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Mateos H, Mallardi A, Camero M, Lanave G, Catella C, Buonavoglia A, De Giglio O, Buonavoglia C, Palazzo G. Mechanism of surfactant interactions with feline coronavirus: A physical chemistry perspective. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 662:535-544. [PMID: 38364478 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.02.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Surfactants are inexpensive chemicals with promising applications in virus inactivation, particularly for enveloped viruses. Yet, the detailed mechanisms by which surfactants deactivate coronaviruses remain underexplored. This study delves into the virucidal mechanisms of various surfactants on Feline Coronavirus (FCoV) and their potential applications against more pathogenic coronaviruses. EXPERIMENTS By integrating virucidal activity assays with fluorescence spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering and laser Doppler electrophoresis, alongside liposome permeability experiments, we have analyzed the effects of non-ionic and ionic surfactants on viral activity. FINDINGS The non-ionic surfactant octaethylene glycol monodecyl ether (C10EO8) inactivates the virus by disrupting the lipid envelope, whereas ionic surfactants like Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate and Cetylpyridinium Chloride predominantly affect the spike proteins, with their impact on the viral membrane being hampered by kinetic and thermodynamic constraints. FCoV served as a safe model for studying virucidal activity, offering a faster alternative to traditional virucidal assays. The study demonstrates that physicochemical techniques can expedite the screening of virucidal compounds, contributing to the design of effective disinfectant formulations. Our results not only highlight the critical role of surfactant-virus interactions but also contribute to strategic advancements in public health measures for future pandemic containment and the ongoing challenge of antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Mateos
- Department of Chemistry and CSGI (Centre for Colloid and Surface Science), University of Bari "A. Moro", via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy.
| | - Antonia Mallardi
- Institute for Physical and Chemical Processes, Bari Division, National Council of Research (CNR), c/o Chemistry Department, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy.
| | - Michele Camero
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari "A. Moro", Strada Provinciale per Casamassima km. 3, 70010 Valenzano, Bari, Italy.
| | - Gianvito Lanave
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari "A. Moro", Strada Provinciale per Casamassima km. 3, 70010 Valenzano, Bari, Italy.
| | - Cristiana Catella
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari "A. Moro", Strada Provinciale per Casamassima km. 3, 70010 Valenzano, Bari, Italy.
| | - Alessio Buonavoglia
- Dental School, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna Alma Mater, Italy.
| | - Osvalda De Giglio
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, Hygiene Section, University of Bari "A. Moro", Piazza G. Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy.
| | - Canio Buonavoglia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari "A. Moro", Strada Provinciale per Casamassima km. 3, 70010 Valenzano, Bari, Italy.
| | - Gerardo Palazzo
- Department of Chemistry and CSGI (Centre for Colloid and Surface Science), University of Bari "A. Moro", via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy.
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Hsiao AS. Protein Disorder in Plant Stress Adaptation: From Late Embryogenesis Abundant to Other Intrinsically Disordered Proteins. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1178. [PMID: 38256256 PMCID: PMC10816898 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25021178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Global climate change has caused severe abiotic and biotic stresses, affecting plant growth and food security. The mechanical understanding of plant stress responses is critical for achieving sustainable agriculture. Intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) are a group of proteins without unique three-dimensional structures. The environmental sensitivity and structural flexibility of IDPs contribute to the growth and developmental plasticity for sessile plants to deal with environmental challenges. This article discusses the roles of various disordered proteins in plant stress tolerance and resistance, describes the current mechanistic insights into unstructured proteins such as the disorder-to-order transition for adopting secondary structures to interact with specific partners (i.e., cellular membranes, membrane proteins, metal ions, and DNA), and elucidates the roles of liquid-liquid phase separation driven by protein disorder in stress responses. By comparing IDP studies in animal systems, this article provides conceptual principles of plant protein disorder in stress adaptation, reveals the current research gaps, and advises on the future research direction. The highlighting of relevant unanswered questions in plant protein disorder research aims to encourage more studies on these emerging topics to understand the mechanisms of action behind their stress resistance phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- An-Shan Hsiao
- Department of Biochemistry and Metabolism, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
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Szlachtowska Z, Rurek M. Plant dehydrins and dehydrin-like proteins: characterization and participation in abiotic stress response. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1213188. [PMID: 37484455 PMCID: PMC10358736 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1213188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Abiotic stress has a significant impact on plant growth and development. It causes changes in the subcellular organelles, which, due to their stress sensitivity, can be affected. Cellular components involved in the abiotic stress response include dehydrins, widely distributed proteins forming a class II of late embryogenesis abundant protein family with characteristic properties including the presence of evolutionarily conserved sequence motifs (including lysine-rich K-segment, N-terminal Y-segment, and often phosphorylated S motif) and high hydrophilicity and disordered structure in the unbound state. Selected dehydrins and few poorly characterized dehydrin-like proteins participate in cellular stress acclimation and are also shown to interact with organelles. Through their functioning in stabilizing biological membranes and binding reactive oxygen species, dehydrins and dehydrin-like proteins contribute to the protection of fragile organellar structures under adverse conditions. Our review characterizes the participation of plant dehydrins and dehydrin-like proteins (including some organellar proteins) in plant acclimation to diverse abiotic stress conditions and summarizes recent updates on their structure (the identification of dehydrin less conserved motifs), classification (new proposed subclasses), tissue- and developmentally specific accumulation, and key cellular activities (including organellar protection under stress acclimation). Recent findings on the subcellular localization (with emphasis on the mitochondria and plastids) and prospective applications of dehydrins and dehydrin-like proteins in functional studies to alleviate the harmful stress consequences by means of plant genetic engineering and a genome editing strategy are also discussed.
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Kanbar A, Beisel J, Gutierrez MT, Graeff-Hönninger S, Nick P. Peruvian Amaranth (kiwicha) Accumulates Higher Levels of the Unsaturated Linoleic Acid. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076215. [PMID: 37047191 PMCID: PMC10093863 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Grain amaranth (Amaranthus spp.) is an emerging crop rich in proteins and other valuable nutrients. It was domesticated twice, in Mexico and Peru. Although global trade is dominated by Mexican species of amaranth, Peruvian amaranth (A. caudatus, kiwicha) has remained neglected, although it harbours valuable traits. In the current study, we investigate the accumulation of polyunsaturated fatty acids, comparing four genotypes of A. caudatus with K432, a commercial variety deriving from the Mexican species A. hypochondriacus under the temperate environment of Southwest Germany. We show that the A. caudatus genotypes flowered later (only in late autumn), such that they were taller as compared to the Mexican hybrid but yielded fewer grains. The oil of kiwicha showed a significantly higher content of unsaturated fatty acids, especially of linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid compared to early flowering genotype K432. To gain insight into the molecular mechanisms behind these differences, we sequenced the genomes of the A. hypochondriacus × hybridus variety K432 and the Peruvian kiwicha genotype 8300 and identified the homologues for genes involved in the ω3 fatty-acid pathway and concurrent oxylipin metabolism, as well as of key factors for jasmonate signalling and cold acclimation. We followed the expression of these transcripts over three stages of seed development in all five genotypes. We find that transcripts for Δ6 desaturases are elevated in kiwicha, whereas in the Mexican hybrid, the concurrent lipoxygenase is more active, which is followed by the activation of jasmonate biosynthesis and signalling. The early accumulation of transcripts involved in cold-stress signalling reports that the Mexican hybrid experiences cold stress already early in autumn, whereas the kiwicha genotypes do not display indications for cold stress, except for the very final phase, when there were already freezing temperatures. We interpret the higher content of unsaturated fatty acids in the context of the different climatic conditions shaping domestication (tropical conditions in the case of Mexican amaranth, sharp cold snaps in the case of kiwicha) and suggest that kiwicha oil has high potential as functional food which can be developed further by tailoring genetic backgrounds, agricultural practice, and processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adnan Kanbar
- Molecular Cell Biology, Joseph Kölreuter Institute for Plant Sciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Julia Beisel
- Molecular Cell Biology, Joseph Kölreuter Institute for Plant Sciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | | | | | - Peter Nick
- Molecular Cell Biology, Joseph Kölreuter Institute for Plant Sciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Correspondence:
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Hernández-Sánchez IE, Maruri-López I, Martinez-Martinez C, Janis B, Jiménez-Bremont JF, Covarrubias AA, Menze MA, Graether SP, Thalhammer A. LEAfing through literature: late embryogenesis abundant proteins coming of age-achievements and perspectives. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:6525-6546. [PMID: 35793147 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
To deal with increasingly severe periods of dehydration related to global climate change, it becomes increasingly important to understand the complex strategies many organisms have developed to cope with dehydration and desiccation. While it is undisputed that late embryogenesis abundant (LEA) proteins play a key role in the tolerance of plants and many anhydrobiotic organisms to water limitation, the molecular mechanisms are not well understood. In this review, we summarize current knowledge of the physiological roles of LEA proteins and discuss their potential molecular functions. As these are ultimately linked to conformational changes in the presence of binding partners, post-translational modifications, or water deprivation, we provide a detailed summary of current knowledge on the structure-function relationship of LEA proteins, including their disordered state in solution, coil to helix transitions, self-assembly, and their recently discovered ability to undergo liquid-liquid phase separation. We point out the promising potential of LEA proteins in biotechnological and agronomic applications, and summarize recent advances. We identify the most relevant open questions and discuss major challenges in establishing a solid understanding of how these intriguing molecules accomplish their tasks as cellular sentinels at the limits of surviving water scarcity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itzell E Hernández-Sánchez
- Center for Desert Agriculture, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Israel Maruri-López
- Center for Desert Agriculture, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Coral Martinez-Martinez
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, 62210, Mexico
| | - Brett Janis
- Department of Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - Juan Francisco Jiménez-Bremont
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular de Plantas, División de Biología Molecular, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica, 78216, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Alejandra A Covarrubias
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, 62210, Mexico
| | - Michael A Menze
- Department of Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - Steffen P Graether
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anja Thalhammer
- Department of Physical Biochemistry, University of Potsdam, D-14476 Potsdam, Germany
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Murray MR, Graether SP. Physiological, Structural, and Functional Insights Into the Cryoprotection of Membranes by the Dehydrins. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:886525. [PMID: 35574140 PMCID: PMC9096783 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.886525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Plants can be exposed to cold temperatures and have therefore evolved several mechanisms to prevent damage caused by freezing. One of the most important targets are membranes, which are particularly susceptible to cold damage. To protect against such abiotic stresses, plants express a family of proteins known as late embryogenesis abundant (LEA) proteins. Many LEA proteins are intrinsically disordered, that is, they do not contain stable secondary or tertiary structures alone in solution. These proteins have been shown in a number of studies to protect plants from damage caused by cold, drought, salinity, and osmotic stress. In this family, the most studied proteins are the type II LEA proteins, better known as dehydrins (dehydration-induced proteins). Many physiological studies have shown that dehydrins are often located near the membrane during abiotic stress and that the expression of dehydrins helps to prevent the formation of oxidation-modified lipids and reduce the amount of electrolyte leakage, two hallmarks of damaged membranes. One of the earliest biophysical clues that dehydrins are involved in membrane cryoprotection came from in vitro studies that demonstrated a binding interaction between the protein and membranes. Subsequent work has shown that one conserved motif, known as K-segments, is involved in binding, while recent studies have used NMR to explore the residue specific structure of dehydrins when bound to membranes. The biophysical techniques also provide insight into the mechanism by which dehydrins protect the membrane from cold stress, which appears to mainly involve the lowering of the transition temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marijke R. Murray
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Steffen P. Graether
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
- Graduate Program in Bioinformatics, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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7
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Smith MA, Graether SP. The Disordered Dehydrin and Its Role in Plant Protection: A Biochemical Perspective. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12020294. [PMID: 35204794 PMCID: PMC8961592 DOI: 10.3390/biom12020294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dehydrins are intrinsically disordered proteins composed of several well conserved sequence motifs known as the Y-, S-, F-, and K-segments, the latter of which is a defining feature of all dehydrins. These segments are interspersed by regions of low sequence conservation and are organized modularly, which results in seven different architectures: Kn, SKn, YnSKn, YnKn, KnS, FnK and FnSKn. Dehydrins are expressed ubiquitously throughout the plant kingdom during periods of low intracellular water content, and are capable of improving desiccation tolerance in plants. In vitro evidence of dehydrins shows that they are involved in the protection of membranes, proteins and DNA from abiotic stresses. However, the molecular mechanisms by which these actions are achieved are as of yet somewhat unclear. With regards to macromolecule cryoprotection, there is evidence to suggest that a molecular shield-like protective effect is primarily influenced by the hydrodynamic radius of the dehydrin and to a lesser extent by the charge and hydrophobicity. The interaction between dehydrins and membranes is thought to be a surface-level, charge-based interaction that may help to lower the transition temperature, allowing membranes to maintain fluidity at low temperatures and preventing membrane fusion. In addition, dehydrins are able to protect DNA from damage, showing that these abiotic stress protection proteins have multiple roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret A. Smith
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada;
| | - Steffen P. Graether
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Graduate Program in Bioinformatics, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
- Correspondence:
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8
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Kimura Y, Ohkubo T, Shimizu K, Magata Y, Park EY, Hara M. Inhibition of cryoaggregation of phospholipid liposomes by an Arabidopsis intrinsically disordered dehydrin and its K-segment. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2021; 211:112286. [PMID: 34929484 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2021.112286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Dehydrin is an intrinsically disordered protein involved in the cold tolerance of plants. Although dehydrins have been thought to protect biomembranes under cold conditions, the underlying protective mechanism has not been confirmed. Here we report that Arabidopsis dehydrin AtHIRD11 inhibited the aggregation of phospholipid liposomes after freezing and thawing. AtHIRD11 showed significantly greater cryoaggregation-prevention activity than cryoprotective agents such as trehalose, proline, and polyethylene glycols. Amino acid sequence segmentation analysis indicated that the K-segment of AtHIRD11 inhibited the cryoaggregation of phosphatidylcholine (PC) liposomes but other segments did not. This showed that K-segments conserved in all dehydrins were likely to be the cryoprotective sites of dehydrins. Amino acid replacement for a typical K-segment (TypK for short) sequence demonstrated that both hydrophobic and charged amino acids were required for the cryoaggregation-prevention activity of PC liposomes. The amino acid shuffling of TypK remarkably reduced cryoprotective activity. Although TypK did not bind to PC liposomes in solution, the addition of liposomes reduced its disordered content under crowded conditions. Together, these results suggested that dehydrins protected biomembranes via conserved K-segments whose sequences were optimized for cryoprotective activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Kimura
- Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Ohkubo
- Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - Kosuke Shimizu
- Department of Molecular Imaging, Institute for Medical Photonics Research, Preeminent Medical Photonics Education & Research Center, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Magata
- Department of Molecular Imaging, Institute for Medical Photonics Research, Preeminent Medical Photonics Education & Research Center, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
| | - Enoch Y Park
- Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan; Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan; Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - Masakazu Hara
- Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan; Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan; Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan.
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Chen X, Börner A, Xin X, Nagel M, He J, Li J, Li N, Lu X, Yin G. Comparative Proteomics at the Critical Node of Vigor Loss in Wheat Seeds Differing in Storability. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:707184. [PMID: 34527008 PMCID: PMC8435634 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.707184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The critical node (CN, 85% germination) of seed viability is an important threshold for seed regeneration decisions after long-term conservation. Dependent on the germplasm, the storage period until CN is reached varies and information on the divergence of the proteomic profiles is limited. Therefore, the study aims to identify key proteins and mechanisms relevant for a long plateau phase and a late CN during artificial seed aging of wheat. Seeds of the storage-tolerant genotype (ST) TRI 23248, and the storage-sensitive genotype (SS) TRI 10230 were exposed to artificial ageing (AA) and extracted embryos of imbibed seeds were analyzed using an iTRAQ-based proteomic technique. ST and SS required AA for 24 and 18 days to reach the CN, respectively. Fifty-seven and 165 differentially abundant proteins (DAPs) were observed in the control and aged groups, respectively. Interestingly, a higher activity in metabolic processes, protein synthesis, transcription, cell growth/division, and signal transduction were already found in imbibed embryos of control ST seeds. After AA, 132 and 64 DAPs were accumulated in imbibed embryos of both aged ST and SS seeds, respectively, which were mainly associated with cell defense, rescue, and metabolism. Moreover, 78 DAPs of ST appeared before CN and were mainly enriched in biological pathways related to the maintenance of redox and carbon homeostasis and they presented a stronger protein translation ability. In contrast, in SS, only 3 DAPs appeared before CN and were enriched only in the structural constituents of the cytoskeleton. In conclusion, a longer span of plateau phase might be obtained in seeds when proteins indicate an intense stress response before CN and include the effective maintenance of cellular homeostasis, and avoidance of excess accumulation of cytotoxic compounds. Although key proteins, inherent factors and the precise regulatory mechanisms need to be further investigated, the found proteins may also have functional potential roles during long-term seed conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuling Chen
- National Crop Genebank, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Applied Technology Research and Development Center for Sericulture and Special Local Products of Hebei Universities, Institute of Sericulture, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, China
| | - Andreas Börner
- Department of Genebank, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Xia Xin
- National Crop Genebank, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Manuela Nagel
- Department of Genebank, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Juanjuan He
- National Crop Genebank, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jisheng Li
- Applied Technology Research and Development Center for Sericulture and Special Local Products of Hebei Universities, Institute of Sericulture, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, China
| | - Na Li
- Applied Technology Research and Development Center for Sericulture and Special Local Products of Hebei Universities, Institute of Sericulture, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, China
| | - Xinxiong Lu
- National Crop Genebank, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guangkun Yin
- National Crop Genebank, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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