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Leonard R, Hughes N, Forbes T, Brown M, Marsh L, Truesdale M, Todd S, Linden M. Effectiveness of Online Programmes for Family Carers of People with Intellectual Disabilities: Systematic Review of the International Evidence Base. Healthcare (Basel) 2024; 12:1349. [PMID: 38998883 PMCID: PMC11241307 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare12131349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
This systematic literature review examines the evidence base on the effectiveness of online programmes on the mental health and well-being of family carers of people with intellectual disabilities. Databases (ERIC, Medline, PsycINFO and CINAHL) were searched for intervention studies that considered online interventions for family carers of people with intellectual disabilities. Data were extracted using standardised data extraction tools. Bias was assessed using the Cochrane risk of bias tool for randomised trials (RoB 2). Screening, extraction and assessment of bias were completed independently by two members of the research team. Given the low number of included studies and different outcomes assessed within them, it was not possible to conduct a meta-analysis; therefore, data are presented narratively. Two studies met the criteria to be included in the review. Both studies utilised a feasibility randomised controlled trial methodology. One study found a significant decrease in parental stress, while the other found a significant increase in psychological well-being. Caution must be taken in drawing firm conclusions, given the small sample sizes and low retention rates in both studies. Online programmes seem to offer potential benefits to family carers of people with intellectual disabilities. However, further investigation is needed to examine these programmes, adopting a collaborative approach with family carers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Leonard
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK
| | - Nathan Hughes
- Department of Sociological Studies, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Trisha Forbes
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK
| | - Michael Brown
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK
| | - Lynne Marsh
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK
| | - Maria Truesdale
- College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Stuart Todd
- School of Care Sciences, University of South Wales, Usk Way, Newport NP20 2BP, UK
| | - Mark Linden
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK
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Rutter TL, Hastings RP, Murray CA, Enoch N, Johnson S, Stinton C. Psychological wellbeing in parents of children with Down syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev 2024; 110:102426. [PMID: 38652972 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2024.102426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
We report a review examining the psychological wellbeing of parents of children with Down syndrome (DS) relative to that of parents of typically developing (TD) children. A systematic search identified 57 relevant studies, which were synthesised meta-analytically. Relative to their counterparts with TD children, mothers and fathers of children with DS reported higher levels of parenting stress (mothers: g = 0.57, 95% CI [0.33, 0.81]; fathers: g = 0.40, [0.24, 0.56]), depressive symptoms (mothers: g = 0.42, [0.23, 0.61]; fathers: g = 0.25, [0.02, 0.48]) and psychological distress (mothers: g = 0.45, [0.30, 0.60]; fathers: g = 0.63, [0.26, 0.99]). Small effects were found for anxiety for mothers (g = 0.16, [0.03, 0.29]), with no differences for fathers (g = 0.03, [-0.25, 0.32]). No group differences were found for positive impact of parenting (mothers: g = -0.09, [-0.25, 0.07]; fathers: g = -0.04, [-0.30, 0.22]), while evidence concerning other positive wellbeing outcomes was limited. No significant moderating effects of child age range, country income level, or group differences in parental education level were identified, but limited subgroup analyses were possible. Raising a child with DS may be associated with elevated stress, depressive symptoms, and psychological distress for mothers and fathers. However, levels of parenting reward appear equivalent to those experienced by parents raising TD children.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Rutter
- Centre for Research in Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.
| | - R P Hastings
- Centre for Research in Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - C A Murray
- Centre for Research in Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - N Enoch
- Down Syndrome UK, Leamington Spa, Warwickshire, UK
| | - S Johnson
- University of Warwick Library, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - C Stinton
- Division of Health Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
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Bodde AE, Helsel BC, Hastert M, Suire KB, Washburn RA, Donnelly JE, Ptomey LT. The prevalence of obesity and lifestyle behaviors of parents of youth with intellectual and developmental disabilities. Disabil Health J 2023; 16:101430. [PMID: 36604240 PMCID: PMC10264551 DOI: 10.1016/j.dhjo.2022.101430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parents of youth with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) may have a higher prevalence of overweight and obesity and poorer weight management behaviors compared to the general population. OBJECTIVE To describe the prevalence of overweight/obesity and related socioeconomic and lifestyle factors including diet quality, physical activity, and reported health habits in parents of youth with IDD. METHODS We assessed: BMI (kg/m2), moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), fruit and vegetable intake (FVI), parental diet and physical activity habits, and socioeconomic characteristics. Associations of BMI on MVPA and FVI were assessed with Spearman's correlation; differences in BMI by parental diet and physical activity habits were assessed with Kruskall-Wallis tests; and the relationships of BMI to household income, race, and education were assessed with Kendall Tau-b and Mann Whitney U tests. RESULTS Data was obtained from 110 parents (97.3% female) who were study partners for their adolescents/young adults with IDD participating in a weight loss clinical trial. Approximately 81% of parents were overweight or obese (25.7% overweight, 55.1% obese), with 46.3% and 20% meeting the recommended U.S. guidelines for MVPA and FVI, respectively. Higher FVI and higher income were significantly associated with lower parent BMI. BMI was significantly lower in parents who reported to be physically active and choose healthy food. CONCLUSION We observed a high prevalence of overweight/obesity, low FVI and low levels of MVPA in parents of adolescents with IDD. These observations suggest that interventions designed to address these factors have the potential to improve the health and wellbeing of both parents and adolescents with IDD. CLINICAL TRIALS NUMBER NCT02561754.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy E Bodde
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA.
| | - Brian C Helsel
- Department of Neurology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Mary Hastert
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA; Department of Dietetics and Nutrition, The University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Kameron B Suire
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Richard A Washburn
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Joseph E Donnelly
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Lauren T Ptomey
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
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Hande V, Jayan P, Kishore MT, Bhaskarapillai B, Kommu JVS. Development of a scale to assess the determinants of positive coping in parents of children with intellectual disability. JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES : JOID 2023; 27:156-169. [PMID: 35125025 DOI: 10.1177/17446295211056824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Identifying the determinants of positive coping is a critical step in empowering the parents of children with intellectual disability. In this context, this study aims to develop a scale to assess the determinants of positive coping. Accordingly, culturally relevant items were pooled, got validated by experts and refined. The scale was administered to 150 parents of children with intellectual disability. Factor analysis done through polychoric correlation helped reduce the items. Cronbach's alpha coefficients were established for reliability testing. The validity of the new scale was examined with the subjective wellbeing on a visual analogue scale and Family Interview for Stress and Coping in Mental Retardation. The new scale has a Cronbach's alpha of 0.71 and an intraclass correlation of 0.64. After factor analysis, 12 items were retained in the final version. This study also identified specific factors associated with positive coping. The new scale can be used with parents of children with intellectual disabilities to identify the determinants of positive coping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasudha Hande
- Department of Clinical Psychology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - Parvathy Jayan
- Department of Clinical Psychology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - M Thomas Kishore
- Department of Clinical Psychology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - Binukumar Bhaskarapillai
- Department of Biostatistics, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - John Vijay Sagar Kommu
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
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Ahmed AN, Raj SP. Self-compassion Intervention for Parents of Children with Developmental Disabilities: A Feasibility Study. ADVANCES IN NEURODEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS 2022; 7:277-289. [PMID: 36440059 PMCID: PMC9676721 DOI: 10.1007/s41252-022-00305-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Objectives Parents of children with developmental disabilities (DDs) experience greater psychological distress (e.g., stress and depression) compared to parents of children without DDs. Self-compassion (i.e., responding with compassion to oneself during times of stress and difficulty) is associated with greater self-care as well as lower levels of stress, depression, and internalized stigma among parents of children with DDs. In this study, we tested the feasibility of a 4-week brief, asynchronous, online intervention targeting self-compassion among parents of children with DDs. Methods Participants were fifty parents (48 mothers; 2 fathers) of children with DDs. Participants' ages ranged from 25 to 62 years (M = 42.1 years, SD = 7.9 years), and 88% of participants had one child with a DD, and the remaining parents had two or more children with DDs. Child diagnoses included Down syndrome, autism spectrum disorder, and intellectual disability. Feasibility was assessed in five domains (i.e., acceptability, demand, implementation, practicability, and limited efficacy) using a combination of self-report measures, qualitative feedback, and data on attrition. Results Most parents (84%) completed ≥ 3 modules, and 74% completed all four modules. Almost all parents (> 90%) reported that they would recommend the intervention to others. Paired-samples t-tests demonstrated significant pre-intervention to post-intervention increases in self-compassion and well-being, and significant reductions in parent depression and stress. Conclusions Overall, data support feasibility of the 4-week intervention targeting parent self-compassion and provide preliminary efficacy data that need to be followed up in a larger randomized control trial.
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Lee J, Gao M, Lee C. Gendered racial disparities in health of parents with children with developmental disabilities. Front Psychol 2022; 13:926655. [PMID: 36118507 PMCID: PMC9479760 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.926655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is little information on (1) how adverse experiences in early life are associated with the risk of having a child with health problems and (2) whether the health of racial and gender minority groups would be particularly compromised if they have developmentally disabled (DD) children. Objective By integrating life-course perspectives and the intersectionality framework, we examine (1) the extent to which parents’ early-life adversities (ELAs) are associated with having children with DD or other health issues and (2) whether the association between having DD children and parental (physical and mental) health varies across race–gender groups after accounting for ELAs. Methods Using data from Black and White parents from the Midlife in the US Study (n = 7,425; 18% Black), we employed (1) multinomial logistic regression models to investigate the degree to which ELAs are associated with parenting types (having a child with DD, a child with recent illness, or a child without these health issues) and (2) multiple regression models with a three-way interaction term to investigate whether the gender–parenting type association differs by race. Results With more adversities, the probability of having children with health issues increases for all race–gender groups, but most dramatically for Black women. Having DD children is associated with more chronic illnesses and functional limitations for women than men, with the largest burden for Black women, yet neither gender nor racial differences in depressive symptoms. Our results highlight that while raising children with DD takes a toll on the health of all parents, the strain might be larger for Black mothers. Conclusion The adverse effects of parenting a child with DD is more pronounced for Black women than for other race–gender groups indicating opportunities to promote community-based programs for these parents.
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Haukeland YB, Vatne TM, Mossige S, Fjermestad KW. Psychosocial Functioning in Siblings of Children With Rare Disorders Compared to Controls. THE YALE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2021; 94:537-544. [PMID: 34970091 PMCID: PMC8686778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Siblings of children with chronic disorders are at increased risk of psychosocial problems. The risk may be exacerbated when the chronic disorder is rare and limited medical knowledge is available, due to more uncertainty and feelings of isolation. We examined mental health, parent-child communication, child-parent relationship quality, and social support among 100 children aged 8 to 16 years (M age 11.5 years, SD = 2.2; 50.0% boys, 50.0% girls). Fifty-six were siblings of children with rare disorders, and 44 were controls. The siblings of children with rare disorders (herein, siblings) were recruited from a resource centre for rare disorders and comprised siblings of children with a range of rare disorders including neuromuscular disorders and rare chromosomal disorders with intellectual disability. Controls were recruited from schools. Self-reported child mental health was significantly poorer for siblings compared to controls (effect size difference d = 0.75). Parent-reported child mental health was not significantly different between the groups (d = -0.06 to 0.16). Most child-parent relationships (anxiety/avoidance; mothers/fathers) were significantly poorer for siblings compared to controls (d = 0.47 to 0.91). There was no difference between groups in anxious relation with mother. Parent-child communication was significantly poorer for siblings compared to controls (d = -0.87 to -0.75). Social support was significantly poorer for siblings compared to controls (d = 0.61). We conclude that siblings of children with rare disorders display more psychosocial problems than controls. Interventions are indicated to prevent further maladjustment for siblings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yngvild B. Haukeland
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo,
Norway,To whom all correspondence should be addressed:
Yngvild B. Haukeland, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo,
Norway; ; ORCID iD:
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9759-6944
| | - Torun M. Vatne
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo,
Norway,Frambu Resource Centre for Rare Disorders, Siggerud,
Norway
| | - Svein Mossige
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo,
Norway
| | - Krister W. Fjermestad
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo,
Norway,Frambu Resource Centre for Rare Disorders, Siggerud,
Norway
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Dhungel B, Tsuguhiko K, Ochi M, Gilmour S, Kachi Y, Takehara K. Association of child's disability status with father's health outcomes in Japan. SSM Popul Health 2021; 16:100951. [PMID: 34754897 PMCID: PMC8556528 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2021.100951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Fathers' involvement in childcare has been increasing in recent years. However, very little is known about the health impact on fathers when they are caring for or living with a disabled child. This study aims to understand the psychological distress and subjective health outcomes among fathers living with a disabled child compared to fathers living without a disabled child. Data for this study were obtained from the Comprehensive Survey of the Living Conditions conducted by the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare in 2016. Multivariable logistic regression was used among 438 disabled-child and father dyads and 27,682 non-disabled-child and father dyads to analyse the association between a child's disability status with father's health outcomes. Fathers of disabled children had a higher prevalence of psychological distress (17% vs. 12%) and poor subjective health status (13% vs. 8%) than fathers of non-disabled children. A large proportion of disabled children were boys (70%) and had disability level 1 (47%). After adjusting for covariates, the odds ratio (OR) of having psychological distress (OR, 1.53; 95% CI, 1.19–1.97) and poor subjective health status (OR, 1.78; 95% CI, 1.34–2.36) among fathers of disabled children is significantly higher compared to fathers of non-disabled children. Unemployed fathers had a higher odds ratio of psychological distress (OR, 3.07; 95% CI, 2.49–3.79) and poor subjective health status (OR, 4.90; 95% CI, 3.95–6.09) compared to regular working fathers. Fathers of children with disabilities need greater physical and mental health and wellbeing support. They should be provided with additional support not just for their mental but also their subjective wellbeing. Fathers of disabled children have higher odds ratio of psychological distress. Fathers of disabled children have higher odds ratio of poor subjective health status. 70% of disabled children were boys and 47% had mildest severity of disability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibha Dhungel
- Department of Health Policy, National Centre for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, 157- 8535, Japan.,Graduate School of Public Health, St. Luke's International University, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan
| | - Kato Tsuguhiko
- Graduate School of Public Health, St. Luke's International University, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan.,Department of Social Medicine, National Centre for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan
| | - Manami Ochi
- Department of Social Medicine, National Centre for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan.,Department of Health and Welfare Services, National Institute of Public Health, Saitama, 351-0197, Japan
| | - Stuart Gilmour
- Graduate School of Public Health, St. Luke's International University, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan
| | - Yuko Kachi
- Department of Public Health, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan.,School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan
| | - Kenji Takehara
- Department of Health Policy, National Centre for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, 157- 8535, Japan
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Kostiukow A, Poniewierski P, Janowska D, Samborski W. Levels of happiness and depression in parents of children with autism spectrum disorder in Poland. Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars) 2021; 81:279-285. [PMID: 34672298 DOI: 10.21307/ane-2021-026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
There are numerous factors that determine the sense of happiness and level of depression in caregivers of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The aim of this paper is to evaluate happiness and depression in/among families with an ASD child and compare with families with neurotypical children. The study included 182 participants. The participants answered questions for two questionnaires: Beck Depression Inventory and Oxford Happiness Questionnaire. The outcome of the study identified significant differences for sense of happiness and level of depression among the parents of children with ASD compared with the parents of neurotypical children. It was shown that parents of children with ASD reported a lower sense of happiness and a higher level of depression compared to the parents of neurotypical children. They also showed a significantly higher level of depression relative to the decreased level of happiness. Moreover, parents who have a university education degree and a child with ASD showed a higher sense of happiness and a lower level of depression than parents who had a secondary education degree, in the studied groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kostiukow
- Department of Rheumatology, Rehabilitation and Internal Disease, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Piotr Poniewierski
- Department of Rheumatology, Rehabilitation and Internal Disease, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
- Neurodevelopmental Student Scientific Group, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland;
| | - Dominika Janowska
- Neurodevelopmental Student Scientific Group, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Włodzimierz Samborski
- Department of Rheumatology, Rehabilitation and Internal Disease, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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Newbold Y, Busk M. The role of psychiatry in championing positive life outcomes for children and adults with neurodevelopmental disorders and their families. Br J Psychiatry 2021; 218:7-9. [PMID: 33541477 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.2020.233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Children and adults with neurodevelopmental disorders make up an estimated 10% of the population. Addressing health inequalities and poorer life outcomes is essential to deliver better quality care. Two parent-carers working in national roles in England suggest ways to increase understanding and work together in coproduction to achieve this.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mary Busk
- Learning Disability and Autism Programme, NHS England, UK
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Missing pieces of the puzzle: Deriving a theory of father involvement and intellectual disability. JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY RESEARCH : JIDR 2020; 64:395-398. [PMID: 32420679 DOI: 10.1111/jir.12737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
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