp Toxicol 2016; 25:581-91. [PMID: 17165624 DOI: 10.1177/096032706072455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The therapeutic efficacy of Picroliv-a standardized-was investigated in male rats exposed to CdCl2 (0.5 mg/kg, sc), 5 days/week for 18 weeks. Picroliv at two doses (6 and 12 mg/kg, po) was given to the cadmium (Cd)-administered group for the last 4 weeks (ie, weeks 15 -18). The Cd altered oxidative stress indices, such as increased lipid peroxidation and membrane fluidity, reduced levels of non-protein sulphydryls (NPSHs), and Na-K-ATPase activity in the liver and kidney were found close to the control values by Picroliv treatment, suggesting its antioxidant potential. The hepatoprotective action of Picroliv was evident by its ability to lower the Cd-induced liver function parameters-the serum enzymes, such as alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), g-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Bile flow and biliary Cd also increased as a result of Picroliv's choleretic property. The Cd-induced serum urea and urinary excretion of proteins, calcium (Ca), Cd and enzymes, such as Nacetyl-b-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) and LDH, were less marked on Picroliv treatment, indicating recovery from nephrotoxicity. Organ uptake of Cd and essential metals by Cd exposure was reduced on Picroliv treatment. Cdinduced hepatic metallothionein (MT) was lowered by Picroliv, whereas renal MT was unaltered. Cd-induced hepatic damage was also minimized. However, the renal morphological changes were marginally protected by Picroliv. The 12-mg Picroliv dose was more effective than the 6-mg dose in causing amelioration of the above parameters. This study has provided clear evidence for the hepato-and renal protective efficacy of Picroliv against experimental Cd toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Yadav
- Industrial Toxicology Research Centre, MG Marg, Lucknow-226001, India
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Protective effects of Lactobacillus plantarum CCFM8610 against acute cadmium toxicity in mice. Appl Environ Microbiol 2012; 79:1508-15. [PMID: 23263961 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03417-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the protective effects of Lactobacillus plantarum CCFM8610, a selected probiotic with good cadmium binding capacity, against acute cadmium toxicity in mice. Ninety mice were divided into prevention and therapy groups. In the prevention groups, CCFM8610 was administered at 10(9) CFU once daily for 7 days, followed by a single oral dose of cadmium chloride at 1.8 mg cadmium for each mouse. In the therapy groups, the same dose of CCFM8610 was administered for 2 days after an identical single dose of cadmium exposure. Mice that received neither cadmium nor culture or that received cadmium alone served as negative and positive controls, respectively. The effects of both living and dead CCFM8610 on cadmium ion concentrations in feces, liver, and kidney were determined. Moreover, the alterations in reduced glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and histopathology in the liver and kidney were investigated. The results showed that compared to the mice that received cadmium only, CCFM8610 treatment can effectively decrease intestinal cadmium absorption, reduce tissue cadmium accumulation, alleviate renal and hepatic oxidative stress, and ameliorate hepatic histopathological changes. Living CCFM8610 administered after cadmium exposure offered the most significant protection. Our results suggested that CCFM8610 is more effective against acute cadmium toxicity than a simple antioxidant treatment due to its special physiological functions and that it can be considered a new dietary therapeutic strategy against acute cadmium toxicity.
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Mohamed IK. The Effects of Oral Dosage of Monosodium Glutamate Applied for Short- and Long-Terms on the Histology and Ultrastructure of Testes of the Adult Rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.3923/javaa.2012.124.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Shagirtha K, Pari L. Hesperetin, a citrus flavonone, protects potentially cadmium induced oxidative testicular dysfunction in rats. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2011; 74:2105-2111. [PMID: 21719105 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2011.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2011] [Revised: 05/29/2011] [Accepted: 06/01/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The present study was aimed to evaluate the protective effect of hesperetin (Hp) on cadmium (Cd) induced oxidative testicular toxicity in rats. Subcutaneous administration of Cd (3mg/kg body weight) for 21 days significantly elevated the levels of oxidative stress markers, Cd concentration in testis and lowered the levels of enzymatic, non-enzymatic antioxidants and membrane bound enzymes in the testicular tissue. Hp administrated orally along with Cd injection for 21 days, significantly revert back the status of oxidative stress markers, Cd concentration in testis, improved status of antioxidant markers and membrane bound enzymes in the testis to near normal level. The histopathological studies in the testis of rats also supported that Hp (40 mg/kg) markedly reduced the toxicity of Cd and preserved the normal histoarchitecture pattern of the testis. Thus, the results suggest that Hp acts as a potent antioxidative agent against Cd induced testicular toxicity in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalist Shagirtha
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608002, Tamilnadu, India
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Raj MA, Reddy AG, Reddy AR, Adilaxmamma K. Effect of Dietary Vanaspati Alone and in Combination with Stressors on Sero-biochemical Profile and Immunity in White Leghorn Layers. Toxicol Int 2011; 18:31-4. [PMID: 21430918 PMCID: PMC3052581 DOI: 10.4103/0971-6580.75850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 160 White Leghorns of 20 wk age were divided randomly into eight groups. Groups 1, 3, 4 and 5 were fed basal feed and the rest were fed 5% vanaspati supplemented feed until 42 wk of age. From 42 to 54 wk, groups 3, 4 and 5 were fed 1% ferrous sulfate, 100 ppm chlorpyrifos (CPS) and 100 ppm cadmium, respectively, along with basal feed and groups 6, 7 and 8 were fed similar stressors, respectively, along with 5% vanaspati. Groups 1 and 2 served as controls for basal feed and 5% vanaspati feed. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine transaminase (ALT), total protein, albumin, globulin, A/G ratio, total cholesterol, high density cholesterol (HDL), triglycerides, creatinine, hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titer, and phytohemagglutination (PHA) index were studied. Supplementation of vanaspati resulted in a significant reduction in PHA, cholesterol, albumin and HI titer. Cadmium significantly increased ALP, AST, creatinine and paradoxically increased HDL cholesterol and HI titers. Vanaspati along with cadmium showed similar effects. Administration of CPS lowered PHA index, whereas supplementation along with vanaspati decreased the HI titers and increased the PHA index. Supplementation of vanaspati alone and in combination revealed harmful effects and aggravated the toxicities of CPS and cadmium. Hence, it is concluded that consumption of vanaspati could be harmful.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Alpha Raj
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad - 500 030, India
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Yadav N, Khandelwal S. Therapeutic efficacy of Picroliv in chronic cadmium toxicity. Food Chem Toxicol 2009; 47:871-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2009.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Cadmium induced testicular pathophysiology: Prophylactic role of taurine. Reprod Toxicol 2008; 26:282-91. [PMID: 18926901 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2008.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2008] [Revised: 09/14/2008] [Accepted: 09/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Comparative efficacy of piperine, curcumin and picroliv against Cd immunotoxicity in mice. Biometals 2008; 21:649-61. [DOI: 10.1007/s10534-008-9150-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2008] [Accepted: 06/01/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Yadav N, Khandelwal S. Effect of Picroliv on cadmium induced testicular damage in rat. Food Chem Toxicol 2008; 46:494-501. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2007.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2005] [Revised: 08/31/2006] [Accepted: 08/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Hepatic c-fos expression is independent of oxidative stress and inflammation induced by acute cadmium exposure in rats. ANNALS OF NUTRITION AND METABOLISM 2007; 51:258-63. [PMID: 17622784 DOI: 10.1159/000105446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2006] [Accepted: 03/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the relationships between c-fos expression and oxidative stress or inflammation in the liver induced by acute cadmium (Cd) exposure. METHODS Sixty male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to 1 of 6 groups, 10 rats in each group. They were intragastrically pretreated with distilled water, distilled water, vitamin E (50 mg/100 g body weight), 25, 50 and 75% Sagittaria sagittifolia (SS) extract (2 ml/100 g weight) once a day for 10 consecutive days. Twenty-four hours after the last feeding, all animals were intraperitoneally administered CdCl(2) (20 micromol/kg body weight) except for the control group which was given distilled water. Twenty-four hours after intoxication, the glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents and gene expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and c-fos were measured in the livers. RESULTS Acute Cd exposure significantly increased MDA levels, decreased GSH levels and upregulated the gene expression of TNF-alpha and c-fos in the liver. Vitamin E and middle and high doses of SS were able to inhibit the MDA level, but only middle and high doses of SS enhanced the GSH level and inhibited the upregulation of TNF-alpha gene expression. However, neither vitamin E nor SSwas able to inhibit the upregulation of c-fos gene expression in the liver. CONCLUSION Our data suggested that c-fos induction is independent of oxidative stress or inflammation in the liver during the process of acute Cd exposure in rats.
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Pathak N, Khandelwal S. Role of oxidative stress and apoptosis in cadmium induced thymic atrophy and splenomegaly in mice. Toxicol Lett 2007; 169:95-108. [PMID: 17267144 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2006.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2006] [Revised: 12/11/2006] [Accepted: 12/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cadmium immunotoxicity in rodents is primarily characterized by marked thymic damage and splenomegaly. To understand the toxicity of Cd on lymphoid cells in vivo, a single dose of Cd as CdCl2 (1.8 mg/kg, i.p.) was administered to male BALB/c mice and cytotoxicity (MTT assay), oxidative stress indicators (glutathione, reactive oxygen species) and apoptotic markers (mitochondrial membrane potential, caspase-3 activity, phosphatidylserine externalization, apoptotic DNA, intranucleosomal DNA fragmentation) were assessed in thymic and splenic single cell suspensions, at various time intervals. Lowering of body weight gain and cellularity and a loss in cell viability was seen in the Cd treated mice. The earliest significant increase in ROS at 18 h, followed by mitochondrial membrane depolarization, caspase-3 activation and GSH depletion at 24h in spleen and later at 48 h in thymus, strongly implicate the possible involvement of ROS. A pronounced inhibition of cell proliferative response at 48 h and 72 h may also be linked to Cd induced apoptosis. The morphological alterations including thymic cortical cell depletion and an increase in red pulp with diminished white pulp in spleen were observed at 48 h and beyond. The splenic cells appeared more susceptible than thymus cells to the adverse effects of Cd. The present study, therefore, demonstrates potentiation of oxidative stress followed by mitochondrial-caspase dependent apoptotic pathway. This may, in part, be responsible for causing suppression of cell proliferative response, thymic atrophy and splenomegaly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelima Pathak
- Industrial Toxicology Research Centre, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, P.Box 80, Lucknow 226001, India
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Pathak N, Khandelwal S. Modulation of cadmium induced alterations in murine thymocytes by piperine: oxidative stress, apoptosis, phenotyping and blastogenesis. Biochem Pharmacol 2006; 72:486-97. [PMID: 16780805 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2006.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2006] [Revised: 05/01/2006] [Accepted: 05/02/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Piperine, a main component of Piper longum Linn. and Piper nigrum Linn., is a plant alkaloid with a long history of medicinal use in Indian medicine. It is known to exhibit a variety of biological activities which include anti-pyretic, anti-inflammatory, anti-depressant, hepatoprotective and antitumor. Its immunomodulatory role has so far been limited to humoral response. The influence of piperine on murine thymocytes, immunocompromised by cadmium has been reported by us in this investigation. The various biochemical parameters such as oxidative stress markers (ROS and GSH), Bcl-2 protein expression, mitochondrial membrane potential, caspase-3 activity, DNA damage, blastogenesis and T lymphocyte phenotypes were determined. Cadmium (25 microM) induced apoptosis earliest at 6 h. Alterations in ROS and GSH preceded mitochondrial membrane depolarization and caspase-3 activation followed by apoptosis. The phenotypic changes occurred at 18 h and blastogenesis at 72 h. Various conc. of piperine (1, 10 and 50 microg/ml) when added along with Cd (25 microM) from 1.5 to 72 h, caused a dose and time dependent amelioration in all the cellular events mentioned above. Modulation of oxidative stress has earlier been reported to reduce Cd induced apoptosis in murine lymphocytes. Inhibition of the ROS production and replenishment of GSH by piperine, may in part be responsible for the suppression of downstream cascade of events, i.e. apoptosis, blastogenesis and T lymphocyte phenotyping. The study clearly demonstrated the anti-oxidative, anti-apoptotic, and restorative ability against cell proliferative mitogenic response and phenotypic alterations by piperine, suggesting its therapeutic usefulness in immunocompromised conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelima Pathak
- Industrial Toxicology Research Centre, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, P. Box 80, Lucknow 226001, India
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