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Pal S, Chatterjee N, Das AK, McClements DJ, Dhar P. Sophorolipids: A comprehensive review on properties and applications. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 313:102856. [PMID: 36827914 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2023.102856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Sophorolipids are surface-active glycolipids produced by several non-pathogenic yeast species and are widely used as biosurfactants in several industrial applications. Sophorolipids provide a plethora of benefits over chemically synthesized surfactants for certain applications like bioremediation, oil recovery, and pharmaceuticals. They are, for instance less toxic, more benign and environment friendly in nature, biodegradable, freely adsorb to different surfaces, self-assembly in hydrated solutions, robustness for industrial applications etc. These miraculous properties result in valuable physicochemical attributes such as low critical micelle concentrations (CMCs), reduced interfacial surface tension, and capacity to dissolve non-polar components. Moreover, they exhibit a diverse range of physicochemical, functional, and biological attributes due to their unique molecular composition and structure. In this article, we highlight the physico-chemical properties of sophorolipids, how these properties are exploited by the human community for extensive benefits and the conditions which lead to their unique tailor-made structures and how they entail their interfacial behavior. Besides, we discuss the advantages and disadvantages associated with the use of these sophorolipids. We also review their physiological and functional attributes, along with their potential commercial applications, in real-world scenario. Biosurfactants are compared to their man-made equivalents to show the variations in structure-property correlations and possible benefits. Those attempting to manufacture purported natural or green surfactant with innovative and valuable qualities can benefit from an understanding of biosurfactant features structured along the same principles. The uniqueness of this review article is the detailed physico-chemical study of the sophorolipid biosurfactant and how these properties helps in their usage and detailed explicit study of their applications in the current scenario and also covering their pros and cons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srija Pal
- Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Food and Nutrition Division, University of Calcutta, 20B Judges Court Road, Kolkata 700027, West Bengal, India
| | - Niloy Chatterjee
- Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Food and Nutrition Division, University of Calcutta, 20B Judges Court Road, Kolkata 700027, West Bengal, India; Centre for Research in Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, University of Calcutta, JD 2, Sector III, Salt Lake City, Kolkata 700 098, West Bengal, India
| | - Arun K Das
- Eastern Regional Station, ICAR-IVRI, 37 Belgachia Road, Kolkata 700037, West Bengal, India
| | - David Julian McClements
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA; Department of Food Science & Bioengineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, 18 Xuezheng Street, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China
| | - Pubali Dhar
- Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Food and Nutrition Division, University of Calcutta, 20B Judges Court Road, Kolkata 700027, West Bengal, India; Centre for Research in Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, University of Calcutta, JD 2, Sector III, Salt Lake City, Kolkata 700 098, West Bengal, India.
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Qazi MA, Wang Q, Dai Z. Sophorolipids bioproduction in the yeast Starmerella bombicola: Current trends and perspectives. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 346:126593. [PMID: 34942344 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Sophorolipids are highly active green surfactants (glycolipid biosurfactants) getting tremendous appreciation worldwide due to their low toxicity, biodegradability, broad spectrum of applications, and significant biotechnological potential. Sophorolipids are mainly produced by an oleaginous budding yeast Starmerella bombicola using low-cost substrates. Therefore, the recent state-of-art literature information about S. bombicola yeast is hereby provided, especially the underlying production pathways, biosynthetic gene cluster, and regulatory enzymes. Moreover, the S. bombicola offers flexibility for regulating the structural diversity of sophorolipids, either genetically or by varying fermentative conditions. The emergence of advanced technologies like 'Omics and CRISPR/Cas have certainly boosted rational engineering research for designing high-performing platform strains. Therefore, currently available genetic engineering tools in S. bombicola were reviewed, thereby opening up exciting new possibilities for improving the overall bioproduction titers, structural variability, and stability of sophorolipids. Finally, some technical perspectives to address the current challenges were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muneer Ahmed Qazi
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, PR China; National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, PR China; Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Natural Science, Shah Abdul Latif University, Khairpur, 66020 Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Qinhong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, PR China; National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, PR China
| | - Zongjie Dai
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, PR China; National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, PR China.
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Li Y, Chen Y, Tian X, Chu J. Advances in sophorolipid-producing strain performance improvement and fermentation optimization technology. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:10325-10337. [PMID: 33097965 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10964-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Sophorolipids (SLs), currently one of the most promising biosurfactants, are secondary metabolites produced by many non-pathogenic yeasts, among which Candida bombicola ATCC 22214 is the main sophorolipid-producing strain. SLs have gained much attention since they exhibit anti-tumor, anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory, and other beneficial biological activities. In addition, as biosurfactants, SLs have a low toxicity level and are easily degradable without polluting the environment. However, the production cost of SLs remains high, which hinders the industrialization process of SL production. This paper describes SL structure and the metabolic pathway of SL synthesis firstly. Furthermore, we analyze factors that contribute to the higher production cost of SLs and summarize current research status on the advancement of SL production based on two aspects: (1) the improvement of strain performance and (2) the optimization of fermentation process. Further prospects of lowering the cost of SL production are also discussed in order to achieve larger-scale SL production with a high yield at a low cost. KEY POINTS: • Review of advances in strain performance improvement and fermentation optimization. • High-throughput screening and metabolic engineering for high-performance strains. • Low-cost substrates and semi-continuous strategies for efficient SL production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 329, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 329, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiwei Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 329, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ju Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 329, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, People's Republic of China.
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Metabolic profiling and flux distributions reveal a key role of acetyl-CoA in sophorolipid synthesis by Candida bombicola. Biochem Eng J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2019.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Claus S, Van Bogaert IN. Sophorolipid production by yeasts: a critical review of the literature and suggestions for future research. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101:7811-7821. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8519-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 09/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Hwang SH, Wagner K, Xu J, Yang J, Li X, Cao Z, Morisseau C, Lee KSS, Hammock BD. Chemical synthesis and biological evaluation of ω-hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acids. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 27:620-625. [PMID: 28025003 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
ω-Hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), natural metabolites from arachidonic acid (ARA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) were prepared via convergent synthesis approach using two key steps: Cu-mediated CC bond formation to construct methylene skipped poly-ynes and a partial alkyne hydrogenation where the presence of excess 2-methyl-2-butene as an additive that is proven to be critical for the success of partial reduction of the poly-ynes to the corresponding cis-alkenes without over-hydrogenation. The potential biological function of ω-hydroxy PUFAs in pain was evaluated in naive rats. Following intraplantar injection, 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE, ω-hydroxy ARA) generated an acute decrease in paw withdrawal thresholds in a mechanical nociceptive assay indicating pain, but no change was observed from rats which received either 20-hydroxyeicosapentaenoic acid (20-HEPE, ω-hydroxy EPA) or 22-hydroxydocosahexaenoic acid (22-HDoHE, ω-hydroxy DHA). We also found that both 20-HEPE and 22-HDoHE are more potent than 20-HETE to activate murine transient receptor potential vanilloid receptor1 (mTRPV1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Hee Hwang
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, and UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Karen Wagner
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, and UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Jian Xu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Development, China Pharmaceutical University, 639, Longmian Ave, Jiangning District, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211198, PR China
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, and UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Xichun Li
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Development, China Pharmaceutical University, 639, Longmian Ave, Jiangning District, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211198, PR China
| | - Zhengyu Cao
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Development, China Pharmaceutical University, 639, Longmian Ave, Jiangning District, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211198, PR China
| | - Christophe Morisseau
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, and UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Kin Sing Stephen Lee
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, and UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Bruce D Hammock
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, and UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Sanaki T, Inaba Y, Fujiwara T, Yoshioka T, Matsushima K, Minagawa K, Higashino K, Nakano T, Numata Y. A hybrid strategy using global analysis of oxidized fatty acids and bioconversion by Bacillus circulans. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2016; 30:751-762. [PMID: 26864527 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 12/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Targeted oxidized fatty acid analysis has been widely used to understand the roles of fatty acids in the development of diseases. However, because of the extensive structural diversity of fatty acids, it is considered that unknown lipid metabolites will remain undetected. Here, to discover and identify unknown lipid metabolites in biological samples, a global analytical system and a method of synthesizing lipid standards were investigated. METHODS Oxidized fatty acids in mouse lung tissues were extracted using mixed-mode spin columns. Separation was achieved via ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography, mass spectrometric (MS) analysis was conducted in full scan mode using a Q Exactive Plus instrument equipped with an electrospray ionization probe, and structure analysis was carried out by high-resolution data-dependent tandem mass spectrometry (dd-MS(2)). In addition, lipid standards, which are not commercially available, were synthesized by bioconversion using Bacillus circulans. RESULTS Oxidized fatty acids in mouse lung tissues were analyzed by high-resolution accurate-mass analysis, and multiple unknown molecules were discovered and tentatively identified using high-resolution dd-MS(2). Among these molecules, 21-hydroxydocosahexaenoic acid (21-HDoHE) and 22-HDoHE, which are not commercially available, were synthesized by bioconversion. By comparing the exact masses, retention times, and characteristic fragment ions of the synthesized standards, 21-HDoHE and 22-HDoHE were definitively identified in the mouse lung tissue. CONCLUSIONS Our strategy of global analysis and bioconversion can be used for the discovery and identification of unknown lipid molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takao Sanaki
- Shionogi Innovation Center for Drug Discovery, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Sapporo, 001-0021, Japan
| | - Yoko Inaba
- Shionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center for Drug Discovery, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Osaka, 561-0825, Japan
| | - Takuji Fujiwara
- Shionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center for Drug Discovery, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Osaka, 561-0825, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yoshioka
- Shionogi Innovation Center for Drug Discovery, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Sapporo, 001-0021, Japan
| | - Keisuke Matsushima
- Shionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center for Drug Discovery, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Osaka, 561-0825, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Minagawa
- Shionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center for Drug Discovery, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Osaka, 561-0825, Japan
| | - Kenichi Higashino
- Shionogi Innovation Center for Drug Discovery, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Sapporo, 001-0021, Japan
| | - Toru Nakano
- Shionogi Innovation Center for Drug Discovery, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Sapporo, 001-0021, Japan
| | - Yoshito Numata
- Shionogi Innovation Center for Drug Discovery, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Sapporo, 001-0021, Japan
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Saerens KM, Van Bogaert IN, Soetaert W. Characterization of sophorolipid biosynthetic enzymes fromStarmerella bombicola. FEMS Yeast Res 2015; 15:fov075. [DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/fov075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Ciesielska K, Van Bogaert I, Chevineau S, Li B, Groeneboer S, Soetaert W, Van de Peer Y, Devreese B. Exoproteome analysis of Starmerella bombicola results in the discovery of an esterase required for lactonization of sophorolipids. J Proteomics 2014; 98:159-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Revised: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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