1
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Wood PL. Metabolic and Lipid Biomarkers for Pathogenic Algae, Fungi, Cyanobacteria, Mycobacteria, Gram-Positive Bacteria, and Gram-Negative Bacteria. Metabolites 2024; 14:378. [PMID: 39057701 PMCID: PMC11278827 DOI: 10.3390/metabo14070378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The utilization of metabolomics and lipidomics analytical platforms in the study of pathogenic microbes is slowly expanding. These research approaches will significantly contribute to the establishment of microbial metabolite and lipid databases of significant value to all researchers in microbiology. In this review, we present a high-level overview of some examples of biomarkers that can be used to detect the presence of microbes, monitor the expansion/decline of a microbe population, and add to our understanding of microbe biofilms and pathogenicity. In addition, increased knowledge of the metabolic functions of pathogenic microbes can contribute to our understanding of microbes that are utilized in diverse industrial applications. Our review focuses on lipids, secondary metabolites, and non-ribosomal peptides that can be monitored using electrospray ionization high-resolution mass spectrometry (ESI-HRMS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul L Wood
- Metabolomics Unit, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, 6965 Cumberland Gap Parkway, Harrogate, TN 37752, USA
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2
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Roman D, Meisinger P, Guillonneau R, Peng CC, Peltner LK, Jordan PM, Haensch V, Götze S, Werz O, Hertweck C, Chen Y, Beemelmanns C. Structure Revision of a Widespread Marine Sulfonolipid Class Based on Isolation and Total Synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202401195. [PMID: 38529534 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202401195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
The cosmopolitan marine Roseobacter clade is of global biogeochemical importance. Members of this clade produce sulfur-containing amino lipids (SALs) involved in biofilm formation and marine surface colonization processes. Despite their physiological relevance and abundance, SALs have only been explored through genomic mining approaches and lipidomic studies based on mass spectrometry, which left the relative and absolute structures of SALs unresolved, hindering progress in biochemical and functional investigations. Herein, we report the structural revision of a new group of SALs, which we named cysteinolides, using a combination of analytical techniques, isolation and degradation experiments and total synthetic efforts. Contrary to the previously proposed homotaurine-based structures, cysteinolides are composed of an N,O-acylated cysteinolic acid-containing head group carrying various different (α-hydroxy)carboxylic acids. We also performed the first validated targeted-network based analysis, which allowed us to map the distribution and structural diversity of cysteinolides across bacterial lineages. Beyond offering structural insight, our research provides SAL standards and validated analytical data. This information holds significance for forthcoming investigations into bacterial sulfonolipid metabolism and biogeochemical nutrient cycling within marine environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dávid Roman
- Chemical Biology of Microbe-Host Interactions, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), Beutenbergstrasse 11 A, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Anti-Infectives from Microbiota Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI) Campus E8.1, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Philippe Meisinger
- Chemical Biology of Microbe-Host Interactions, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), Beutenbergstrasse 11 A, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), Beutenbergstrasse 11 A, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Chia-Chi Peng
- Chemical Biology of Microbe-Host Interactions, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), Beutenbergstrasse 11 A, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Anti-Infectives from Microbiota Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI) Campus E8.1, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Lukas K Peltner
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry Institute of Pharmacy-, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Philosophenweg 14, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Paul M Jordan
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry Institute of Pharmacy-, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Philosophenweg 14, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Veit Haensch
- Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), Beutenbergstrasse 11 A, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Sebastian Götze
- Anti-Infectives from Microbiota Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI) Campus E8.1, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Oliver Werz
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry Institute of Pharmacy-, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Philosophenweg 14, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Hertweck
- Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), Beutenbergstrasse 11 A, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Institute of Microbiology-, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Yin Chen
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Christine Beemelmanns
- Chemical Biology of Microbe-Host Interactions, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), Beutenbergstrasse 11 A, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Anti-Infectives from Microbiota Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI) Campus E8.1, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
- Saarland University, Campus E8.1, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
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3
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Wood PL, Le A, Palazzolo DL. Comparative Lipidomics of Oral Commensal and Opportunistic Bacteria. Metabolites 2024; 14:240. [PMID: 38668368 PMCID: PMC11052126 DOI: 10.3390/metabo14040240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The oral cavity contains a vast array of microbes that contribute to the balance between oral health and disease. In addition, oral bacteria can gain access to the circulation and contribute to other diseases and chronic conditions. There are a limited number of publications available regarding the comparative lipidomics of oral bacteria and fungi involved in the construction of oral biofilms, hence our decision to study the lipidomics of representative oral bacteria and a fungus. We performed high-resolution mass spectrometric analyses (<2.0 ppm mass error) of the lipidomes from five Gram-positive commensal bacteria: Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus intermedius, Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus sanguinis, and Streptococcus gordonii; five Gram-positive opportunistic bacteria: Streptococcus mutans, Staphylococcus epidermis, Streptococcus acidominimus, Actinomyces viscosus, and Nanosynbacter lyticus; seven Gram-negative opportunistic bacteria: Porphyromonas gingivalis. Prevotella brevis, Proteus vulgaris, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Veillonella parvula, Treponema denticola, and Alkermansia muciniphila; and one fungus: Candida albicans. Our mass spectrometric analytical platform allowed for a detailed evaluation of the many structural modifications made by microbes for the three major lipid scaffolds: glycerol, sphingosine and fatty acyls of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul L. Wood
- Metabolomics Unit, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, 6965 Cumberland Gap Pkwy., Harrogate, TN 37752, USA
| | - Annie Le
- Clinical Training Program, DeBusk College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, 6965 Cumberland Gap Pkwy., Harrogate, TN 37752, USA
| | - Dominic L. Palazzolo
- Department of Physiology, DeBusk College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, 6965 Cumberland Gap Pkwy., Harrogate, TN 37752, USA;
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Radka CD, Miller DJ, Frank MW, Rock CO. Biochemical characterization of the first step in sulfonolipid biosynthesis in Alistipes finegoldii. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102195. [PMID: 35760102 PMCID: PMC9304779 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfonolipids are unusual lipids found in the outer membranes of Gram-negative bacteria in the phylum Bacteroidetes. Sulfonolipid and its deacylated derivative, capnine, are sulfur analogs of ceramide-1-phosphate and sphingosine-1-phosphate, respectively; thus, sulfonolipid biosynthesis is postulated to be similar to the sphingolipid biosynthetic pathway. Here, we identify the first enzyme in sulfonolipid synthesis in Alistipes finegoldii, an anaerobic gut commensal bacterium, as the product of the alfi_1224 gene, cysteate acyl-acyl carrier protein (ACP) transferase (SulA). We show SulA catalyzes the condensation of acyl-ACP and cysteate (3-sulfo-alanine) to form 3-ketocapnine. Acyl-CoA is a poor substrate. We show SulA has a bound pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) cofactor that undergoes a spectral redshift in the presence of cysteate, consistent with the transition of the lysine-aldimine complex to a substrate-aldimine complex. Furthermore, the SulA crystal structure shows the same prototypical fold found in bacterial serine palmitoyltransferases (Spt), enveloping the PLP cofactor bound to Lys251. We observed the SulA and Spt active sites are identical except for Lys281 in SulA, which is an alanine in Spt. Additionally, SulA(K281A) is catalytically inactive, but binds cysteate and forms the external aldimine normally, highlighting the structural role of the Lys281 side chain in walling off the active site from bulk solvent. Finally, the electropositive groove on the protein surface adjacent to the active site entrance provides a landing pad for the electronegative acyl-ACP surface. Taken together, these data identify the substrates, products, and mechanism of SulA, the PLP-dependent condensing enzyme that catalyzes the first step in sulfonolipid synthesis in a gut commensal bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Radka
- Departments of, Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, 38015, USA.
| | - Darcie J Miller
- Departments of, Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, 38015, USA
| | - Matthew W Frank
- Departments of, Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, 38015, USA
| | - Charles O Rock
- Departments of, Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, 38015, USA
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Prathiba S, Sabareesh V, Anbalagan M, Jayaraman G. Metabolites from halophilic bacterial isolates Bacillus VITPS16 are cytotoxic against HeLa cells. 3 Biotech 2021; 11:276. [PMID: 34040925 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-021-02724-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was aimed at evaluating the cytotoxic potential of selected halophilic bacterial metabolites. The use of the metabolomics approach in identifying the unexplored bioactive metabolites from halophilic bacterial isolate reduces time and complex experiments. In our study, we used UV/Visible spectroscopy, LC-MS/MS, and NMR to identify the metabolites present in the methanolic extract of the halophilic bacterium Bacillus VITPS16. MTT assay revealed that metabolite fractions (S1-79.61% and S2-85.74%) possess cytotoxic activity. Colonogenic assay confirmed the cytotoxic potential of the fractions and apoptosis assays showed that 83.37% of the cells undergo apoptosis at 10 mg/mL concentration (MF-S2). The DNA binding studies revealed the metabolite fraction interacts with DNA resulting in cytotoxicity. The study states that MF- S2 induced an antiproliferative effect that led to apoptosis through DNA binding as one of the possible pathways. The toxicity analysis using zebrafish indicated that the metabolite fractions are non-toxic even at 10 mg/mL concentration. Fraction MF-S2 is found to contain phosphoethanolamines, glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, apocarotenoid, enigmol and its analogue, ankaflavin and flavonoid type of metabolites, which have been previously reported to have anti-cancer activity. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-021-02724-9.
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Vences-Guzmán MÁ, Peña-Miller R, Hidalgo-Aguilar NA, Vences-Guzmán ML, Guan Z, Sohlenkamp C. Identification of the Flavobacterium johnsoniae cysteate-fatty acyl transferase required for capnine synthesis and for efficient gliding motility. Environ Microbiol 2021; 23:2448-2460. [PMID: 33626217 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Sulfonolipids (SLs) are bacterial lipids that are structurally related to sphingolipids. Synthesis of this group of lipids seems to be mainly restricted to Flavobacterium, Cytophaga and other members of the phylum Bacteroidetes. These lipids have a wide range of biological activities: they can induce multicellularity in choanoflagellates, act as von Willebrand factor receptor antagonists, inhibit DNA polymerase, or function as tumour suppressing agents. In Flavobacterium johnsoniae, their presence seems to be required for efficient gliding motility. Until now, no genes/enzymes involved in SL synthesis have been identified, which has been limiting for the study of some of the biological effects these lipids have. Here, we describe the identification of the cysteate-fatty acyl transferase Fjoh_2419 required for synthesis of the SL precursor capnine in F. johnsoniae. This enzyme belongs to the α-oxoamine synthase family similar to serine palmitoyl transferases, 2-amino-3-oxobutyrate coenzyme A ligase and 8-amino-7-oxononanoate synthases. Expression of the gene fjoh_2419 in Escherichia coli caused the formation of a capnine-derived molecule. Flavobacterium johnsoniae mutants deficient in fjoh_2419 lacked SLs and were more sensitive to many antibiotics. Mutant growth was not affected in liquid medium but the cells exhibited defects in gliding motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Ángel Vences-Guzmán
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad s/n, Apdo. Postal 565-A, Cuernavaca, Morelos, CP62210, Mexico
| | - Rafael Peña-Miller
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad s/n, Apdo. Postal 565-A, Cuernavaca, Morelos, CP62210, Mexico
| | - Nancy Adriana Hidalgo-Aguilar
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad s/n, Apdo. Postal 565-A, Cuernavaca, Morelos, CP62210, Mexico
| | - Maritza Lorena Vences-Guzmán
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad s/n, Apdo. Postal 565-A, Cuernavaca, Morelos, CP62210, Mexico
| | - Ziqiang Guan
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Christian Sohlenkamp
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad s/n, Apdo. Postal 565-A, Cuernavaca, Morelos, CP62210, Mexico
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Radka CD, Frank MW, Rock CO, Yao J. Fatty acid activation and utilization by Alistipes finegoldii, a representative Bacteroidetes resident of the human gut microbiome. Mol Microbiol 2020; 113:807-825. [PMID: 31876062 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Members of the Bacteroidetes phylum, represented by Alistipes finegoldii, are prominent anerobic, Gram-negative inhabitants of the gut microbiome. The lipid biosynthetic pathways were analyzed using bioinformatic analyses, lipidomics, metabolic labeling and biochemistry to characterize exogenous fatty acid metabolism. A. finegoldii only produced the saturated fatty acids. The most abundant lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and sulfonolipid (SL). Neither phosphatidylglycerol nor cardiolipin are present. PE synthesis is initiated by the PlsX/PlsY/PlsC pathway, whereas the SL pathway is related to sphingolipid biosynthesis. A. finegoldii incorporated medium-chain fatty acids (≤14 carbons) into PE and SL after their elongation, whereas long-chain fatty acids (≥16 carbons) were not elongated. Fatty acids >16 carbons were primarily incorporated into the 2-position of phosphatidylethanolamine at the PlsC step, the only biosynthetic enzyme that utilizes long-chain acyl-ACP. The ability to assimilate a broad-spectrum of fatty acid chain lengths present in the gut environment is due to the expression of two acyl-acyl carrier protein (ACP) synthetases. Acyl-ACP synthetase 1 had a substrate preference for medium-chain fatty acids and synthetase 2 had a substrate preference for long-chain fatty acids. This unique combination of synthetases allows A. finegoldii to utilize both the medium- and long-chain fatty acid nutrients available in the gut environment to assemble its membrane lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Radka
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Matthew W Frank
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Charles O Rock
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Jiangwei Yao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
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Prokaryotic and Mitochondrial Lipids: A Survey of Evolutionary Origins. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019. [PMID: 31502197 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-21162-2_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Mitochondria and bacteria share a myriad of properties since it is believed that the powerhouses of the eukaryotic cell have evolved from a prokaryotic origin. Ribosomal RNA sequences, DNA architecture and metabolism are strikingly similar in these two entities. Proteins and nucleic acids have been a hallmark for comparison between mitochondria and prokaryotes. In this chapter, similarities (and differences) between mitochondrial and prokaryotic membranes are addressed with a focus on structure-function relationship of different lipid classes. In order to be suitable for the theme of the book, a special emphasis is reserved to the effects of bioactive sphingolipids, mainly ceramide, on mitochondrial membranes and their roles in initiating programmed cell death.
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Gunde-Cimerman N, Plemenitaš A, Oren A. Strategies of adaptation of microorganisms of the three domains of life to high salt concentrations. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuy009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nina Gunde-Cimerman
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 111, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ana Plemenitaš
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 1, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Aharon Oren
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, The Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
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Sulfonolipids as novel metabolite markers of Alistipes and Odoribacter affected by high-fat diets. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11047. [PMID: 28887494 PMCID: PMC5591296 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10369-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota generates a huge pool of unknown metabolites, and their identification and characterization is a key challenge in metabolomics. However, there are still gaps on the studies of gut microbiota and their chemical structures. In this investigation, an unusual class of bacterial sulfonolipids (SLs) is detected in mouse cecum, which was originally found in environmental microbes. We have performed a detailed molecular level characterization of this class of lipids by combining high-resolution mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography analysis. Eighteen SLs that differ in their capnoid and fatty acid chain compositions were identified. The SL called “sulfobacin B” was isolated, characterized, and was significantly increased in mice fed with high-fat diets. To reveal bacterial producers of SLs, metagenome analysis was acquired and only two bacterial genera, i.e., Alistipes and Odoribacter, were revealed to be responsible for their production. This knowledge enables explaining a part of the molecular complexity introduced by microbes to the mammalian gastrointestinal tract and can be used as chemotaxonomic evidence in gut microbiota.
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Hahnke RL, Meier-Kolthoff JP, García-López M, Mukherjee S, Huntemann M, Ivanova NN, Woyke T, Kyrpides NC, Klenk HP, Göker M. Genome-Based Taxonomic Classification of Bacteroidetes. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:2003. [PMID: 28066339 PMCID: PMC5167729 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.02003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The bacterial phylum Bacteroidetes, characterized by a distinct gliding motility, occurs in a broad variety of ecosystems, habitats, life styles, and physiologies. Accordingly, taxonomic classification of the phylum, based on a limited number of features, proved difficult and controversial in the past, for example, when decisions were based on unresolved phylogenetic trees of the 16S rRNA gene sequence. Here we use a large collection of type-strain genomes from Bacteroidetes and closely related phyla for assessing their taxonomy based on the principles of phylogenetic classification and trees inferred from genome-scale data. No significant conflict between 16S rRNA gene and whole-genome phylogenetic analysis is found, whereas many but not all of the involved taxa are supported as monophyletic groups, particularly in the genome-scale trees. Phenotypic and phylogenomic features support the separation of Balneolaceae as new phylum Balneolaeota from Rhodothermaeota and of Saprospiraceae as new class Saprospiria from Chitinophagia. Epilithonimonas is nested within the older genus Chryseobacterium and without significant phenotypic differences; thus merging the two genera is proposed. Similarly, Vitellibacter is proposed to be included in Aequorivita. Flexibacter is confirmed as being heterogeneous and dissected, yielding six distinct genera. Hallella seregens is a later heterotypic synonym of Prevotella dentalis. Compared to values directly calculated from genome sequences, the G+C content mentioned in many species descriptions is too imprecise; moreover, corrected G+C content values have a significantly better fit to the phylogeny. Corresponding emendations of species descriptions are provided where necessary. Whereas most observed conflict with the current classification of Bacteroidetes is already visible in 16S rRNA gene trees, as expected whole-genome phylogenies are much better resolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard L. Hahnke
- Department of Microorganisms, Leibniz Institute DSMZ–German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell CulturesBraunschweig, Germany
| | - Jan P. Meier-Kolthoff
- Department of Microorganisms, Leibniz Institute DSMZ–German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell CulturesBraunschweig, Germany
| | - Marina García-López
- Department of Microorganisms, Leibniz Institute DSMZ–German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell CulturesBraunschweig, Germany
| | - Supratim Mukherjee
- Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute (DOE JGI)Walnut Creek, CA, USA
| | - Marcel Huntemann
- Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute (DOE JGI)Walnut Creek, CA, USA
| | - Natalia N. Ivanova
- Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute (DOE JGI)Walnut Creek, CA, USA
| | - Tanja Woyke
- Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute (DOE JGI)Walnut Creek, CA, USA
| | - Nikos C. Kyrpides
- Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute (DOE JGI)Walnut Creek, CA, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz UniversityJeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Markus Göker
- Department of Microorganisms, Leibniz Institute DSMZ–German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell CulturesBraunschweig, Germany
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Oren A. Life in Hypersaline Environments. THEIR WORLD: A DIVERSITY OF MICROBIAL ENVIRONMENTS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-28071-4_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Dean SN, Walsh C, Goodman H, van Hoek ML. Analysis of mixed biofilm (Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) by laser ablation electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. BIOFOULING 2015; 31:151-161. [PMID: 25672229 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2015.1011067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus are ubiquitous pathogens often found together in polymicrobial, biofilm-associated infections. This study is the first to use laser ablation electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LAESI-MS) to rapidly study bacteria within a mixed biofilm. Fast, direct, non-invasive LAESI-MS analysis of biofilm could significantly accelerate biofilm studies and provide previously unavailable information on both biofilm composition and the effects of antibiofilm treatment. LAESI-MS was applied directly to a polymicrobial biofilm and analyzed with respect to whether P. aeruginosa and S. aureus were co-localized or self-segregated within the mixed biofilm. LAESI-MS was also used to analyze ions following LL-37 antimicrobial peptide treatment of the biofilm. This ambient ionization method holds promise for future biofilm studies. The use of this innovative technique has profound implications for the study of biofilms, as LAESI-MS eliminates the need for lengthy and disruptive sample preparation while permitting rapid analysis of unfixed and wet biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott N Dean
- a School of Systems Biology and National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases , George Mason University , Manassas , VA , USA
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Abstract
Animals evolved in seas teeming with bacteria, yet the influences of bacteria on animal origins are poorly understood. Comparisons among modern animals and their closest living relatives, the choanoflagellates, suggest that the first animals used flagellated collar cells to capture bacterial prey. The cell biology of prey capture, such as cell adhesion between predator and prey, involves mechanisms that may have been co-opted to mediate intercellular interactions during the evolution of animal multicellularity. Moreover, a history of bacterivory may have influenced the evolution of animal genomes by driving the evolution of genetic pathways for immunity and facilitating lateral gene transfer. Understanding the interactions between bacteria and the progenitors of animals may help to explain the myriad ways in which bacteria shape the biology of modern animals, including ourselves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosanna A Alegado
- Department of Oceanography, Center for Microbial Oceanography: Research and Education, Sea Grant College, University of Hawai'i Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822
| | - Nicole King
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and the Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
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Beemelmanns C, Woznica A, Alegado RA, Cantley AM, King N, Clardy J. Synthesis of the rosette-inducing factor RIF-1 and analogs. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:10210-3. [PMID: 24983513 PMCID: PMC4111216 DOI: 10.1021/ja5046692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
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Studies
on the origin of animal multicellularity have increasingly
focused on one of the closest living relatives of animals, the choanoflagellate Salpingoeca rosetta. Single cells of S. rosetta can develop into multicellular rosette-shaped
colonies through a process of incomplete cytokinesis. Unexpectedly,
the initiation of rosette development requires bacterially produced
small molecules. Previously, our laboratories reported the planar
structure and femtomolar rosette-inducing activity of one rosette-inducing
small molecule, dubbed rosette-inducing factor 1 (RIF-1), produced
by the Gram-negative Bacteroidetes bacterium Algoriphagus
machipongonensis. RIF-1 belongs to the small and poorly
explored class of sulfonolipids. Here, we report a modular total synthesis
of RIF-1 stereoisomers and structural analogs. Rosette-induction assays
using synthetic RIF-1 stereoisomers and naturally occurring analogs
defined the absolute stereochemistry of RIF-1 and revealed a remarkably
restrictive set of structural requirements for inducing rosette development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Beemelmanns
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School , 240 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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Oren A. Salinibacter: an extremely halophilic bacterium with archaeal properties. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2013; 342:1-9. [PMID: 23373661 DOI: 10.1111/1574-6968.12094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2013] [Revised: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The existence of large number of a member of the Bacteroidetes in NaCl-saturated brines in saltern crystallizer ponds was first documented in 1999 based on fluorescence in situ hybridization studies. Isolation of the organism and its description as Salinibacter ruber followed soon. It is a rod-shaped, red-orange pigmented, extreme halophile that grows optimally at 20-30% salt. The genus is distributed worldwide in hypersaline environments. Today, the genus Salinibacter includes three species, and a somewhat less halophilic relative, Salisaeta longa, has also been documented. Although belonging to the Bacteria, Salinibacter shares many features with the Archaea of the family Halobacteriaceae that live in the same habitat. Both groups use KCl for osmotic adjustment of their cytoplasm, both mainly possess salt-requiring enzymes with a large excess of acidic amino acids, and both contain different retinal pigments: light-driven proton pumps, chloride pumps, and light sensors. Salinibacter produces an unusual carotenoid, salinixanthin that forms a light antenna and transfers energy to the retinal group of xanthorhodopsin, a light-driven proton pump. Other unusual features of Salinibacter and Salisaeta include the presence of novel sulfonolipids (halocapnine derivatives). Salinibacter has become an excellent model for metagenomic, biogeographic, ecological, and evolutionary studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aharon Oren
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
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Lobasso S, Lopalco P, Angelini R, Pollice A, Laera G, Milano F, Agostiano A, Corcelli A. Isolation of Squarebop I bacteriorhodopsin from biomass of coastal salterns. Protein Expr Purif 2012; 84:73-9. [PMID: 22580037 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2012.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Revised: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Squarebop I bacteriorhodopsin is a light-activated proton pump present in the membranes of the archeon Haloquadratum walsbyi, a square-shaped organism representing 50-60% of microbial population in the crystallizer ponds of the coastal salterns. Here we describe: (1) the operating mode of a bioreactor designed to concentrate the saltern biomass through a microfiltration process based on polyethersulfone hollow fibers; (2) the isolation of Squarebop I bacteriorhodopsin from solubilized biomass by means of a single chromatographic step; (3) tightly bound lipids to the isolated and purified protein as revealed by MALDI-TOF/MS analysis; (4) the photoactivity of Squarebop I bacteriorhodopsin isolated from environmental samples by flash spectroscopy. Yield of the isolation process is 150 μg of Squarebop I bacteriorhodopsin from 1l of 25-fold concentrated biomass. The possibility of using the concentrated biomass of salterns, as renewable resource for the isolation of functional bacteriorhodopsin and possibly other valuable bioproducts, is briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Lobasso
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
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Aalto AP, Bitto D, Ravantti JJ, Bamford DH, Huiskonen JT, Oksanen HM. Snapshot of virus evolution in hypersaline environments from the characterization of a membrane-containing Salisaeta icosahedral phage 1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:7079-84. [PMID: 22509017 PMCID: PMC3344969 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1120174109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The multitude of archaea and bacteria inhabiting extreme environments has only become evident during the last decades. As viruses apply a significant evolutionary force to their hosts, there is an inherent value in learning about viruses infecting these extremophiles. In this study, we have focused on one such unique virus-host pair isolated from a hypersaline environment: an icosahedral, membrane-containing double-stranded DNA virus--Salisaeta icosahedral phage 1 (SSIP-1) and its halophilic host bacterium Salisaeta sp. SP9-1 closely related to Salisaeta longa. The architectural principles, virion composition, and the proposed functions associated with some of the ORFs of the virus are surprisingly similar to those found in viruses belonging to the PRD1-adenovirus lineage. The virion structure, determined by electron cryomicroscopy, reveals that the bulk of the outer protein capsid is composed of upright standing pseudohexameric capsomers organized on a T = 49 icosahedral lattice. Our results give a comprehensive description of a halophilic virus-host system and shed light on the relatedness of viruses based on their virion architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antti P. Aalto
- Institute of Biotechnology and Department of Biosciences, Biocenter 2, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland; and
| | - David Bitto
- Oxford Particle Imaging Centre, Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
| | - Janne J. Ravantti
- Institute of Biotechnology and Department of Biosciences, Biocenter 2, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland; and
| | - Dennis H. Bamford
- Institute of Biotechnology and Department of Biosciences, Biocenter 2, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland; and
| | - Juha T. Huiskonen
- Oxford Particle Imaging Centre, Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
| | - Hanna M. Oksanen
- Institute of Biotechnology and Department of Biosciences, Biocenter 2, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland; and
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