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Hu K, Zhang Q, Chen Y, Yang J, Xia Y, Rao B, Li S, Shen Y, Cao M, Lu H, Qin A, Jiang XC, Yao D, Zhao J, Zhou L, Cao Y. Cryo-EM structure of human sphingomyelin synthase and its mechanistic implications for sphingomyelin synthesis. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2024; 31:884-895. [PMID: 38388831 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-024-01237-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Sphingomyelin (SM) has key roles in modulating mammalian membrane properties and serves as an important pool for bioactive molecules. SM biosynthesis is mediated by the sphingomyelin synthase (SMS) family, comprising SMS1, SMS2 and SMS-related (SMSr) members. Although SMS1 and SMS2 exhibit SMS activity, SMSr possesses ceramide phosphoethanolamine synthase activity. Here we determined the cryo-electron microscopic structures of human SMSr in complexes with ceramide, diacylglycerol/phosphoethanolamine and ceramide/phosphoethanolamine (CPE). The structures revealed a hexameric arrangement with a reaction chamber located between the transmembrane helices. Within this structure, a catalytic pentad E-H/D-H-D was identified, situated at the interface between the lipophilic and hydrophilic segments of the reaction chamber. Additionally, the study unveiled the two-step synthesis process catalyzed by SMSr, involving PE-PLC (phosphatidylethanolamine-phospholipase C) hydrolysis and the subsequent transfer of the phosphoethanolamine moiety to ceramide. This research provides insights into the catalytic mechanism of SMSr and expands our understanding of sphingolipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kexin Hu
- Institute of Precision Medicine, the Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implant, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Degeneration and Regeneration in Skeletal System, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Structural Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yang Chen
- Institute of Precision Medicine, the Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jintong Yang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Xia
- Institute of Precision Medicine, the Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing Rao
- Institute of Precision Medicine, the Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implant, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shaobai Li
- Institute of Precision Medicine, the Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yafeng Shen
- Institute of Precision Medicine, the Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mi Cao
- Institute of Precision Medicine, the Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongliang Lu
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - An Qin
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implant, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Degeneration and Regeneration in Skeletal System, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xian-Cheng Jiang
- Department of Cell Biology, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Deqiang Yao
- Institute of Precision Medicine, the Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- Institute of Aging & Tissue Regeneration, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jie Zhao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implant, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Degeneration and Regeneration in Skeletal System, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Lu Zhou
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yu Cao
- Institute of Precision Medicine, the Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implant, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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2
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Suzuki R, Murakami C, Dilimulati K, Atsuta-Tsunoda K, Kawai T, Sakane F. Human sphingomyelin synthase 1 generates diacylglycerol in the presence and absence of ceramide via multiple enzymatic activities. FEBS Lett 2023; 597:2672-2686. [PMID: 37715942 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
Sphingomyelin (SM) synthase 1 (SMS1), which is involved in lipodystrophy, deafness, and thrombasthenia, generates diacylglycerol (DG) and SM using phosphatidylcholine (PC) and ceramide as substrates. Here, we found that SMS1 possesses DG-generating activities via hydrolysis of PC and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) in the absence of ceramide and ceramide phosphoethanolamine synthase (CPES) activity. In the presence of the same concentration (4.7 mol%) of PC and ceramide, the amounts of DG produced by SMS and PC-phospholipase C (PLC) activities of SMS1 were approximately 65% and 35% of total DG production, respectively. PC-PLC activity showed substrate selectivity for saturated and/or monounsaturated fatty acid-containing PC species. A PC-PLC/SMS inhibitor, D609, inhibited only SMS activity. Mn2+ inhibited only PC-PLC activity. Intriguingly, DG attenuated SMS/CPES activities. Our study indicates that SMS1 is a unique enzyme with PC-PLC/PE-PLC/SMS/CPES activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rika Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Japan
| | - Chiaki Murakami
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Japan
- Institute for Advanced Academic Research, Chiba University, Japan
| | - Kamila Dilimulati
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Japan
| | | | - Takuma Kawai
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Japan
| | - Fumio Sakane
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Japan
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3
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Guzman GG, Farley S, Kyle JE, Bramer LM, Hoeltzl S, van den Dikkenberg J, Holthuis JCM, Tafesse FG. Systematic analysis of the sphingomyelin synthase family in C. elegans. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.25.550547. [PMID: 37546869 PMCID: PMC10402111 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.25.550547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Sphingomyelin (SM) is a major component of mammalian cell membranes and particularly abundant in the myelin sheath that surrounds nerve fibers. Its production is catalyzed by SM synthases SMS1 and SMS2, which interconvert phosphatidylcholine and ceramide to diacylglycerol and SM in the Golgi and at the plasma membrane, respectively. As the lipids participating in this reaction fulfill both structural and signaling functions, SMS enzymes have considerable potential to influence diverse important cellular processes. The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is an attractive model for studying both animal development and human disease. The organism contains five SMS homologues but none of these have been characterized in any detail. Here, we carried out the first systematic analysis of SMS family members in C. elegans . Using heterologous expression systems, genetic ablation, metabolic labeling and lipidome analyses, we show that C. elegans harbors at least three distinct SM synthases and one ceramide phosphoethanolamine (CPE) synthase. Moreover, C. elegans SMS family members have partially overlapping but also unique subcellular distributions and together occupy all principal compartments of the secretory pathway. Our findings shed light on crucial aspects of sphingolipid metabolism in a valuable animal model and opens avenues for exploring the role of SM and its metabolic intermediates in organismal development.
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4
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Frankfater CF, Sartorio MG, Valguarnera E, Feldman MF, Hsu FF. Lipidome of the Bacteroides Genus Containing New Peptidolipid and Sphingolipid Families Revealed by Multiple-Stage Mass Spectrometry. Biochemistry 2023; 62:1160-1180. [PMID: 36880942 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.2c00664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
The anaerobic bacteria of the Bacteroides fragilis group including Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, B. fragilis, Bacteroides vulgatus, and Bacteroides ovatus in genus Bacteroides are among the most commonly found human gut microbiota. They are generally commensal but are also opportunistic pathogens. Both the inner and outer membranes of the Bacteroides cell envelope contain abundant lipids with diversified structures, and dissection of the lipid composition of the inner and outer membrane fractions is important for understanding the biogenesis of this multilaminate wall structure. Here, we describe mass spectrometry-based approaches to delineate in detail the lipidome of the membrane and the outer membrane vesicle of the bacteria cells. We identified 15 lipid class/subclasses (>100 molecular species), including sphingolipid families [dihydroceramide (DHC), glycylseryl (GS) DHC, DHC-phosphoinositolphosphoryl-DHC (DHC-PIP-DHC), ethanolamine phosphorylceramide, inositol phosphorylceramide (IPC), serine phosphorylceramide, ceramide-1-phosphate, and glycosyl ceramide], phospholipids [phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol (PI), and phosphatidylserine], peptide lipids (GS-, S-, and G-lipids) and cholesterol sulfate, of which several have not been reported previously, or have similar structures to those found in Porphyromonas gingivalis, the periodontopathic bacterium in oral microbiota. The new DHC-PIPs-DHC lipid family is found only in B. vulgatus, which, however, lacks the PI lipid family. The galactosyl ceramide family is exclusively present in B. fragilis, which nevertheless lacks IPC and PI lipids. The lipidomes as revealed in this study demonstrate the lipid diversity among the various strains and the utility of multiple-stage mass spectrometry (MSn) with high-resolution mass spectrometry in the structural elucidation of complex lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl F Frankfater
- Mass Spectrometry Resource, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Mariana G Sartorio
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Ezequiel Valguarnera
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Mario F Feldman
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Fong-Fu Hsu
- Mass Spectrometry Resource, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
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5
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Brandán YR, Favale NO, Pescio LG, Santacreu BJ, Guaytima EDV, Sterin-Speziale NB, Márquez MG. Influence of sphingomyelin metabolism during epithelial-mesenchymal transition associated with aging in the renal papilla. J Cell Physiol 2022; 237:3883-3899. [PMID: 35908199 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The renal collecting ducts (CD) are formed by a fully differentiated epithelium, and their tissue organization and function require the presence of mature cell adhesion structures. In certain circumstances, the cells can undergo de-differentiation by a process called epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), in which the cells lose their epithelial phenotype and acquire the characteristics of the mesenchymal cells, which includes loss of cell-cell adhesion. We have previously shown that in renal papillary CD cells, cell adhesion structures are located in sphingomyelin (SM)-enriched plasma membrane microdomains and the inhibition of SM synthase 1 activity induced CD cells to undergo an EMT process. In the present study, we evaluated the influence of SM metabolism during the EMT of the cells that form the CD of the renal papilla during aging. To this end, primary cultures of renal papillary CD cells from young, middle-, and aged-rats were performed. By combining biochemical and immunofluorescence studies, we found experimental evidence that CD cells undergo an increase in spontaneous and reversible EMT during aging and that at least one of the reasons for this phenomenon is the decrease in SM content due to the combination of decreased SM synthase activity and an increase in SM degradation mediated by neutral sphingomyelinase. Age is a risk factor for many diseases, among which renal fibrosis is included. Our findings highlight the importance of sphingolipids and particularly SM as a modulator of the fate of CD cells and probably contribute to the development of treatments to avoid or reverse renal fibrosis during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamila Romina Brandán
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud Humana (IICSHUM), Universidad Nacional de La Rioja, La Rioja, Argentina
| | - Nicolás Octavio Favale
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Biología Celular y Molecular, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas, CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lucila Gisele Pescio
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Biología Celular y Molecular, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas, CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Bruno Jaime Santacreu
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Biología Celular y Molecular, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas, CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Edith Del Valle Guaytima
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud Humana (IICSHUM), Universidad Nacional de La Rioja, La Rioja, Argentina
| | - Norma B Sterin-Speziale
- Laboratorio Nacional de Investigación y Servicios de Péptidos y Proteínas - Espectrometría de Masa (LANAIS PROEM), Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas, CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Gabriela Márquez
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud Humana (IICSHUM), Universidad Nacional de La Rioja, La Rioja, Argentina
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6
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Chen X, Li J, Gao Z, Yang Y, Kuang W, Dong Y, Chua GH, Huang X, Jiang B, Tian H, Wang Y, Huang X, Li Y, Lam SM, Shui G. Endogenous ceramide phosphoethanolamine modulates circadian rhythm via neural-glial coupling in Drosophila. Natl Sci Rev 2022; 9:nwac148. [PMID: 36713590 PMCID: PMC9875363 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwac148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
While endogenous lipids are known to exhibit rhythmic oscillations, less is known about how specific lipids modulate circadian behavior. Through a series of loss-of-function and gain-of-function experiments on ceramide phosphoethanolamine (CPE) synthase of Drosophila, we demonstrated that pan-glial-specific deficiency in membrane CPE, the structural analog of mammalian sphingomyelin (SM), leads to arrhythmic locomotor behavior and shortens lifespan, while the reverse is true for increasing CPE. Comparative proteomics uncovered dysregulated synaptic glutamate utilization and transport in CPE-deficient flies. An extensive genetic screen was conducted to verify the role of differentially expressed proteins in circadian regulation. Arrhythmic locomotion under cpes1 mutant background was rescued only by restoring endogenous CPE or SM through expressing their respective synthases. Our results underscore the essential role of CPE in maintaining synaptic glutamate homeostasis and modulating circadian behavior in Drosophila. The findings suggest that region-specific elevations of functional membrane lipids can benefit circadian regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Zhongbao Gao
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China,State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yang Yang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China,State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Wenqing Kuang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100101, China,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yue Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100101, China,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Gek Huey Chua
- LipidALL Technologies Company Limited, Changzhou213022, China
| | - Xiahe Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100101, China
| | - Binhua Jiang
- LipidALL Technologies Company Limited, Changzhou213022, China
| | - He Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100101, China
| | - Yingchun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100101, China,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100101, China,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yan Li
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China,State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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7
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Beger AW, Dudzik B, Woltjer RL, Wood PL. Human Brain Lipidomics: Pilot Analysis of the Basal Ganglia Sphingolipidome in Parkinson’s Disease and Lewy Body Disease. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12020187. [PMID: 35208260 PMCID: PMC8875811 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12020187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sphingolipids constitute a complex class of bioactive lipids with diverse structural and functional roles in neural tissue. Lipidomic techniques continue to provide evidence for their association in neurological diseases, including Parkinson’s disease (PD) and Lewy body disease (LBD). However, prior studies have primarily focused on biological tissues outside of the basal ganglia, despite the known relevancy of this brain region in motor and cognitive dysfunction associated with PD and LBD. Therefore electrospray ionization high resolution mass spectrometry was used to analyze levels of sphingolipid species, including ceramides (Cer), dihydroceramides (DHC), hydoxyceramides (OH-Cer), phytoceramides (Phyto-Cer), phosphoethanolamine ceramides (PE-Cer), sphingomyelins (SM), and sulfatides (Sulf) in the caudate, putamen and globus pallidus of PD (n = 7) and LBD (n = 14) human subjects and were compared to healthy controls (n = 9). The most dramatic alterations were seen in the putamen, with depletion of Cer and elevation of Sulf observed in both groups, with additional depletion of OH-Cer and elevation of DHC identified in LBD subjects. Diverging levels of DHC in the caudate suggest differing roles of this lipid in PD and LBD pathogenesis. These sphingolipid alterations in PD and LBD provide evidence for biochemical involvement of the neuronal cell death that characterize these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron W. Beger
- Anatomy Department, DeBusk College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, Cumberland Gap Pkwy, Harrogate, TN 37752, USA;
- Correspondence:
| | - Beatrix Dudzik
- Anatomy Department, DeBusk College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, Cumberland Gap Pkwy, Harrogate, TN 37752, USA;
| | - Randall L. Woltjer
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA;
| | - Paul L. Wood
- Metabolomics Unit, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, Cumberland Gap Pkwy, Harrogate, TN 37752, USA;
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8
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Sphingomyelin Synthase Family and Phospholipase Cs. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1372:77-86. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-19-0394-6_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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9
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Taniguchi M, Okazaki T. Role of ceramide/sphingomyelin (SM) balance regulated through "SM cycle" in cancer. Cell Signal 2021; 87:110119. [PMID: 34418535 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2021.110119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Sphingomyelin synthase (SMS), which comprises of two isozymes, SMS1 and SMS2, is the only enzyme that generates sphingomyelin (SM) by transferring phosphocholine of phosphatidylcholine to ceramide in mammals. Conversely, ceramide is generated from SM hydrolysis via sphingomyelinases (SMases), ceramide de novo synthesis, and the salvage pathway. The biosynthetic pathway for SM and ceramide content by SMS and SMase, respectively, is called "SM cycle." SM forms a SM-rich microdomain on the cell membrane to regulate signal transduction, such as proliferation/survival, migration, and inflammation. On the other hand, ceramide acts as a lipid mediator by forming a ceramide-rich platform on the membrane, and ceramide exhibits physiological actions such as cell death, cell cycle arrest, and autophagy induction. Therefore, the regulation of ceramide/SM balance by SMS and SMase is responsible for diverse cell functions not only in physiological cells but also in cancer cells. This review outlines the implications of ceramide/SM balance through "SM cycle" in cancer progression and prevention. In addition, the possible involvement of "SM cycle" is introduced in anti-cancer tumor immunity, which has become a hot topic to innovate a more effective and safer way to conquer cancer in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Taniguchi
- Department of Life Science, Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Kahoku 920-0293, Japan
| | - Toshiro Okazaki
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, 1-308 Suematsu, Nonoichi-shi, Ishikawa 921-8836, Japan; Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 10, Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan.
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10
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Taniguchi M, Okazaki T. Ceramide/Sphingomyelin Rheostat Regulated by Sphingomyelin Synthases and Chronic Diseases in Murine Models. J Lipid Atheroscler 2020; 9:380-405. [PMID: 33024732 PMCID: PMC7521967 DOI: 10.12997/jla.2020.9.3.380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ceramide and sphingomyelin (SM) are major components of the double membrane-bound sphingolipids. Ceramide is an essential bioactive lipid involved in numerous cell processes including apoptosis, necrosis, and autophagy-dependent cell death. Inversely, SM regulates opposite cellular processes such as proliferation and migration by changing receptor-mediated signal transduction in the lipid microdomain. SM is generated through a transfer of phosphocholine from phosphatidylcholine to ceramide by SM synthases (SMSs). Research during the past several decades has revealed that the ceramide/SM balance in cellular membranes regulated by SMSs is important to decide the cell fate, survival, and proliferation. In addition, recent experimental studies utilizing SMS knockout mice and murine disease models provide evidence that SMS-regulated ceramide/SM balance is involved in human diseases. Here, we review the basic structural and functional characteristics of SMSs and focus on their cellular functions through the regulation of ceramide/SM balance in membrane microdomains. In addition, we present the pathological or physiological implications of SMSs by analyzing their role in SMS-knockout mice and human disease models. This review finally presents evidence indicating that the regulation of ceramide/SM balance through SMS could be a therapeutic target for human disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Taniguchi
- Department of Life Science, Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, Kahoku, Japan
| | - Toshiro Okazaki
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Kanazawa Prefectural University, Nonoichi, Japan
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11
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Prymas K, Świątkowska A, Traczyk G, Ziemlińska E, Dziewulska A, Ciesielska A, Kwiatkowska K. Sphingomyelin synthase activity affects TRIF-dependent signaling of Toll-like receptor 4 in cells stimulated with lipopolysaccharide. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2020; 1865:158549. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2019.158549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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12
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Sato M, Arita M, Kawashima T. Uncovering Ecdysozoa-specific Sphingomyelin Synthase by Phylogenetic Analysis of Metazoan Sequences. Zoolog Sci 2019; 36:316-321. [PMID: 34664902 DOI: 10.2108/zs180168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Sphingomyelin (SM) is a membrane phospholipid that is widely distributed in Metazoa; it is the major constituent of myelin sheaths in vertebrates. In mammals, two genes (SMS1 and SMS2) are responsible for its synthesis. No SM-producing genes have been clearly identified in insects and crustaceans (Ecdysozoa) despite the presence of a myelin sheath-like structure in shrimps. Since the rapid transmission of electrical signals requires the use of an insulating material in the nerve, it is possible that the convergent evolution of enzymes to synthesize the insulating compounds for the nervous system also occurred in animals other than vertebrates. Our exhaustive phylogenetic search for metazoan SM synthase identified an Ecdysozoa-specific SM synthase candidate, SMSe, which is absent in Drosophila and Lophotrochozoa. All Ecdysozoa lack the homolog of myelin basic- and proteolipid proteins present in mammals. We propose an evolutionary path of SM synthase and discuss the origin of the myelin structure in Metazoa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuharu Sato
- National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan,
| | - Masanori Arita
- National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan.,RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
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13
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Ceramide phosphoethanolamine, an enigmatic cellular membrane sphingolipid. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2019; 1861:1284-1292. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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14
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Hullin-Matsuda F, Murate M, Kobayashi T. Protein probes to visualize sphingomyelin and ceramide phosphoethanolamine. Chem Phys Lipids 2018; 216:132-141. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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15
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Kunduri G, Turner-Evans D, Konya Y, Izumi Y, Nagashima K, Lockett S, Holthuis J, Bamba T, Acharya U, Acharya JK. Defective cortex glia plasma membrane structure underlies light-induced epilepsy in cpes mutants. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E8919-E8928. [PMID: 30185559 PMCID: PMC6156639 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1808463115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Seizures induced by visual stimulation (photosensitive epilepsy; PSE) represent a common type of epilepsy in humans, but the molecular mechanisms and genetic drivers underlying PSE remain unknown, and no good genetic animal models have been identified as yet. Here, we show an animal model of PSE, in Drosophila, owing to defective cortex glia. The cortex glial membranes are severely compromised in ceramide phosphoethanolamine synthase (cpes)-null mutants and fail to encapsulate the neuronal cell bodies in the Drosophila neuronal cortex. Expression of human sphingomyelin synthase 1, which synthesizes the closely related ceramide phosphocholine (sphingomyelin), rescues the cortex glial abnormalities and PSE, underscoring the evolutionarily conserved role of these lipids in glial membranes. Further, we show the compromise in plasma membrane structure that underlies the glial cell membrane collapse in cpes mutants and leads to the PSE phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Govind Kunduri
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702
| | | | - Yutaka Konya
- Department of Metabolomics, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Izumi
- Department of Metabolomics, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Kunio Nagashima
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Stephen Lockett
- Optical Microscopy and Analysis Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Joost Holthuis
- Molecular Cell Biology Division, University of Osnabrück, 49074 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Takeshi Bamba
- Department of Metabolomics, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Usha Acharya
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Jairaj K Acharya
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702;
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16
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Tracey TJ, Steyn FJ, Wolvetang EJ, Ngo ST. Neuronal Lipid Metabolism: Multiple Pathways Driving Functional Outcomes in Health and Disease. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:10. [PMID: 29410613 PMCID: PMC5787076 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipids are a fundamental class of organic molecules implicated in a wide range of biological processes related to their structural diversity, and based on this can be broadly classified into five categories; fatty acids, triacylglycerols (TAGs), phospholipids, sterol lipids and sphingolipids. Different lipid classes play major roles in neuronal cell populations; they can be used as energy substrates, act as building blocks for cellular structural machinery, serve as bioactive molecules, or a combination of each. In amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), dysfunctions in lipid metabolism and function have been identified as potential drivers of pathogenesis. In particular, aberrant lipid metabolism is proposed to underlie denervation of neuromuscular junctions, mitochondrial dysfunction, excitotoxicity, impaired neuronal transport, cytoskeletal defects, inflammation and reduced neurotransmitter release. Here we review current knowledge of the roles of lipid metabolism and function in the CNS and discuss how modulating these pathways may offer novel therapeutic options for treating ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Tracey
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Frederik J Steyn
- Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Ernst J Wolvetang
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Shyuan T Ngo
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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17
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Chen Y, Cao Y. The sphingomyelin synthase family: proteins, diseases, and inhibitors. Biol Chem 2017; 398:1319-1325. [PMID: 28742512 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2017-0148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Sphingomyelin (SM) is among the most important biomolecules in eukaryotes and acts as both constructive components and signal carrier in physiological processes. SM is catalyzed by a membrane protein family, sphingomyelin synthases (SMSs), consisting of three members, SMS1, SMS2 and SMSr. SMSs modulate sphingomyelin and other sphingolipids levels, thereby regulating membrane mobility, ceramide-dependent apoptosis and DAG-dependent signaling pathways. SMSs was found associated with various diseases. Downregulation of SMS2 activity results in protective effects against obesity, atherosclerosis and diabetes and makes SMS2 inhibitors potential medicines. Structural guided specific drug design could be the next breakthrough, discriminating SMS2 from other homologs.
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18
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Possible Role of Phosphatidylcholine and Sphingomyelin on Fumonisin B1-mediated Toxicity. Food Saf (Tokyo) 2017; 5:75-97. [PMID: 32231933 DOI: 10.14252/foodsafetyfscj.2017004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A major corn-related mycotoxin, fumonisin B1 (FB1), continues to attract attention of researchers as well as risk-assessors due to the diverse toxicological characteristics, including distinct target tissues in different animal species and opposite susceptibility in males and females in mice and rats. More than thirty years passed since the structure identification as a sphingoid-like chemical, but the causal mechanism of the toxicity remains obscure in spites of extensive studies. Considerable amounts of knowledge have been accumulated on the biochemical/toxicological actions of FB1, but the influence on lipid dynamics and mobilization in the body has not been focused well in relation to the FB1-mediated toxicity. Considerable influences of this toxin on mobilization of sphingolipids and phospholipids and also on adaptive changes in their compositions in tissues are implicated from recent studies on FB1-interacting ceramide synthases. Accumulated patho-physiological data also suggest a possible role of hepatic phospholipid on FB1-mediated toxicity. Thus, a mechanism of FB1-mediated toxicity is discussed in relation to the mobilization of phospholipids and sphingolipids in the body in this context.
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19
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Qi XY, Cao Y, Li YL, Mo MG, Zhou L, Ye DY. Discovery of the selective sphingomyelin synthase 2 inhibitors with the novel structure of oxazolopyridine. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:3511-3515. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.05.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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20
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Adachi R, Ogawa K, Matsumoto SI, Satou T, Tanaka Y, Sakamoto J, Nakahata T, Okamoto R, Kamaura M, Kawamoto T. Discovery and characterization of selective human sphingomyelin synthase 2 inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 136:283-293. [PMID: 28505533 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.04.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Sphingomyelin synthase (SMS) is a membrane enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of sphingomyelin, is required for the maintenance of plasma membrane microdomain fluidity, and has two isoforms: SMS1 and SMS2. Although these isoforms exhibit the same SMS activity, they are different enzymes with distinguishable subcellular localizations. It was reported that SMS2 KO mice displayed lower inflammatory responses and anti-atherosclerotic effects, suggesting that inhibition of SMS2 would be a potential therapeutic approach for controlling inflammatory responses and atherosclerosis. This study aimed to discover a novel small-molecule compound that selectively inhibits SMS2 enzymatic activity. We developed a human SMS2 enzyme assay with a high-throughput mass spectrometry-based screening system. We characterized the enzymatic properties of SMS2 and established a high-throughput screening-compatible assay condition. To identify human SMS2 inhibitors, we conducted compound screening using the enzyme assay. We identified a 2-quinolone derivative as a SMS2 selective inhibitor with an IC50 of 950 nM and >100-fold selectivity for SMS2 over SMS1. The 2-quinolone exhibited efficacy in a cell-based engagement assay. We demonstrated that a more potent derivative directly bound to SMS2-expressing membrane fractions in an affinity selection mass spectrometry assay. Mutational analyses revealed that the interaction of the inhibitor with SMS2 required the presence of the amino acids S227 and H229, which are located in the catalytic domain of SMS2. In conclusion, we discovered novel SMS2-selective inhibitors. 2-Quinolone SMS2 inhibitors are considered applicable for leading optimization studies. Further investigations using these SMS2 inhibitors would provide validation tools for SMS2-relevant pathways in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryutaro Adachi
- Biomolecular Research Laboratories, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan.
| | - Kazumasa Ogawa
- Biomolecular Research Laboratories, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Matsumoto
- Biomolecular Research Laboratories, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Takuya Satou
- Biomolecular Research Laboratories, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Yukiya Tanaka
- Biomolecular Research Laboratories, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Jyunichi Sakamoto
- Biomolecular Research Laboratories, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakahata
- CVM Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Rei Okamoto
- CVM Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kamaura
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratories, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Kawamoto
- Biomolecular Research Laboratories, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
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21
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Kol M, Panatala R, Nordmann M, Swart L, van Suijlekom L, Cabukusta B, Hilderink A, Grabietz T, Mina JGM, Somerharju P, Korneev S, Tafesse FG, Holthuis JCM. Switching head group selectivity in mammalian sphingolipid biosynthesis by active-site-engineering of sphingomyelin synthases. J Lipid Res 2017; 58:962-973. [PMID: 28336574 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m076133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
SM is a fundamental component of mammalian cell membranes that contributes to mechanical stability, signaling, and sorting. Its production involves the transfer of phosphocholine from phosphatidylcholine onto ceramide, a reaction catalyzed by SM synthase (SMS)1 in the Golgi and SMS2 at the plasma membrane. Mammalian cells also synthesize trace amounts of the SM analog, ceramide phosphoethanolamine (CPE), but the physiological relevance of CPE production is unclear. Previous work revealed that SMS2 is a bifunctional enzyme producing both SM and CPE, whereas a closely related enzyme, SMS-related protein (SMSr)/SAMD8, acts as a monofunctional CPE synthase in the endoplasmic reticulum. Using domain swapping and site-directed mutagenesis on enzymes expressed in defined lipid environments, we here identified structural determinants that mediate the head group selectivity of SMS family members. Notably, a single residue adjacent to the catalytic histidine in the third exoplasmic loop profoundly influenced enzyme specificity, with Glu permitting SMS-catalyzed CPE production and Asp confining the enzyme to produce SM. An exchange of exoplasmic residues with SMSr proved sufficient to convert SMS1 into a bulk CPE synthase. This allowed us to establish mammalian cells that produce CPE rather than SM as the principal phosphosphingolipid and provide a model of the molecular interactions that impart catalytic specificity among SMS enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthijs Kol
- Molecular Cell Biology Division, Department of Biology/Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany .,Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, Bijvoet Center and Institute of Biomembranes, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Radhakrishnan Panatala
- Molecular Cell Biology Division, Department of Biology/Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany.,Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, Bijvoet Center and Institute of Biomembranes, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mirjana Nordmann
- Molecular Cell Biology Division, Department of Biology/Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Leoni Swart
- Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, Bijvoet Center and Institute of Biomembranes, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Leonie van Suijlekom
- Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, Bijvoet Center and Institute of Biomembranes, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Birol Cabukusta
- Molecular Cell Biology Division, Department of Biology/Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Angelika Hilderink
- Molecular Cell Biology Division, Department of Biology/Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Tanja Grabietz
- Molecular Cell Biology Division, Department of Biology/Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - John G M Mina
- Molecular Cell Biology Division, Department of Biology/Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Pentti Somerharju
- Medical Biochemistry, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Sergei Korneev
- Molecular Cell Biology Division, Department of Biology/Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Fikadu G Tafesse
- Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Joost C M Holthuis
- Molecular Cell Biology Division, Department of Biology/Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany .,Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, Bijvoet Center and Institute of Biomembranes, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
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22
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Cabukusta B, Kol M, Kneller L, Hilderink A, Bickert A, Mina JGM, Korneev S, Holthuis JCM. ER residency of the ceramide phosphoethanolamine synthase SMSr relies on homotypic oligomerization mediated by its SAM domain. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41290. [PMID: 28120887 PMCID: PMC5264588 DOI: 10.1038/srep41290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
SMSr/SAMD8 is an ER-resident ceramide phosphoethanolamine synthase with a critical role in controlling ER ceramides and suppressing ceramide-induced apoptosis in cultured cells. SMSr-mediated ceramide homeostasis relies on the enzyme's catalytic activity as well as on its N-terminal sterile α-motif or SAM domain. Here we report that SMSr-SAM is structurally and functionally related to the SAM domain of diacylglycerol kinase DGKδ, a central regulator of lipid signaling at the plasma membrane. Native gel electrophoresis indicates that both SAM domains form homotypic oligomers. Chemical crosslinking studies show that SMSr self-associates into ER-resident trimers and hexamers that resemble the helical oligomers formed by DGKδ-SAM. Residues critical for DGKδ-SAM oligomerization are conserved in SMSr-SAM and their substitution causes a dissociation of SMSr oligomers as well as a partial redistribution of the enzyme to the Golgi. Conversely, treatment of cells with curcumin, a drug disrupting ceramide and Ca2+ homeostasis in the ER, stabilizes SMSr oligomers and promotes retention of the enzyme in the ER. Our data provide first demonstration of a multi-pass membrane protein that undergoes homotypic oligomerization via its SAM domain and indicate that SAM-mediated self-assembly of SMSr is required for efficient retention of the enzyme in the ER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birol Cabukusta
- Molecular Cell Biology Division, Faculty of Biology/Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Matthijs Kol
- Molecular Cell Biology Division, Faculty of Biology/Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Laura Kneller
- Molecular Cell Biology Division, Faculty of Biology/Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Angelika Hilderink
- Molecular Cell Biology Division, Faculty of Biology/Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Andreas Bickert
- Molecular Genetics, Life and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - John G. M. Mina
- Molecular Cell Biology Division, Faculty of Biology/Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Sergei Korneev
- Molecular Cell Biology Division, Faculty of Biology/Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Joost C. M. Holthuis
- Molecular Cell Biology Division, Faculty of Biology/Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
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23
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Zhang Y, Baycin-Hizal D, Kumar A, Priola J, Bahri M, Heffner KM, Wang M, Han X, Bowen MA, Betenbaugh MJ. High-Throughput Lipidomic and Transcriptomic Analysis To Compare SP2/0, CHO, and HEK-293 Mammalian Cell Lines. Anal Chem 2017; 89:1477-1485. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b02984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhang
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Deniz Baycin-Hizal
- Antibody
Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, United States
| | - Amit Kumar
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Joseph Priola
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Michelle Bahri
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Kelley M. Heffner
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Miao Wang
- Center
for Metabolic Origins of Disease, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, Florida 32827, United States
| | - Xianlin Han
- Center
for Metabolic Origins of Disease, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, Florida 32827, United States
| | - Michael A. Bowen
- Antibody
Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, United States
| | - Michael J. Betenbaugh
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
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24
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Liu LK, Choudhary V, Toulmay A, Prinz WA. An inducible ER-Golgi tether facilitates ceramide transport to alleviate lipotoxicity. J Cell Biol 2016; 216:131-147. [PMID: 28011845 PMCID: PMC5223604 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201606059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Liu et al. show that ER–Golgi tethering increases during ER stress in yeast. The protein Nvj2p is required for this tethering, which promotes nonvesicular ceramide transport from the ER to the Golgi to alleviate ceramide toxicity. Ceramides are key intermediates in sphingolipid biosynthesis and potent signaling molecules. However, excess ceramide is toxic, causing growth arrest and apoptosis. In this study, we identify a novel mechanism by which cells prevent the toxic accumulation of ceramides; they facilitate nonvesicular ceramide transfer from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi complex, where ceramides are converted to complex sphingolipids. We find that the yeast protein Nvj2p promotes the nonvesicular transfer of ceramides from the ER to the Golgi complex. The protein is a tether that generates close contacts between these compartments and may directly transport ceramide. Nvj2p normally resides at contacts between the ER and other organelles, but during ER stress, it relocalizes to and increases ER–Golgi contacts. ER–Golgi contacts fail to form during ER stress in cells lacking Nvj2p. Our findings demonstrate that cells regulate ER–Golgi contacts in response to stress and reveal that nonvesicular ceramide transfer out of the ER prevents the buildup of toxic amounts of ceramides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ka Liu
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Vineet Choudhary
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Alexandre Toulmay
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - William A Prinz
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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25
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Probing phosphoethanolamine-containing lipids in membranes with duramycin/cinnamycin and aegerolysin proteins. Biochimie 2016; 130:81-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2016.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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26
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Wittmann A, Grimm MOW, Scherthan H, Horsch M, Beckers J, Fuchs H, Gailus-Durner V, Hrabě de Angelis M, Ford SJ, Burton NC, Razansky D, Trümbach D, Aichler M, Walch AK, Calzada-Wack J, Neff F, Wurst W, Hartmann T, Floss T. Sphingomyelin Synthase 1 Is Essential for Male Fertility in Mice. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164298. [PMID: 27788151 PMCID: PMC5082796 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sphingolipids and the derived gangliosides have critical functions in spermatogenesis, thus mutations in genes involved in sphingolipid biogenesis are often associated with male infertility. We have generated a transgenic mouse line carrying an insertion in the sphingomyelin synthase gene Sms1, the enzyme which generates sphingomyelin species in the Golgi apparatus. We describe the spermatogenesis defect of Sms1-/- mice, which is characterized by sloughing of spermatocytes and spermatids, causing progressive infertility of male homozygotes. Lipid profiling revealed a reduction in several long chain unsaturated phosphatidylcholins, lysophosphatidylcholins and sphingolipids in the testes of mutants. Multi-Spectral Optoacoustic Tomography indicated blood-testis barrier dysfunction. A supplementary diet of the essential omega-3 docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid diminished germ cell sloughing from the seminiferous epithelium and restored spermatogenesis and fertility in 50% of previously infertile mutants. Our findings indicate that SMS1 has a wider than anticipated role in testis polyunsaturated fatty acid homeostasis and for male fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke Wittmann
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Developmental Genetics, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Marcus O. W. Grimm
- Saarland University, Experimentelle Neurologie, 66424 Homburg/Saar; Germany
| | - Harry Scherthan
- Institut für Radiobiologie der Bundeswehr in Verb. mit der Univ. Ulm, 80937 Munich, Germany
| | - Marion Horsch
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Johannes Beckers
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Technische Universität München, Co Helmholtz-Zentrum München
| | - Helmut Fuchs
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Valerie Gailus-Durner
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Martin Hrabě de Angelis
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Technische Universität München, Co Helmholtz-Zentrum München
| | - Steven J. Ford
- Institute for Biological and Medical Imaging, Helmholtz Zentrum München and Technische Universität München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Neal C. Burton
- Institute for Biological and Medical Imaging, Helmholtz Zentrum München and Technische Universität München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Daniel Razansky
- Institute for Biological and Medical Imaging, Helmholtz Zentrum München and Technische Universität München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Dietrich Trümbach
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Developmental Genetics, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Michaela Aichler
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Research Unit Analytical Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Axel Karl Walch
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Research Unit Analytical Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Julia Calzada-Wack
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Pathology, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Frauke Neff
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Pathology, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wurst
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Developmental Genetics, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Technische Universität München, Co Helmholtz-Zentrum München
- Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen e.V. (DZNE), Site Munich, Schillerstrasse 44, 80336 München, Germany
- Max-Planck-Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstr. 2–10, 80804 München, Germany
| | - Tobias Hartmann
- Saarland University, Experimentelle Neurologie, 66424 Homburg/Saar; Germany
| | - Thomas Floss
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Developmental Genetics, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Technische Universität München, Co Helmholtz-Zentrum München
- * E-mail:
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27
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Cabukusta B, Köhlen JA, Richter CP, You C, Holthuis JCM. Monitoring Changes in the Oligomeric State of a Candidate Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Ceramide Sensor by Single-molecule Photobleaching. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:24735-24746. [PMID: 27729449 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.749812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Single-molecule photobleaching has emerged as a powerful non-invasive approach to extract the stoichiometry of multimeric membrane proteins in their native cellular environment. However, this method has mainly been used to determine the subunit composition of ion channels and receptors at the plasma membrane. Here, we applied single-molecule photobleaching to analyze the oligomeric state of an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) resident candidate ceramide sensor protein, SMSr/SAMD8. Co-immunoprecipitation and chemical cross-linking studies previously revealed that the N-terminal sterile alpha motif (or SAM) domain of SMSr drives self-assembly of the protein into oligomers and that SMSr oligomerization is promoted by curcumin, a drug known to perturb ER ceramide and calcium homeostasis. Application of cell spreading surface-active coating materials in combination with total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy allowed us to image GFP-tagged SMSr proteins as single fluorescent spots in the ER of HeLa cells in which expression of endogenous SMSr was abolished. In line with our biochemical analysis, we find that the number of bleaching steps in SMSr-GFP-positive spots displays a substantial drop after removal of the SAM domain. In contrast, treatment of cells with curcumin increased the number of bleaching steps. Our results document the first successful application of single-molecule photobleaching to resolve drug-induced and domain-dependent changes in the oligomeric state of an ER-resident membrane protein, hence establishing a complementary method to unravel the mechanism by which SMSr controls ceramide levels in the ER.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Christian P Richter
- Biophysics Division, Faculty of Biology/Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany and
| | - Changjiang You
- Biophysics Division, Faculty of Biology/Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany and
| | - Joost C M Holthuis
- From the Molecular Cell Biology Division and; Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, Bijvoet Center and Institute of Biomembranes, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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28
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Kol M, Panatala R, Nordmann M, Swart L, van Suijlekom L, Cabukusta B, Hilderink A, Grabietz T, Mina JGM, Somerharju P, Korneev S, Tafesse FG, Holthuis JCM. Switching head group selectivity in mammalian sphingolipid biosynthesis by active-site engineering of sphingomyelin synthases. J Lipid Res 2016; 57:1273-85. [PMID: 27165857 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m068692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
SM is a fundamental component of mammalian cell membranes that contributes to mechanical stability, signaling, and sorting. Its production involves the transfer of phosphocholine from phosphatidylcholine onto ceramide, a reaction catalyzed by SM synthase (SMS) 1 in the Golgi and SMS2 at the plasma membrane. Mammalian cells also synthesize trace amounts of the SM analog ceramide phosphoethanolamine (CPE), but the physiological relevance of CPE production is unclear. Previous work revealed that SMS2 is a bifunctional enzyme producing both SM and CPE, whereas a closely related enzyme, sphingomyelin synthase-related protein (SMSr)/SAMD8, acts as a monofunctional CPE synthase in the endoplasmatic reticulum. Using domain swapping and site-directed mutagenesis on enzymes expressed in defined lipid environments, we here identified structural determinants that mediate head group selectivity of SMS family members. Notably, a single residue adjacent to the catalytic histidine in the third exoplasmic loop profoundly influenced enzyme specificity, with glutamic acid permitting SMS-catalyzed CPE production and aspartic acid confining the enzyme to produce SM. An exchange of exoplasmic residues with SMSr proved sufficient to convert SMS1 into a bulk CPE synthase. This allowed us to establish mammalian cells that produce CPE rather than SM as the principal phosphosphingolipid and provide a model of the molecular interactions that impart catalytic specificity among SMS enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthijs Kol
- Molecular Cell Biology Division, Department of Biology/Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany Membrane Biochemistry & Biophysics, Bijvoet Center and Institute of Biomembranes, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Radhakrishnan Panatala
- Molecular Cell Biology Division, Department of Biology/Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany Membrane Biochemistry & Biophysics, Bijvoet Center and Institute of Biomembranes, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mirjana Nordmann
- Molecular Cell Biology Division, Department of Biology/Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Leoni Swart
- Membrane Biochemistry & Biophysics, Bijvoet Center and Institute of Biomembranes, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Leonie van Suijlekom
- Membrane Biochemistry & Biophysics, Bijvoet Center and Institute of Biomembranes, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Birol Cabukusta
- Molecular Cell Biology Division, Department of Biology/Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Angelika Hilderink
- Molecular Cell Biology Division, Department of Biology/Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Tanja Grabietz
- Molecular Cell Biology Division, Department of Biology/Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - John G M Mina
- Molecular Cell Biology Division, Department of Biology/Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Pentti Somerharju
- Medical Biochemistry, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Sergei Korneev
- Molecular Cell Biology Division, Department of Biology/Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Fikadu G Tafesse
- Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Joost C M Holthuis
- Molecular Cell Biology Division, Department of Biology/Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany Membrane Biochemistry & Biophysics, Bijvoet Center and Institute of Biomembranes, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
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29
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Bienias K, Fiedorowicz A, Sadowska A, Prokopiuk S, Car H. Regulation of sphingomyelin metabolism. Pharmacol Rep 2016; 68:570-81. [PMID: 26940196 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2015.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Sphingolipids (SFs) represent a large class of lipids playing diverse functions in a vast number of physiological and pathological processes. Sphingomyelin (SM) is the most abundant SF in the cell, with ubiquitous distribution within mammalian tissues, and particularly high levels in the Central Nervous System (CNS). SM is an essential element of plasma membrane (PM) and its levels are crucial for the cell function. SM content in a cell is strictly regulated by the enzymes of SM metabolic pathways, which activities create a balance between SM synthesis and degradation. The de novo synthesis via SM synthases (SMSs) in the last step of the multi-stage process is the most important pathway of SM formation in a cell. The SM hydrolysis by sphingomyelinases (SMases) increases the concentration of ceramide (Cer), a bioactive molecule, which is involved in cellular proliferation, growth and apoptosis. By controlling the levels of SM and Cer, SMSs and SMases maintain cellular homeostasis. Enzymes of SM cycle exhibit unique properties and diverse tissue distribution. Disturbances in their activities were observed in many CNS pathologies. This review characterizes the physiological roles of SM and enzymes controlling SM levels as well as their involvement in selected pathologies of the Central Nervous System, such as ischemia/hypoxia, Alzheimer disease (AD), Parkinson disease (PD), depression, schizophrenia and Niemann Pick disease (NPD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Bienias
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Anna Fiedorowicz
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland; Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Immunobiology, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Anna Sadowska
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Sławomir Prokopiuk
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Halina Car
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland.
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30
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Pore-forming toxins: Properties, diversity, and uses as tools to image sphingomyelin and ceramide phosphoethanolamine. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2015; 1858:576-92. [PMID: 26498396 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2015.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Pore-forming toxins (PFTs) represent a unique class of highly specific lipid-binding proteins. The cytotoxicity of these compounds has been overcome through crystallographic structure and mutation studies, facilitating the development of non-toxic lipid probes. As a consequence, non-toxic PFTs have been utilized as highly specific probes to visualize the diversity and dynamics of lipid nanostructures in living and fixed cells. This review is focused on the application of PFTs and their non-toxic analogs as tools to visualize sphingomyelin and ceramide phosphoethanolamine, two major phosphosphingolipids in mammalian and insect cells, respectively. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Pore-Forming Toxins edited by Mauro Dalla Serra and Franco Gambale.
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31
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Eichmann TO, Lass A. DAG tales: the multiple faces of diacylglycerol--stereochemistry, metabolism, and signaling. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:3931-52. [PMID: 26153463 PMCID: PMC4575688 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1982-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The neutral lipids diacylglycerols (DAGs) are involved in a plethora of metabolic pathways. They function as components of cellular membranes, as building blocks for glycero(phospho)lipids, and as lipid second messengers. Considering their central role in multiple metabolic processes and signaling pathways, cellular DAG levels require a tight regulation to ensure a constant and controlled availability. Interestingly, DAG species are versatile in their chemical structure. Besides the different fatty acid species esterified to the glycerol backbone, DAGs can occur in three different stereo/regioisoforms, each with unique biological properties. Recent scientific advances have revealed that DAG metabolizing enzymes generate and distinguish different DAG isoforms, and that only one DAG isoform holds signaling properties. Herein, we review the current knowledge of DAG stereochemistry and their impact on cellular metabolism and signaling. Further, we describe intracellular DAG turnover and its stereochemistry in a 3-pool model to illustrate the spatial and stereochemical separation and hereby the diversity of cellular DAG metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Oliver Eichmann
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 31/2, 8010, Graz, Austria.
| | - Achim Lass
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 31/2, 8010, Graz, Austria.
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32
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Bhat HB, Ishitsuka R, Inaba T, Murate M, Abe M, Makino A, Kohyama-Koganeya A, Nagao K, Kurahashi A, Kishimoto T, Tahara M, Yamano A, Nagamune K, Hirabayashi Y, Juni N, Umeda M, Fujimori F, Nishibori K, Yamaji-Hasegawa A, Greimel P, Kobayashi T. Evaluation of aegerolysins as novel tools to detect and visualize ceramide phosphoethanolamine, a major sphingolipid in invertebrates. FASEB J 2015; 29:3920-34. [PMID: 26060215 DOI: 10.1096/fj.15-272112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ceramide phosphoethanolamine (CPE), a sphingomyelin analog, is a major sphingolipid in invertebrates and parasites, whereas only trace amounts are present in mammalian cells. In this study, mushroom-derived proteins of the aegerolysin family—pleurotolysin A2 (PlyA2; K(D) = 12 nM), ostreolysin (Oly; K(D) = 1.3 nM), and erylysin A (EryA; K(D) = 1.3 nM)—strongly associated with CPE/cholesterol (Chol)-containing membranes, whereas their low affinity to sphingomyelin/Chol precluded establishment of the binding kinetics. Binding specificity was determined by multilamellar liposome binding assays, supported bilayer assays, and solid-phase studies against a series of neutral and negatively charged lipid classes mixed 1:1 with Chol or phosphatidylcholine. No cross-reactivity was detected with phosphatidylethanolamine. Only PlyA2 also associated with CPE, independent of Chol content (K(D) = 41 μM), rendering it a suitable tool for visualizing CPE in lipid-blotting experiments and biologic samples from sterol auxotrophic organisms. Visualization of CPE enrichment in the CNS of Drosophila larvae (by PlyA2) and in the bloodstream form of the parasite Trypanosoma brucei (by EryA) by fluorescence imaging demonstrated the versatility of aegerolysin family proteins as efficient tools for detecting and visualizing CPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hema Balakrishna Bhat
- *Lipid Biology Laboratory, RIKEN, and Laboratory of Molecular Membrane Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, Saitama, Japan; Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Yukiguni Maitake Co. Ltd., Niigata, Japan; Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan; Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan; **Department of Environmental Science and Education, Faculty of Human Life Science, Tokyo Kasei University, Tokyo, Japan; and Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 1060, Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Reiko Ishitsuka
- *Lipid Biology Laboratory, RIKEN, and Laboratory of Molecular Membrane Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, Saitama, Japan; Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Yukiguni Maitake Co. Ltd., Niigata, Japan; Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan; Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan; **Department of Environmental Science and Education, Faculty of Human Life Science, Tokyo Kasei University, Tokyo, Japan; and Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 1060, Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Takehiko Inaba
- *Lipid Biology Laboratory, RIKEN, and Laboratory of Molecular Membrane Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, Saitama, Japan; Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Yukiguni Maitake Co. Ltd., Niigata, Japan; Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan; Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan; **Department of Environmental Science and Education, Faculty of Human Life Science, Tokyo Kasei University, Tokyo, Japan; and Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 1060, Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Motohide Murate
- *Lipid Biology Laboratory, RIKEN, and Laboratory of Molecular Membrane Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, Saitama, Japan; Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Yukiguni Maitake Co. Ltd., Niigata, Japan; Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan; Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan; **Department of Environmental Science and Education, Faculty of Human Life Science, Tokyo Kasei University, Tokyo, Japan; and Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 1060, Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Mitsuhiro Abe
- *Lipid Biology Laboratory, RIKEN, and Laboratory of Molecular Membrane Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, Saitama, Japan; Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Yukiguni Maitake Co. Ltd., Niigata, Japan; Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan; Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan; **Department of Environmental Science and Education, Faculty of Human Life Science, Tokyo Kasei University, Tokyo, Japan; and Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 1060, Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Asami Makino
- *Lipid Biology Laboratory, RIKEN, and Laboratory of Molecular Membrane Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, Saitama, Japan; Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Yukiguni Maitake Co. Ltd., Niigata, Japan; Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan; Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan; **Department of Environmental Science and Education, Faculty of Human Life Science, Tokyo Kasei University, Tokyo, Japan; and Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 1060, Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Ayako Kohyama-Koganeya
- *Lipid Biology Laboratory, RIKEN, and Laboratory of Molecular Membrane Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, Saitama, Japan; Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Yukiguni Maitake Co. Ltd., Niigata, Japan; Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan; Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan; **Department of Environmental Science and Education, Faculty of Human Life Science, Tokyo Kasei University, Tokyo, Japan; and Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 1060, Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Kohjiro Nagao
- *Lipid Biology Laboratory, RIKEN, and Laboratory of Molecular Membrane Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, Saitama, Japan; Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Yukiguni Maitake Co. Ltd., Niigata, Japan; Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan; Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan; **Department of Environmental Science and Education, Faculty of Human Life Science, Tokyo Kasei University, Tokyo, Japan; and Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 1060, Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Atsushi Kurahashi
- *Lipid Biology Laboratory, RIKEN, and Laboratory of Molecular Membrane Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, Saitama, Japan; Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Yukiguni Maitake Co. Ltd., Niigata, Japan; Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan; Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan; **Department of Environmental Science and Education, Faculty of Human Life Science, Tokyo Kasei University, Tokyo, Japan; and Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 1060, Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Takuma Kishimoto
- *Lipid Biology Laboratory, RIKEN, and Laboratory of Molecular Membrane Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, Saitama, Japan; Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Yukiguni Maitake Co. Ltd., Niigata, Japan; Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan; Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan; **Department of Environmental Science and Education, Faculty of Human Life Science, Tokyo Kasei University, Tokyo, Japan; and Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 1060, Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Michiru Tahara
- *Lipid Biology Laboratory, RIKEN, and Laboratory of Molecular Membrane Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, Saitama, Japan; Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Yukiguni Maitake Co. Ltd., Niigata, Japan; Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan; Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan; **Department of Environmental Science and Education, Faculty of Human Life Science, Tokyo Kasei University, Tokyo, Japan; and Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 1060, Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Akinori Yamano
- *Lipid Biology Laboratory, RIKEN, and Laboratory of Molecular Membrane Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, Saitama, Japan; Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Yukiguni Maitake Co. Ltd., Niigata, Japan; Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan; Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan; **Department of Environmental Science and Education, Faculty of Human Life Science, Tokyo Kasei University, Tokyo, Japan; and Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 1060, Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Kisaburo Nagamune
- *Lipid Biology Laboratory, RIKEN, and Laboratory of Molecular Membrane Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, Saitama, Japan; Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Yukiguni Maitake Co. Ltd., Niigata, Japan; Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan; Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan; **Department of Environmental Science and Education, Faculty of Human Life Science, Tokyo Kasei University, Tokyo, Japan; and Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 1060, Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Yoshio Hirabayashi
- *Lipid Biology Laboratory, RIKEN, and Laboratory of Molecular Membrane Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, Saitama, Japan; Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Yukiguni Maitake Co. Ltd., Niigata, Japan; Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan; Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan; **Department of Environmental Science and Education, Faculty of Human Life Science, Tokyo Kasei University, Tokyo, Japan; and Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 1060, Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Naoto Juni
- *Lipid Biology Laboratory, RIKEN, and Laboratory of Molecular Membrane Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, Saitama, Japan; Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Yukiguni Maitake Co. Ltd., Niigata, Japan; Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan; Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan; **Department of Environmental Science and Education, Faculty of Human Life Science, Tokyo Kasei University, Tokyo, Japan; and Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 1060, Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Masato Umeda
- *Lipid Biology Laboratory, RIKEN, and Laboratory of Molecular Membrane Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, Saitama, Japan; Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Yukiguni Maitake Co. Ltd., Niigata, Japan; Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan; Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan; **Department of Environmental Science and Education, Faculty of Human Life Science, Tokyo Kasei University, Tokyo, Japan; and Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 1060, Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Fumihiro Fujimori
- *Lipid Biology Laboratory, RIKEN, and Laboratory of Molecular Membrane Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, Saitama, Japan; Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Yukiguni Maitake Co. Ltd., Niigata, Japan; Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan; Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan; **Department of Environmental Science and Education, Faculty of Human Life Science, Tokyo Kasei University, Tokyo, Japan; and Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 1060, Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Kozo Nishibori
- *Lipid Biology Laboratory, RIKEN, and Laboratory of Molecular Membrane Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, Saitama, Japan; Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Yukiguni Maitake Co. Ltd., Niigata, Japan; Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan; Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan; **Department of Environmental Science and Education, Faculty of Human Life Science, Tokyo Kasei University, Tokyo, Japan; and Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 1060, Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Akiko Yamaji-Hasegawa
- *Lipid Biology Laboratory, RIKEN, and Laboratory of Molecular Membrane Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, Saitama, Japan; Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Yukiguni Maitake Co. Ltd., Niigata, Japan; Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan; Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan; **Department of Environmental Science and Education, Faculty of Human Life Science, Tokyo Kasei University, Tokyo, Japan; and Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 1060, Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Peter Greimel
- *Lipid Biology Laboratory, RIKEN, and Laboratory of Molecular Membrane Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, Saitama, Japan; Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Yukiguni Maitake Co. Ltd., Niigata, Japan; Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan; Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan; **Department of Environmental Science and Education, Faculty of Human Life Science, Tokyo Kasei University, Tokyo, Japan; and Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 1060, Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Toshihide Kobayashi
- *Lipid Biology Laboratory, RIKEN, and Laboratory of Molecular Membrane Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, Saitama, Japan; Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Yukiguni Maitake Co. Ltd., Niigata, Japan; Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan; Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan; **Department of Environmental Science and Education, Faculty of Human Life Science, Tokyo Kasei University, Tokyo, Japan; and Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 1060, Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
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Favale NO, Santacreu BJ, Pescio LG, Marquez MG, Sterin-Speziale NB. Sphingomyelin metabolism is involved in the differentiation of MDCK cells induced by environmental hypertonicity. J Lipid Res 2015; 56:786-800. [PMID: 25670801 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m050781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Sphingolipids (SLs) are relevant lipid components of eukaryotic cells. Besides regulating various cellular processes, SLs provide the structural framework for plasma membrane organization. Particularly, SM is associated with detergent-resistant microdomains. We have previously shown that the adherens junction (AJ) complex, the relevant cell-cell adhesion structure involved in cell differentiation and tissue organization, is located in an SM-rich membrane lipid domain. We have also demonstrated that under hypertonic conditions, Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells acquire a differentiated phenotype with changes in SL metabolism. For these reasons, we decided to evaluate whether SM metabolism is involved in the acquisition of the differentiated phenotype of MDCK cells. We found that SM synthesis mediated by SM synthase 1 is involved in hypertonicity-induced formation of mature AJs, necessary for correct epithelial cell differentiation. Inhibition of SM synthesis impaired the acquisition of mature AJs, evoking a disintegration-like process reflected by the dissipation of E-cadherin and β- and α-catenins from the AJ complex. As a consequence, MDCK cells did not develop the hypertonicity-induced differentiated epithelial cell phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás Octavio Favale
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina IQUIFIB-LANAIS-PROEM-CONICET, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Bruno Jaime Santacreu
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina IQUIFIB-LANAIS-PROEM-CONICET, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lucila Gisele Pescio
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina IQUIFIB-LANAIS-PROEM-CONICET, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maria Gabriela Marquez
- IQUIFIB-LANAIS-PROEM-CONICET, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud Humana (IICSHUM), Universidad Nacional de La Rioja , La Rioja, Argentina
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Bickert A, Ginkel C, Kol M, vom Dorp K, Jastrow H, Degen J, Jacobs RL, Vance DE, Winterhager E, Jiang XC, Dörmann P, Somerharju P, Holthuis JCM, Willecke K. Functional characterization of enzymes catalyzing ceramide phosphoethanolamine biosynthesis in mice. J Lipid Res 2015; 56:821-35. [PMID: 25667419 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m055269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Besides bulk amounts of SM, mammalian cells produce small quantities of the SM analog ceramide phosphoethanolamine (CPE). Little is known about the biological role of CPE or enzymes responsible for CPE production. Heterologous expression studies revealed that SM synthase (SMS)2 is a bifunctional enzyme producing both SM and CPE, whereas SMS-related protein (SMSr) serves as monofunctional CPE synthase. Acute disruption of SMSr catalytic activity in cultured cells causes a rise in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) ceramides, fragmentation of ER exit sites, and induction of mitochondrial apoptosis. To address the relevance of CPE biosynthesis in vivo, we analyzed the tissue-specific distribution of CPE in mice and generated mouse lines lacking SMSr and SMS2 catalytic activity. We found that CPE levels were >300-fold lower than SM in all tissues examined. Unexpectedly, combined inactivation of SMSr and SMS2 significantly reduced, but did not eliminate, tissue-specific CPE pools and had no obvious impact on mouse development or fertility. While SMSr is widely expressed and serves as the principal CPE synthase in the brain, blocking its catalytic activity did not affect ceramide levels or secretory pathway integrity in the brain or any other tissue. Our data provide a first inventory of CPE species and CPE-biosynthetic enzymes in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Bickert
- Molecular Genetics, Life, and Medical Sciences Institute University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Christina Ginkel
- Molecular Genetics, Life, and Medical Sciences Institute University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Matthijs Kol
- Molecular Cell Biology Division, Department of Biology/Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Katharina vom Dorp
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Holger Jastrow
- Imaging Center Essen, Electron Microscopy Unit, University Hospital University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Joachim Degen
- Molecular Genetics, Life, and Medical Sciences Institute University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - René L Jacobs
- Departments of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, University of Alberta, T6G 2S2 Edmonton, Canada
| | - Dennis E Vance
- Biochemistry, University of Alberta, T6G 2S2 Edmonton, Canada
| | - Elke Winterhager
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Xian-Cheng Jiang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203
| | - Peter Dörmann
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Pentti Somerharju
- Medical Biochemistry, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Joost C M Holthuis
- Molecular Cell Biology Division, Department of Biology/Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Klaus Willecke
- Molecular Genetics, Life, and Medical Sciences Institute University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
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Ding T, Kabir I, Li Y, Lou C, Yazdanyar A, Xu J, Dong J, Zhou H, Park T, Boutjdir M, Li Z, Jiang XC. All members in the sphingomyelin synthase gene family have ceramide phosphoethanolamine synthase activity. J Lipid Res 2015; 56:537-545. [PMID: 25605874 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m054627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sphingomyelin synthase-related protein (SMSr) synthesizes the sphingomyelin analog ceramide phosphoethanolamine (CPE) in cells. Previous cell studies indicated that SMSr is involved in ceramide homeostasis and is crucial for cell function. To further examine SMSr function in vivo, we generated Smsr KO mice that were fertile and had no obvious phenotypic alterations. Quantitative MS analyses of plasma, liver, and macrophages from the KO mice revealed only marginal changes in CPE and ceramide as well as other sphingolipid levels. Because SMS2 also has CPE synthase activity, we prepared Smsr/Sms2 double KO mice. We found that CPE levels were not significantly changed in macrophages, suggesting that CPE levels are not exclusively dependent on SMSr and SMS2 activities. We then measured CPE levels in Sms1 KO mice and found that Sms1 deficiency also reduced plasma CPE levels. Importantly, we found that expression of Sms1 or Sms2 in SF9 insect cells significantly increased not only SM but also CPE formation, indicating that SMS1 also has CPE synthase activity. Moreover, we measured CPE synthase Km and Vmax for SMS1, SMS2, and SMSr using different NBD ceramides. Our study reveals that all mouse SMS family members (SMSr, SMS1, and SMS2) have CPE synthase activity. However, neither CPE nor SMSr appears to be a critical regulator of ceramide levels in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingbo Ding
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, China; Department of Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY
| | - Inamul Kabir
- Department of Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY
| | - Yue Li
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, China; Department of Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY
| | - Caixia Lou
- Department of Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY; Guangdong Medical Laboratory Animal Center, Foshan, China
| | | | - Jiachen Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, China
| | - Jibin Dong
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, China
| | - Hongwen Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Taesik Park
- Department of Life Science, Gachon University, Sungnam, 461-701, South Korea
| | | | - Zhiqiang Li
- Department of Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY
| | - Xian-Cheng Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, China; Department of Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY; Molecular and Cellular Cardiology Program, VA New York Harbor Healthcare System, Brooklyn, NY.
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36
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Schiffmann R. The consequences of genetic and pharmacologic reduction in sphingolipid synthesis. J Inherit Metab Dis 2015; 38:77-84. [PMID: 25164785 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-014-9758-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Revised: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A new therapy based on substrate synthesis reduction in sphingolipidoses is showing promise. The consequences of decreasing sphingolipid synthesis depend on the level at which synthetic blockage occurs and on the extent of the blockage. Complete synthetic blockage may be lethal if it includes all sphingolipids, such as in a global knockout of serine palmitoyltransferase. Partial inhibition of sphingolipid synthetic pathways is usually benign and may have beneficial effects in a number of lysosomal diseases and in more common pathologies, as seen in animal models for atherosclerosis, polycystic kidney disease, diabetes, and asthma. Studies of various forms of sphingolipid synthesis reduction serve to highlight not only the cellular role of these lipids but also the potential risks and therapeutic benefits of pharmacological agents to be used in therapy for human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Schiffmann
- Institute of Metabolic Disease, Baylor Research Institute, 3812 Elm Street, Dallas, TX, USA,
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37
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Aguilera-Romero A, Gehin C, Riezman H. Sphingolipid homeostasis in the web of metabolic routes. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2014; 1841:647-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2013.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Revised: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/19/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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38
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Taniguchi M, Okazaki T. The role of sphingomyelin and sphingomyelin synthases in cell death, proliferation and migration—from cell and animal models to human disorders. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2014; 1841:692-703. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2013.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Revised: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Vacaru AM, van den Dikkenberg J, Ternes P, Holthuis JCM. Ceramide phosphoethanolamine biosynthesis in Drosophila is mediated by a unique ethanolamine phosphotransferase in the Golgi lumen. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:11520-30. [PMID: 23449981 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.460972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Sphingomyelin (SM) is a vital component of mammalian membranes, providing mechanical stability and a structural framework for plasma membrane organization. Its production involves the transfer of phosphocholine from phosphatidylcholine onto ceramide, a reaction catalyzed by SM synthase in the Golgi lumen. Drosophila lacks SM and instead synthesizes the SM analogue ceramide phosphoethanolamine (CPE) as the principal membrane sphingolipid. The corresponding CPE synthase shares mechanistic features with enzymes mediating phospholipid biosynthesis via the Kennedy pathway. Using a functional cloning strategy, we here identified a CDP-ethanolamine:ceramide ethanolamine phosphotransferase as the enzyme responsible for CPE production in Drosophila. CPE synthase constitutes a new branch within the CDP-alcohol phosphotransferase superfamily with homologues in Arthropoda (insects, spiders, mites, scorpions), Cnidaria (Hydra, sea anemones), and Mollusca (oysters) but not in most other animal phyla. The enzyme resides in the Golgi complex with its active site facing the lumen, contrary to the membrane topology of other CDP-alcohol phosphotransferases. Our findings open up an important new avenue to address the biological role of CPE, an enigmatic membrane constituent of a wide variety of invertebrate and marine organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Vacaru
- Department of Membrane Enzymology, Bijvoet Center and Institute of Biomembranes, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
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40
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Peter Slotte J. Molecular properties of various structurally defined sphingomyelins -- correlation of structure with function. Prog Lipid Res 2013; 52:206-19. [PMID: 23295259 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2012.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Revised: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Sphingomyelins are important phospholipids in plasma membranes of most cells. Because of their dominantly saturated nature, they affect the lateral structure of membranes, and contribute to the regulation of cholesterol distribution within membranes, and in cells. However, the abundance of molecular species present in cells also implies that sphingomyelins have other, more specific functions. Many of these functions are currently unknown, but are under extensive study. Mostly model membrane studies have shown that sphingomyelins (and other sphingolipids), in contrast to glycerophospholipids, have important hydrogen bonding properties which in several important ways confer specific functional properties to this abundant class of membrane phospholipids. The often very asymmetric nature of sphingomyelins, arising from mismatch in length between the long chain base and N-acyl chains, also impose specific properties (e.g., interdigitation) to sphingomyelins not seen with glycerophospholipids. In this review, the latest sphingomyelin literature will be scrutinized, and an effort will be made to correlate the molecular structure of sphingomyelin with functional properties. In particular, the effects of head group properties, interfacial hydrogen bonding, long chain base hydroxylation, N-acyl chain hydroxylation, and N-acyl chain methyl-branching will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Peter Slotte
- Biochemistry, Department of Biosciences, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6A, 20520 Turku, Finland.
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41
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Pontier SM, Schweisguth F. Glycosphingolipids in signaling and development: From liposomes to model organisms. Dev Dyn 2011; 241:92-106. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
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42
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Goren MA, Fox BG, Bangs JD. Amino acid determinants of substrate selectivity in the Trypanosoma brucei sphingolipid synthase family. Biochemistry 2011; 50:8853-61. [PMID: 21899277 DOI: 10.1021/bi200981a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The substrate selectivity of four Trypanosoma brucei sphingolipid synthases was examined. TbSLS1, an inositol phosphorylceramide (IPC) synthase, and TbSLS4, a bifunctional sphingomyelin (SM)/ethanolamine phosphorylceramide (EPC) synthase, were inactivated by Ala substitutions of a conserved triad of residues His210, His253, and Asp257 thought to form part of the active site. TbSLS4 also catalyzed the reverse reaction, production of ceramide from sphingomyelin, but none of the Ala substitutions of the catalytic triad in TbSLS4 were able to do so. Site-directed mutagenesis identified residues proximal to the conserved triad that were responsible for the discrimination between charge and size of the different head groups. For discrimination between anionic (phosphoinositol) and zwitterionic (phosphocholine, phosphoethanolamine) head groups, doubly mutated V172D/S252F TbSLS1 and D172V/F252S TbSLS3 showed reciprocal conversion between IPC and bifunctional SM/EPC synthases. For differentiation of zwitterionic headgroup size, N170A TbSLS1 and A170N/N187D TbSLS4 showed reciprocal conversion between EPC and bifunctional SM/EPC synthases. These studies provide a mapping of the SLS active site and demonstrate that differences in catalytic specificity of the T. brucei enzyme family are controlled by natural variations in as few as three residue positions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Goren
- Department of Biochemistry,School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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43
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Merrill AH. Sphingolipid and glycosphingolipid metabolic pathways in the era of sphingolipidomics. Chem Rev 2011; 111:6387-422. [PMID: 21942574 PMCID: PMC3191729 DOI: 10.1021/cr2002917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 527] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alfred H Merrill
- School of Biology, and the Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0230, USA.
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Sphingomyelin synthases regulate protein trafficking and secretion. PLoS One 2011; 6:e23644. [PMID: 21980337 PMCID: PMC3181250 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2010] [Accepted: 07/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sphingomyelin synthases (SMS1 and 2) represent a class of enzymes that transfer a phosphocholine moiety from phosphatidylcholine onto ceramide thus producing sphingomyelin and diacylglycerol (DAG). SMS1 localizes at the Golgi while SMS2 localizes both at the Golgi and the plasma membrane. Previous studies from our laboratory showed that modulation of SMS1 and, to a lesser extent, of SMS2 affected the formation of DAG at the Golgi apparatus. As a consequence, down-regulation of SMS1 and SMS2 reduced the localization of the DAG-binding protein, protein kinase D (PKD), to the Golgi. Since PKD recruitment to the Golgi has been implicated in cellular secretion through the trans golgi network (TGN), the effect of down-regulation of SMSs on TGN-to-plasma membrane trafficking was studied. Down regulation of either SMS1 or SMS2 significantly retarded trafficking of the reporter protein vesicular stomatitis virus G protein tagged with GFP (VSVG-GFP) from the TGN to the cell surface. Inhibition of SMSs also induced tubular protrusions from the trans Golgi network reminiscent of inhibited TGN membrane fission. Since a recent study demonstrated the requirement of PKD activity for insulin secretion in beta cells, we tested the function of SMS in this model. Inhibition of SMS significantly reduced insulin secretion in rat INS-1 cells. Taken together these results provide the first direct evidence that both enzymes (SMS1 and 2) are capable of regulating TGN-mediated protein trafficking and secretion, functions that are compatible with PKD being a down-stream target for SMSs in the Golgi.
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45
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Mitsutake S, Zama K, Yokota H, Yoshida T, Tanaka M, Mitsui M, Ikawa M, Okabe M, Tanaka Y, Yamashita T, Takemoto H, Okazaki T, Watanabe K, Igarashi Y. Dynamic modification of sphingomyelin in lipid microdomains controls development of obesity, fatty liver, and type 2 diabetes. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:28544-55. [PMID: 21669879 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.255646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid microdomains or caveolae, small invaginations of plasma membrane, have emerged as important elements for lipid uptake and glucose homeostasis. Sphingomyelin (SM) is one of the major phospholipids of the lipid microdomains. In this study, we investigated the physiological function of sphingomyelin synthase 2 (SMS2) using SMS2 knock-out mice, and we found that SMS2 deficiency prevents high fat diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance. Interestingly, in the liver of SMS2 knock-out mice, large and mature lipid droplets were scarcely observed. Treatment with siRNA for SMS2 also decreased the large lipid droplets in HepG2 cells. Additionally, the siRNA of SMS2 decreased the accumulation of triglyceride in liver of leptin-deficient (ob/ob) mice, strongly suggesting that SMS2 is involved in lipid droplet formation. Furthermore, we found that SMS2 exists in lipid microdomains and partially associates with the fatty acid transporter CD36/FAT and with caveolin 1, a scaffolding protein of caveolae. Because CD36/FAT and caveolin 1 exist in lipid microdomains and are coordinately involved in lipid droplet formation, SMS2 is implicated in the modulation of the SM in lipid microdomains, resulting in the regulation of CD36/FAT and caveolae. Here, we established new cell lines, in which we can completely distinguish SMS2 activity from SMS1 activity, and we demonstrated that SMS2 could convert ceramide produced in the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane into SM. Our findings demonstrate the novel and dynamic regulation of lipid microdomains via conformational changes in lipids on the plasma membrane by SMS2, which is responsible for obesity and type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susumu Mitsutake
- Department of Biomembrane and Biofunctional Chemistry, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan.
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46
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Momin AA, Park H, Portz BJ, Haynes CA, Shaner RL, Kelly SL, Jordan IK, Merrill JAH. A method for visualization of "omic" datasets for sphingolipid metabolism to predict potentially interesting differences. J Lipid Res 2011; 52:1073-1083. [PMID: 21415121 PMCID: PMC3090229 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m010454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Sphingolipids are structurally diverse and their metabolic pathways highly complex, which makes it difficult to follow all of the subspecies in a biological system, even using “lipidomic” approaches. This report describes a method to use transcriptomic data to visualize and predict potential differences in sphingolipid composition, and it illustrates its use with published data for cancer cell lines and tumors. In addition, several novel sphingolipids that were predicted to differ between MDA-MB-231 and MCF7 cells based on published microarray data for these breast cancer cell lines were confirmed by mass spectrometry. For the data that we were able to find for these comparisons, there was a significant match between the gene expression data and sphingolipid composition (P < 0.001 by Fisher's exact test). Upon considering the large number of gene expression datasets produced in recent years, this simple integration of two types of “omic” technologies (“transcriptomics” to direct “sphingolipidomics”) might facilitate the discovery of useful relationships between sphingolipid metabolism and disease, such as the identification of new biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin A Momin
- School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA
| | - Hyejung Park
- School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA
| | - Brent J Portz
- School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA
| | | | - Rebecca L Shaner
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA; School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA
| | - Samuel L Kelly
- School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA
| | - I King Jordan
- School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA
| | - Jr Alfred H Merrill
- School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA; School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA; School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA.
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47
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Serricchio M, Bütikofer P. Trypanosoma brucei: a model micro-organism to study eukaryotic phospholipid biosynthesis. FEBS J 2011; 278:1035-46. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2011.08012.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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48
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Abstract
Sphingolipids comprise a complex family of naturally occurring molecules that are enriched in lipid rafts and contribute to their unique biochemical properties. Membrane sphingolipids also serve as a reservoir for bioactive metabolites including sphingosine, ceramide, sphingosine-1-phosphate and ceramide-1-phosphate. Among these, sphingosine-1-phosphate has emerged as a central regulator of mammalian biology. Sphingosine-1-phosphate is essential for mammalian brain and cardiac development and for maturation of the systemic circulatory system and lymphatics. In addition, sphingosine-1-phosphate contributes to trafficking and effector functions of lymphocytes and other hematopoietic cells and protects against various forms of tissue injury. However, sphingosine-1-phosphate is also an oncogenic lipid that promotes tumor growth and progression. Recent preclinical and clinical investigations using pharmacological agents that target sphingosine-1-phosphate, its receptors and the enzymes required for its biosynthesis and degradation demonstrate the promise and potential risks of modulating sphingosine-1-phosphate signaling in treatment strategies for autoimmunity, cancer, cardiovascular disease and other pathological conditions.
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49
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Sevova ES, Goren MA, Schwartz KJ, Hsu FF, Turk J, Fox BG, Bangs JD. Cell-free synthesis and functional characterization of sphingolipid synthases from parasitic trypanosomatid protozoa. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:20580-7. [PMID: 20457606 PMCID: PMC2898309 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.127662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2010] [Revised: 05/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The Trypanosoma brucei genome has four highly similar genes encoding sphingolipid synthases (TbSLS1-4). TbSLSs are polytopic membrane proteins that are essential for viability of the pathogenic bloodstream stage of this human protozoan parasite and, consequently, can be considered as potential drug targets. TbSLS4 was shown previously to be a bifunctional sphingomyelin/ethanolamine phosphorylceramide synthase, whereas functions of the others were not characterized. Using a recently described liposome-supplemented cell-free synthesis system, which eliminates complications from background cellular activities, we now unambiguously define the enzymatic specificity of the entire gene family. TbSLS1 produces inositol phosphorylceramide, TbSLS2 produces ethanolamine phosphorylceramide, and TbSLS3 is bifunctional, like TbSLS4. These findings indicate that TbSLS1 is uniquely responsible for synthesis of inositol phosphorylceramide in insect stage parasites, in agreement with published expression array data (17). This approach also revealed that the Trypanosoma cruzi ortholog (TcSLS1) is a dedicated inositol phosphorylceramide synthase. The cell-free synthesis system allowed rapid optimization of the reaction conditions for these enzymes and site-specific mutagenesis to alter end product specificity. A single residue at position 252 (TbSLS1, Ser(252); TbSLS3, Phe(252)) strongly influences enzymatic specificity. We also have used this system to demonstrate that aureobasidin A, a potent inhibitor of fungal inositol phosphorylceramide synthases, does not significantly affect any of the TbSLS activities, consistent with the phylogenetic distance of these two clades of sphingolipid synthases. These results represent the first application of cell-free synthesis for the rapid preparation and functional annotation of integral membrane proteins and thus illustrate its utility in studying otherwise intractable enzyme systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elitza S. Sevova
- From the Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | | | - Kevin J. Schwartz
- From the Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Fong-Fu Hsu
- the Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - John Turk
- the Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Brian G. Fox
- the Department of Biochemistry and
- the Center for Eukaryotic Structural Genomics, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, and
| | - James D. Bangs
- From the Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
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Lipid metabolism in Trypanosoma brucei. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2010; 172:66-79. [PMID: 20382188 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2010.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2010] [Revised: 03/31/2010] [Accepted: 04/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma brucei membranes consist of all major eukaryotic glycerophospholipid and sphingolipid classes. These are de novo synthesized from precursors obtained either from the host or from catabolised endocytosed lipids. In recent years, substantial progress has been made in the molecular and biochemical characterisation of several of these lipid biosynthetic pathways, using gene knockout or RNA interference strategies or by enzymatic characterization of individual reactions. Together with the completed genome, these studies have highlighted several possible differences between mammalian and trypanosome lipid biosynthesis that could be exploited for the development of drugs against the diseases caused by these parasites.
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