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Tsujita M, Melchior JT, Yokoyama S. Lipoprotein Particles in Cerebrospinal Fluid. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2024; 44:1042-1052. [PMID: 38545782 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.123.318284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
The brain is the most lipid-rich organ in the body, and the intricate interplay between lipid metabolism and pathologies associated with neurodegenerative disorders is being increasingly recognized. The brain is bathed in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which, like plasma, contains lipid-protein complexes called lipoproteins that are responsible for extracellular lipid transport. Multiple CSF lipoprotein populations exist, some of which are produced de novo in the central nervous system and others that appear to be generated from protein constituents that are produced in the periphery. These CSF lipoproteins are thought to play key roles in maintaining lipid homeostasis in the central nervous system, while little else is known due to their limited accessibility and their low abundance in CSF. Recent work has provided new insights into the compositional complexity of CSF lipoprotein families and their metabolism in cerebral circulation. The purpose of this review is to summarize our current state of knowledge on the composition, origin, and metabolism of CSF lipoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maki Tsujita
- Department of Biochemistry, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Japan (M.T.)
| | - John T Melchior
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington (J.T.M.)
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Lipid and Arteriosclerosis Science, University of Cincinnati, OH (J.T.M.)
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (J.T.M.)
| | - Shinji Yokoyama
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Chubu University, Kasugai, Japan (S.Y.)
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2
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Malara M, Prestel M, Tahirovic S. Endo-lysosomal dysfunction and neuronal-glial crosstalk in Niemann-Pick type C disease. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2024; 379:20220388. [PMID: 38368932 PMCID: PMC10874755 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Niemann-Pick type C (NPC) disease is a rare progressive lysosomal lipid storage disorder that manifests with a heterogeneous spectrum of clinical syndromes, including visceral, neurological and psychiatric symptoms. This monogenetic autosomal recessive disease is largely caused by mutations in the NPC1 gene, which controls intracellular lipid homeostasis. Vesicle-mediated endo-lysosomal lipid trafficking and non-vesicular lipid exchange via inter-organelle membrane contact sites are both regulated by the NPC1 protein. Loss of NPC1 function therefore triggers intracellular accumulation of diverse lipid species, including cholesterol, glycosphingolipids, sphingomyelin and sphingosine. The NPC1-mediated dysfunction of lipid transport has severe consequences for all brain cells, leading to neurodegeneration. Besides the cell-autonomous contribution of neuronal NPC1, aberrant NPC1 signalling in other brain cells is critical for the pathology. We discuss here the importance of endo-lysosomal dysfunction and a tight crosstalk between neurons, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes and microglia in NPC pathology. We strongly believe that a cell-specific rescue may not be sufficient to counteract the severity of the NPC pathology, but targeting common mechanisms, such as endo-lysosomal and lipid trafficking dysfunction, may ameliorate NPC pathology. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Understanding the endo-lysosomal network in neurodegeneration'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariagiovanna Malara
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias Prestel
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Sabina Tahirovic
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
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3
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Hirao-Suzuki M. Mechanisms of Cancer Malignancy Elicited by Environmental Chemicals: Analysis Focusing on Cadmium and Bisphenol A. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2022; 142:1161-1168. [DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.22-00140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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4
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Samadi A, Sabuncuoglu S, Samadi M, Isikhan SY, Chirumbolo S, Peana M, Lay I, Yalcinkaya A, Bjørklund G. A Comprehensive Review on Oxysterols and Related Diseases. Curr Med Chem 2021; 28:110-136. [PMID: 32175830 DOI: 10.2174/0929867327666200316142659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Revised: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The present review aims to provide a complete and comprehensive summary of current literature relevant to oxysterols and related diseases. Oxidation of cholesterol leads to the formation of a large number of oxidized products, generally known as oxysterols. They are intermediates in the biosynthesis of bile acids, steroid hormones, and 1,25- dihydroxyvitamin D3. Although oxysterols are considered as metabolic intermediates, there is a growing body of evidence that many of them are bioactive, and their absence or excess may be part of the cause of a disease phenotype. These compounds derive from either enzymatic or non-enzymatic oxidation of cholesterol. This study provides comprehensive information about the structures, formation, and types of oxysterols even when involved in certain disease states, focusing on their effects on metabolism and linkages with these diseases. The role of specific oxysterols as mediators in various disorders, such as degenerative (age-related) and cancer-related disorders, has now become clearer. Oxysterol levels may be employed as suitable markers for the diagnosis of specific diseases or in predicting the incidence rate of diseases, such as diabetes mellitus, Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, osteoporosis, lung cancer, breast cancer, and infertility. However, further investigations may be required to confirm these mentioned possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afshin Samadi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Suna Sabuncuoglu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mahshid Samadi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Selen Yilmaz Isikhan
- Vocational Higher School of Social Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Salvatore Chirumbolo
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Peana
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Incilay Lay
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Yalcinkaya
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Geir Bjørklund
- Council for Nutritional and Environmental Medicine (CONEM), Mo i Rana, Norway
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5
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Hirao-Suzuki M, Takeda S, Kobayashi T, Kino K, Miyazawa H, Waalkes MP, Takiguchi M. Cadmium down-regulates apolipoprotein E (ApoE) expression during malignant transformation of rat liver cells: direct evidence for DNA hypermethylation in the promoter region of ApoE. J Toxicol Sci 2018; 43:537-543. [DOI: 10.2131/jts.43.537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masayo Hirao-Suzuki
- Laboratory of Xenobiotic Metabolism and Environmental Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima International University (HIU)
| | - Shuso Takeda
- Laboratory of Xenobiotic Metabolism and Environmental Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima International University (HIU)
| | | | - Katsuhito Kino
- Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University
| | - Hiroshi Miyazawa
- Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University
| | | | - Masufumi Takiguchi
- Laboratory of Xenobiotic Metabolism and Environmental Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima International University (HIU)
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6
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Suzuki M, Takeda S, Teraoka-Nishitani N, Yamagata A, Tanaka T, Sasaki M, Yasuda N, Oda M, Okano T, Yamahira K, Nakamura Y, Kobayashi T, Kino K, Miyazawa H, Waalkes MP, Takiguchi M. Cadmium-induced malignant transformation of rat liver cells: Potential key role and regulatory mechanism of altered apolipoprotein E expression in enhanced invasiveness. Toxicology 2017; 382:16-23. [PMID: 28315714 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2017.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cadmium is a transition metal that is classified as human carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) with multiple target sites. Many studies using various model systems provide evidence of cadmium-induced malignancy formation in vivo or malignant cell transformation in vitro. Nonetheless, further studies are needed to completely understand the mechanisms of cadmium carcinogenicity. Our prior studies have utilized a rat liver epithelial cell line (TRL 1215) as a model for cadmium-induced malignant transformation. In the present study, we focused on the molecular mechanisms of this malignant transformation, especially with regard to hyper-invasiveness stimulated by cadmium transformation. By performing a series of biochemical analyses on cadmium transformed cells, it was determined that cadmium had significantly down-regulated the expression of apolipoprotein E (ApoE). ApoE was recently established as a suppressor of cell invasion. A key factor in the suppression of ApoE by cadmium appeared to be that the metal evoked a 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine-sensitive hypermethylation of the regulatory region of ApoE, coupled with interference of the action of liver X receptor α (LXRα), a transcriptional regulator for ApoE. Furthermore, the expression of LXRα itself was suppressed by cadmium-mediated epigenetic modification. Re-expression of ApoE clearly abrogated the cell invasion stimulated by cadmium-induced malignant transformation. Together, the current results suggest that the cadmium-mediated enhanced cell invasion is linked to down-regulation of ApoE during malignant transformation these liver cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayo Suzuki
- Laboratory of Xenobiotic Metabolism and Environmental Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima International University (HIU), 5-1-1 Hiro-koshingai, Kure, Hiroshima 737-0112, Japan
| | - Shuso Takeda
- Laboratory of Xenobiotic Metabolism and Environmental Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima International University (HIU), 5-1-1 Hiro-koshingai, Kure, Hiroshima 737-0112, Japan
| | - Noriko Teraoka-Nishitani
- Laboratory of Xenobiotic Metabolism and Environmental Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima International University (HIU), 5-1-1 Hiro-koshingai, Kure, Hiroshima 737-0112, Japan
| | - Akane Yamagata
- Laboratory of Xenobiotic Metabolism and Environmental Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima International University (HIU), 5-1-1 Hiro-koshingai, Kure, Hiroshima 737-0112, Japan
| | - Takahiro Tanaka
- Laboratory of Xenobiotic Metabolism and Environmental Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima International University (HIU), 5-1-1 Hiro-koshingai, Kure, Hiroshima 737-0112, Japan
| | - Marika Sasaki
- Laboratory of Xenobiotic Metabolism and Environmental Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima International University (HIU), 5-1-1 Hiro-koshingai, Kure, Hiroshima 737-0112, Japan
| | - Natsuki Yasuda
- Laboratory of Xenobiotic Metabolism and Environmental Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima International University (HIU), 5-1-1 Hiro-koshingai, Kure, Hiroshima 737-0112, Japan
| | - Makiko Oda
- Laboratory of Xenobiotic Metabolism and Environmental Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima International University (HIU), 5-1-1 Hiro-koshingai, Kure, Hiroshima 737-0112, Japan
| | - Tatsuji Okano
- Laboratory of Xenobiotic Metabolism and Environmental Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima International University (HIU), 5-1-1 Hiro-koshingai, Kure, Hiroshima 737-0112, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Yamahira
- Laboratory of Xenobiotic Metabolism and Environmental Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima International University (HIU), 5-1-1 Hiro-koshingai, Kure, Hiroshima 737-0112, Japan
| | - Yuta Nakamura
- Laboratory of Xenobiotic Metabolism and Environmental Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima International University (HIU), 5-1-1 Hiro-koshingai, Kure, Hiroshima 737-0112, Japan
| | - Takanobu Kobayashi
- Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, 1314-1, Shido, Sanuki, Kagawa 769-2193, Japan
| | - Katsuhito Kino
- Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, 1314-1, Shido, Sanuki, Kagawa 769-2193, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Miyazawa
- Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, 1314-1, Shido, Sanuki, Kagawa 769-2193, Japan
| | | | - Masufumi Takiguchi
- Laboratory of Xenobiotic Metabolism and Environmental Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima International University (HIU), 5-1-1 Hiro-koshingai, Kure, Hiroshima 737-0112, Japan.
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7
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Ito JI, Nagayasu Y, Ogawa T, Okihara H, Michikawa M. Biochemical properties in membrane of rat astrocytes under oxidative stress. Brain Res 2015; 1615:1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Ito JI, Nagayasu Y, Miura Y, Yokoyama S, Michikawa M. Astrocyte׳s endogenous apoE generates HDL-like lipoproteins using previously synthesized cholesterol through interaction with ABCA1. Brain Res 2014; 1570:1-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/26/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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9
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Nagayasu Y, Morita SY, Hayashi H, Miura Y, Yokoyama K, Michikawa M, Ito JI. Increasing cellular level of phosphatidic acid enhances FGF-1 production in long term-cultured rat astrocytes. Brain Res 2014; 1563:31-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Revised: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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10
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Tao QQ, Sun YM, Liu ZJ, Ni W, Yang P, Li HL, Lu SJ, Wu ZY. A variant within FGF1 is associated with Alzheimer's disease in the Han Chinese population. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2014; 165B:131-6. [PMID: 24464990 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the accumulation of amyloid beta (Aβ) plaques and Tau-containing neurofibrillary tangles in vulnerable brain areas. The progression of AD is well correlated with hippocampal neuron loss which highly suggests genes associated with neuron survival would be important for AD pathogenesis. According to the recent results of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and other reported studies, we selected two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), rs3765728 within tumor protein p73 (P73), and rs34011 within fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF1), both genes were related to neuron survival. We analyzed the distribution of rs3765728 and rs34011 in 1,083 Chinese subjects including 429 unrelated sporadic AD patients and 654 unrelated age and gender-matched control subjects. We found that the genotype distribution of rs34011 was significantly different between AD and control group (χ(2) = 9.048, df = 2, P = 0.011). Logistic regression manifested the risk of AD increased in TT genotype carriers in total subjects (Wald = 8.892, df = 1, P = 0.003, odds ratio [OR]:2.009, 95% confidence interval [95%CI]: 1.270-3.178). This effect was also found in APOE ϵ4 carrier group (Wald = 7.844, df = 1, P = 0.005, OR: 4.201, 95%CI: 1.539-11.472), suggesting the rs34011 has a synergetic effect of APOE on AD risk. However, no association was observed between rs3765728 and AD in the Han Chinese population (χ(2) = 0.431, df = 2, P = 0.806).
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Qing Tao
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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11
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Enhancement of FGF-1 release along with cytosolic proteins from rat astrocytes by hydrogen peroxide. Brain Res 2013; 1522:12-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Revised: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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12
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Zhou TB. Signaling pathways of apoE and its role of gene expression in glomerulus diseases. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2013; 33:73-8. [PMID: 23384034 DOI: 10.3109/10799893.2013.765466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The roles of apolipoprotein E (apoE) in regulating plasma lipids and lipoproteins levels have been investigated for over several decades. However, in different tissues/cells, the role of apoE was different, such as that it was a risk factor for cancer, but some reports stated that apoE was a protective factor for renal diseases. At the moment, most of the studies find that apoE not only acts as a ligand for metabolism of lipids, but also plays as a factor to regulate lots of signaling pathways. There was rare review to sum up the signaling pathways for apoE, and there was also rare review to widely review the gene expression of apoE in glomerulus diseases. This review was performed to provide a relatively complete signaling pathways flowchart for apoE to the investigators who were interested in the roles of apoE in the pathogenesis of glomerulus diseases. In the past decades, some studies were also performed to explore the association of apoE gene expression with the risk of glomerulus diseases. However, the role of apoE in the pathogenesis of glomerulus diseases was controversial. Here, the signal transduction pathways of apoE and its role of gene expression in the pathogenesis of glomerulus diseases were reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Biao Zhou
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi, China.
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13
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Meaney S. Epigenetic regulation of oxysterol formation. Biochimie 2012; 95:531-7. [PMID: 22986023 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2012.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Oxysterols are oxygenated derivatives of cholesterol that may be formed by either enzymatic or non-enzymatic mechanisms. Expression of the genes responsible for oxysterol synthesis (GROS) is known to be restricted across different tissues and cell types. Regulation of the transcription of GROS and the activity of their enzyme transcripts has been the subject of intense activity for many years. Recent studies have sought to decipher the mechanism(s) that underpin the restricted expression of the GROS. Available data indicates that epigenetic mechanisms have an important role to play in the control of the expression of GROS. In the current review we summarize the available evidence for the epigenetic regulation of these genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Meaney
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Sciences and Health, Dublin Institute of Technology, Kevin Street, Dublin 8, Ireland.
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Ferreira CN, Carvalho MG, Fernandes APSM, Lima LM, Loures-Valle AA, Dantas J, Janka Z, Palotás A, Sousa MO. Comparative study of apolipoprotein-E polymorphism and plasma lipid levels in dyslipidemic and asymptomatic subjects, and their implication in cardio/cerebro-vascular disorders. Neurochem Int 2009; 56:177-82. [PMID: 19819279 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2009.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2009] [Revised: 09/29/2009] [Accepted: 09/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Polymorphisms in the apolipoprotein-E (apoE) gene may modulate lipoprotein metabolism at different steps and influence total and low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (LDLc) levels, as well as other lipid features. Population studies have documented significant differences in the frequency of apoE alleles which are related to the prevalence of various cardio-vascular and neuro-psychiatric diseases. In this study, the apoE genotypes and allele frequencies were analyzed in 216 individuals (109 dyslipidemic and 107 normo-lipidic subjects), and the relative contribution of apoE polymorphism on plasma lipid and lipoprotein levels, as well as risk factors was evaluated. In normo-lipidic volunteers, the frequencies of epsilon2, epsilon3 and epsilon4 alleles were 0.042, 0.832 and 0.126, while in dyslipidemic subjects 0.046, 0.835 and 0.119, respectively. No significant difference was observed among epsilon2, epsilon3 or epsilon4 and plasma lipid-lipoprotein levels in the dyslipidemic group. In normo-lipidemics, however, total cholesterol, LDLc and non-HDLc plasma levels were significantly lower in epsilon2 subjects when compared to epsilon3 and epsilon4 individuals. The allelic frequencies of apoE epsilon2, epsilon3 and epsilon4 were similar in dyslipidemic and normo-lipemic subjects, suggesting that apoE polymorphisms have no effect on plasma lipid-lipoprotein levels in dyslipidemic subjects. In contrast, in normo-lipemic subjects the epsilon2 allele showed to be associated with lower total cholesterol and LDLc levels, the mark of a better lipid profile. Depending on other co-existing factors, the epsilon2 allele, therefore, may play either a protective or pathogenic role. This elementary knowledge is a fundamental prerequisite for a possible diagnostic application of these lipoproteins as biomarkers to predict adverse cardio-vascular and/or neuro-psychiatric maladies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia N Ferreira
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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15
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Nishida T, Ito JI, Nagayasu Y, Yokoyama S. FGF-1-Induced Reactions for Biogenesis of apoE-HDL are Mediated by Src in Rat Astrocytes. J Biochem 2009; 146:881-6. [DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvp135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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