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Sun Q, Wu J, Zhu G, Li T, Zhu X, Ni B, Xu B, Ma X, Li J. Lactate-related metabolic reprogramming and immune regulation in colorectal cancer. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1089918. [PMID: 36778600 PMCID: PMC9909490 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1089918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Changes in cellular metabolism involving fuel sources are well-known mechanisms of cancer cell differentiation in the context of carcinogenesis. Metabolic reprogramming is regulated by oncogenic signaling and transcriptional networks and has been identified as an essential component of malignant transformation. Hypoxic and acidified tumor microenvironment contributes mainly to the production of glycolytic products known as lactate. Mounting evidence suggests that lactate in the tumor microenvironment of colorectal cancer(CRC) contributes to cancer therapeutic resistance and metastasis. The contents related to the regulatory effects of lactate on metabolism, immune response, and intercellular communication in the tumor microenvironment of CRC are also constantly updated. Here we summarize the latest studies about the pleiotropic effects of lactate in CRC and the clinical value of targeting lactate metabolism as treatment. Different effects of lactate on various immune cell types, microenvironment characteristics, and pathophysiological processes have also emerged. Potential specific therapeutic targeting of CRC lactate metabolism is also discussed. With increased knowledge, effective druggable targets might be identified, with the aim of improving treatment outcomes by reducing chemoresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianhui Sun
- Oncology Department, Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jingyuan Wu
- Oncology Department, Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Graduate College, Beijing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Guanghui Zhu
- Oncology Department, Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Graduate College, Beijing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Tingting Li
- Graduate College, Beijing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhu
- Oncology Department, Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Baoyi Ni
- Oncology Department, Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bowen Xu
- Oncology Department, Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Graduate College, Beijing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xinyi Ma
- Oncology Department, Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Li
- Oncology Department, Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Jie Li,
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Vacante F, Senesi P, Montesano A, Paini S, Luzi L, Terruzzi I. Metformin Counteracts HCC Progression and Metastasis Enhancing KLF6/p21 Expression and Downregulating the IGF Axis. Int J Endocrinol 2019; 2019:7570146. [PMID: 30774659 PMCID: PMC6350585 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7570146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the common tumor of the liver. Unfortunately, most HCC seem to be resistant to conventional chemotherapy and radiotherapy. The poor efficacy of antitumor agents is also due, at least in part, to the inefficient drug delivery and metabolism exerted by the steatotic/cirrhotic liver that hosts the tumor. Thus, novel approaches in chemotherapy may be needed to improve the survival rate in patients with HCC. Metformin (METF) has been found to lower HCC risk; however, the mechanisms by which METF performs its anticancer activity are not completely elucidated. Previous studies have showed METF action on growth inhibition in the liver in a dose/time-dependent manner and its antitumor role by targeting multiple pathways. We investigated molecular effects of METF in an in vitro human hepatoma model (HepG2), studying cell cycle regulators, tumorigenesis markers, and insulin-like growth factor (IGF) axis regulation. MATERIALS AND METHODS HepG2 cells were treated with METF (400 μM) for 24, 48, and 72 hours. METF action on cell cycle progression and cellular pathways involved in metabolism regulation was evaluated by gene expression analysis, immunofluorescence, and Western blot assay. RESULTS By assessing HepG2 cell viability, METF significantly decreased growth cell capacity raising KLF6/p21 protein content. Moreover, METF ameliorated the cancer microenvironment reducing cellular lipid drop accumulation and promoting AMPK activity. The overexpression of IGF-II molecule and the IGF-I receptor that plays a main role in HCC progression was counteracted by METF. Furthermore, the protein content of HCC principal tumor markers, CK19 and OPN, linked to the metastasis process was significantly reduced by METF stimulus. CONCLUSION Our data show that METF could suppress HepG2 proliferation, through induction of cell cycle arrest at the G0/G1 phase. In addition, METF effect on the cancer microenvironment and on the IGF axis leads to the development of new METF therapeutic use in HCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Vacante
- Metabolism Research Center, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy
| | - Pamela Senesi
- Metabolism Research Center, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Montesano
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Paini
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Livio Luzi
- Metabolism Research Center, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Ileana Terruzzi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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Rinninella E, Cerrito L, Spinelli I, Cintoni M, Mele MC, Pompili M, Gasbarrini A. Chemotherapy for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Current Evidence and Future Perspectives. J Clin Transl Hepatol 2017; 5:235-248. [PMID: 28936405 PMCID: PMC5606970 DOI: 10.14218/jcth.2017.00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 04/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocarcinogenesis is a multistep process, heralded by abnormalities in cell differentiation and proliferation and sustained by an aberrant neoangiogenesis. Understanding the underlying molecular pathogenesis leading to hepatocellular carcinoma is a prerequisite to develop new drugs that will hamper or block the steps of these pathways. As hepatocellular carcinoma has higher arterial vascularization than normal liver, this could be a good target for novel molecular therapies. Introduction of the antiangiogenic drug sorafenib into clinical practice since 2008 has led to new perspectives in the management of this tumor. The importance of this drug lies not only in the modest gain of patients' survival, but in having opened a roadmap towards the development of new molecules and targets. Unfortunately, after the introduction of sorafenib, during the last years, a wide number of clinical trials on antiangiogenic therapies failed in achieving significant results. However, many of these trials are still ongoing and promise to improve overall survival and progression-free survival. A recent clinical trial has proven regorafenib effective in patients showing tumor progression under sorafenib, thus opening new interesting therapeutic perspectives. Many other expectations have been borne from the discovery of the immune checkpoint blockade, already known in other solid malignancies. Furthermore, a potential role in hepatocellular carcinoma therapy may derive from the use of branched-chain amino acids and of nutritional support. This review analyses the biomolecular pathways of hepatocellular carcinoma and the ongoing studies, the actual evidence and the future perspectives concerning drug therapy in this open field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Rinninella
- Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology Unit, Gastroenterology Area, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
- Clinical Nutrition Unit, Gastroenterology Area, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Lucia Cerrito
- Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology Unit, Gastroenterology Area, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Irene Spinelli
- Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology Unit, Gastroenterology Area, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Cintoni
- Clinical Nutrition Unit, Gastroenterology Area, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Mele
- Clinical Nutrition Unit, Gastroenterology Area, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Pompili
- Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology Unit, Gastroenterology Area, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Gasbarrini
- Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology Unit, Gastroenterology Area, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
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4
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Sun H, Ma H, Wang J, Xia L, Zhu G, Wang Z, Sun J, Chen Z. Phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 degradation induced by NEDD4 promotes acquired erlotinib resistance in non-small-cell lung cancer. Tumour Biol 2017; 39:1010428317709639. [PMID: 28714370 DOI: 10.1177/1010428317709639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Acquired resistance to epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitors, such as gefitinib and erlotinib, is a critical issue in the treatment of patients with epidermal growth factor receptor mutant-positive non-small-cell lung cancer. Recent evidence suggests that downregulation of gene of phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 plays an important role in acquired resistance to epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitors in various types of cancers, including lung cancer. It was reported that the E3 ubiquitin ligase neural precursor cell expressed developmentally downregulated gene (NEDD4) (also known as NEDD4-1) negatively regulated phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 protein levels through poly-ubiquitination and proteolysis in carcinomas of the prostate, lung, and bladder. Whether this process plays a role in epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitors resistance in non-small-cell lung cancer has not been studied extensively. In view of this, we investigated the involvement of NEDD4 and phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 in acquired erlotinib resistance with tyrosine kinase inhibitor-sensitive (HCC827) or tyrosine kinase inhibitor-resistant (Erlotinib-resistant HCC827/ER cells which harbored exon 19 deletion. Overexpression of NEDD4 in HCC827/ER cells was detected, and the reverse correlation between NEDD4 and phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 expression in these cells was also revealed. In HCC827/ER cells with knockdown of NEDD4, phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 and p-Akt expressions were decreased; the sensitivity of HCC827/ER cells to erlotinib was partially restored. Similar results were also observed in vivo. In H1650/ER cells harboring both exon 19 and phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 deletion, expression of p-Akt and sensitivity to erlotinib were not affected by simple knockdown of NEDD4 but affected after transfection of phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 into H1650/ER cells. Our results demonstrate that NEDD4 may promote the acquired resistance of non-small-cell lung cancer cells to erlotinib by decreasing phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 protein expression. Targeted decrease in NEDD4 expression may be a potential therapeutic strategy for tyrosine kinase inhibitor-resistant non-small-cell lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huake Sun
- Cancer Institute of PLA, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Huiwen Ma
- Cancer Institute of PLA, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Jianmin Wang
- Cancer Institute of PLA, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Liqin Xia
- Cancer Institute of PLA, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Guangkuo Zhu
- Cancer Institute of PLA, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Zhoufei Wang
- Cancer Institute of PLA, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Jianguo Sun
- Cancer Institute of PLA, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Zhengtang Chen
- Cancer Institute of PLA, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
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Bonifacio A, Sanvee GM, Brecht K, Kratschmar DV, Odermatt A, Bouitbir J, Krähenbühl S. IGF-1 prevents simvastatin-induced myotoxicity in C2C12 myotubes. Arch Toxicol 2016; 91:2223-2234. [PMID: 27734117 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1871-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Statins are generally well tolerated, but treatment with these drugs may be associated with myopathy. The mechanisms of statin-associated myopathy are not completely understood. Statins inhibit AKT phosphorylation by an unclear mechanism, whereas insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) activates the IGF-1/AKT signaling pathway and promotes muscle growth. The aims of the study were to investigate mechanisms of impaired AKT phosphorylation by simvastatin and to assess effects of IGF-1 on simvastatin-induced myotoxicity in C2C12 myotubes. C2C12 mouse myotubes were exposed to 10 μM simvastatin and/or 10 ng/mL IGF-1 for 18 h. Simvastatin inhibited the IGF-1/AKT signaling pathway, resulting in increased breakdown of myofibrillar proteins, impaired protein synthesis and increased apoptosis. Simvastatin inhibited AKT S473 phosphorylation, indicating reduced activity of mTORC2. In addition, simvastatin impaired stimulation of AKT T308 phosphorylation by IGF-1, indicating reduced activation of the IGF-1R/PI3K pathway by IGF-1. Nevertheless, simvastatin-induced myotoxicity could be at least partially prevented by IGF-1. The protective effects of IGF-1 were mediated by activation of the IGF-1R/AKT signaling cascade. Treatment with IGF-1 also suppressed muscle atrophy markers, restored protein synthesis and inhibited apoptosis. These results were confirmed by normalization of myotube morphology and protein content of C2C12 cells exposed to simvastatin and treated with IGF-1. In conclusion, impaired activity of AKT can be explained by reduced function of mTORC2 and of the IGF-1R/PI3K pathway. IGF-1 can prevent simvastatin-associated cytotoxicity and metabolic effects on C2C12 cells. The study gives insight into mechanisms of simvastatin-associated myotoxicity and provides potential targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Bonifacio
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, 4031, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gerda M Sanvee
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, 4031, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Karin Brecht
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, 4031, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Denise V Kratschmar
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Swiss Centre of Applied Human Toxicology, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alex Odermatt
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Swiss Centre of Applied Human Toxicology, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jamal Bouitbir
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, 4031, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Swiss Centre of Applied Human Toxicology, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Krähenbühl
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, 4031, Basel, Switzerland. .,Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland. .,Swiss Centre of Applied Human Toxicology, Basel, Switzerland.
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6
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Yao M, Wang L, Yang J, Yan X, Cai Y, Yao D. IGF-I receptor as an emerging potential molecular-targeted for hepatocellular carcinoma in vitro and in vivo. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:14677-14686. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-5296-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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7
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Ouyang J, Sun Y, Li W, Zhang W, Wang D, Liu X, Lin Y, Lian B, Xie L. dbPHCC: a database of prognostic biomarkers for hepatocellular carcinoma that provides online prognostic modeling. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1860:2688-95. [PMID: 26940364 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignant cancers with a poor prognosis. For decades, more and more biomarkers were found to effect on HCC prognosis, but these studies were scattered and there were no unified identifiers. Therefore, we built the database of prognostic biomarkers and models for hepatocellular carcinoma (dbPHCC). METHODS dbPHCC focuses on biomarkers which were related to HCC prognosis by traditional experiments rather than high-throughput technology. All of the prognostic biomarkers came from literatures issued during 2002 to 2014 in PubMed and were manually selected. dbPHCC collects comprehensive information of candidate biomarkers and HCC prognosis. RESULTS dbPHCC mainly contains 567 biomarkers: 323 proteins, 154 genes, and 90 microRNAs. For each biomarker, the reference information, experimental conditions, and prognostic information are shown. Based on two available patient cohort data sets, an exemplified prognostic model was constructed using 15 phosphotransferases in dbPHCC. The web interface does not only provide a full range of browsing and searching, but also provides online analysis tools. dbPHCC is available at http://lifecenter.sgst.cn/dbphcc/ CONCLUSIONS dbPHCC provides a comprehensive and convenient search and analysis platform for HCC prognosis research. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE dbPHCC is the first database to focus on experimentally verified individual biomarkers, which are related to HCC prognosis. Prognostic markers in dbPHCC have the potential to be therapeutic drug targets and may help in designing new treatments to improve survival of HCC patients. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "System Genetics" Guest Editor: Dr. Yudong Cai and Dr. Tao Huang.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Ouyang
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Ying Sun
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China.
| | - Wei Li
- Shanghai Center for Bioinformation Technology, Shanghai Academy of Science and Technology, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of People Libration Army General Hospital, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Dandan Wang
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Xiangqiong Liu
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Yong Lin
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Baofeng Lian
- Shanghai Center for Bioinformation Technology, Shanghai Academy of Science and Technology, Shanghai 201203, China; Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated First People's Hospital, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Lu Xie
- Shanghai Center for Bioinformation Technology, Shanghai Academy of Science and Technology, Shanghai 201203, China.
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8
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Han J, Zhao F, Zhang J, Zhu H, Ma H, Li X, Peng L, Sun J, Chen Z. miR-223 reverses the resistance of EGFR-TKIs through IGF1R/PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Int J Oncol 2016; 48:1855-67. [PMID: 26936292 PMCID: PMC4809653 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2016.3401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Acquired resistance to epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), such as gefitinib and erlotinib, is a critical issue for the treatment of EGFR mutant-positive non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Recent evidence supports the role of microRNA-223 (miR-223) in modulating chemotherapeutic drug sensitivity, but its role in the resistance to EGFR-TKIs in NSCLC remains unclear. To this end, we investigated the involvement of miR-223 in erlotinib resistance, using two pairs of TKI-sensitive or resistant cell lines, PC9 vs PC9/ER, and HCC827 vs HCC827/ER, as well as PC9/CD133+, which are lung cancer stem-like cells derived from PC9 cells. Downregulation of miR-223 expression in PC9/ER and PC9/CD133+ cells was detected, and the reverse correlation of miR-233 and insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R) in these cells was also revealed. Next, levels of IGF1R mRNA and p-Akt were significantly reduced in miR-223 stably transfected PC9/ER and PC9/CD133+ cells. However, the sensitivity of PC9/ER and PC9/CD133+ cells to erlotinib was partially restored, after overexpression of miR-223 in those cells. Similar results were also observed in vivo. Furthermore, miR-223-mediated inhibition of the IGF1R/PI3K/Akt signaling pathway may have been reversed by the agonist of IGF1R in miR-223 transfected cells. Our findings indicated that downregulation of miR-223, which can induce activation of the IGF1R/phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway in PC9/ER and PC9/CD133+ cells, may be responsible for the resistance of PC9/ER and PC9/CD133+ cells to erlotinib, suggesting that miR-223 is a potential therapeutic target for overcoming EGFR-TKIs resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Han
- Cancer Institute of PLA, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, P.R. China
| | - Fengyi Zhao
- Cancer Institute of PLA, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, P.R. China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Oncology, 401 Hospital of the People's Liberation Army, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China
| | - Haizhen Zhu
- Department of Oncology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou 550002, P.R. China
| | - Hu Ma
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, P.R. China
| | - Xuetao Li
- Cancer Institute of PLA, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, P.R. China
| | - Lina Peng
- Cancer Institute of PLA, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, P.R. China
| | - Jianguo Sun
- Cancer Institute of PLA, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, P.R. China
| | - Zhengtang Chen
- Cancer Institute of PLA, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, P.R. China
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9
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Ip BC, Liu C, Smith DE, Ausman LM, Wang XD. High-refined-carbohydrate and high-fat diets induce comparable hepatic tumorigenesis in male mice. J Nutr 2014; 144:647-53. [PMID: 24647392 PMCID: PMC3985820 DOI: 10.3945/jn.113.189613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies demonstrated that diet-induced obese mice fed a semi-purified high-fat diet (HFD) had greater liver tumorigenesis than mice fed a non-semi-purified diet. Because ingredients present in standard unpurified diets may elicit potential chemopreventive properties that are not present in semi-purified diets, the present study evaluated hepatic tumorigenic effects of dietary fat by replacing it with refined carbohydrates [digestible saccharides; high-carbohydrate diet (HCD)] in a semi-purified diet without altering other components. Two-wk-old C57Bl/6J male mice were randomly injected i.p. with either the liver-specific carcinogen diethylnitrosamine (25 mg/kg body weight) to induce liver cancer or saline as the nontumor control. At age 6 wk, mice with or without cancer initiation were further randomly assigned to an HFD (26% and 60% energy from carbohydrates and fat, respectively) or an HCD (66% and 12% energy from carbohydrates and fat, respectively) and consumed food ad libitum for 24 wk. Results showed that HCD-fed mice had a comparable degree of hepatic tumorigenesis (tumor number and volume) as HFD-fed mice, despite having significantly reduced body weights. HCD feeding induced greater hepatic endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-mediated protein kinase RNA-activated-like kinase (PERK) activation and oncogenic interleukin-6/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 signaling than HFD feeding. HCD-stimulated PERK signaling was associated with elevated expression of prosurvival markers in tumors, including induced protein kinase B activation, increased extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 phosphorylation, and elevated cyclin D1 protein expression. However, HCD-mediated PERK activation in tumors was also positively associated with markers of proapoptosis, which included elevated CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homology protein expression and increased cleaved caspase-3. HCD-fed mice had greater severity in hepatic steatosis than HFD-fed mice. HCD-induced steatosis exacerbation was associated with increased expression in hepatic de novo lipogenic markers that can promote ER stress. Together, these data indicated that chronic HCD consumption by mice can produce comparable severity of hepatic tumorigenesis as HFD consumption, potentially through upregulating PERK-mediated ER stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanche C. Ip
- Nutrition and Cancer Biology Laboratory and,Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA
| | - Chun Liu
- Nutrition and Cancer Biology Laboratory and
| | - Donald E. Smith
- Comparative Biology Unit, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, and
| | - Lynne M. Ausman
- Nutrition and Cancer Biology Laboratory and,Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA
| | - Xiang-Dong Wang
- Nutrition and Cancer Biology Laboratory and,Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA,To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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10
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Dong Z, Yao M, Wang L, Yan X, Gu X, Shi Y, Yao N, Qiu L, Wu W, Yao D. Abnormal expression of insulin-like growth factor-I receptor in hepatoma tissue and its inhibition to promote apoptosis of tumor cells. Tumour Biol 2014; 34:3397-405. [PMID: 23797814 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-013-0912-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal signaling of insulin-like growth factor I receptor (IGF-IR) is associated with hepatocellular carcinoma, but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain largely unknown. The objective of this study was to investigate IGF-IR's role as a signaling molecule, its pathological alteration in hepatoma tissues, and its effect on hepatoma cell proliferation when inhibited. As measured by immunohistochemical analysis, the incidence of hepatic IGF-IR expression in cancerous tissue was 80.0 % (24 of 30), which was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than 43.3 % (13 of 30) occurrence in the surrounding tissue and the nondetectable (0 of 30) frequency in the distal cancerous tissue. Hepatoma IGF-IR expression was correlated to the differentiation degree and not to the number or size of tumors, HBV infection, and AFP level. The in vitro IGF-IR expression in hepatoma cells was down-regulated significantly by picropodophyllin, a specific kinase inhibitor, in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Cell proliferation was inhibited through typical mechanisms of promoting apoptosis and cell cycle arrest (G2/M phase). Up-regulation of IGF-IR in hepatocarcinogenesis suggests that the down-regulation of IGF-IR expression could be a specific molecular target for hepatoma cell proliferation.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Apoptosis/genetics
- Base Sequence
- Blotting, Western
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/genetics
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Down-Regulation/drug effects
- Female
- G2 Phase Cell Cycle Checkpoints/drug effects
- G2 Phase Cell Cycle Checkpoints/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Hep G2 Cells
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Liver/metabolism
- Liver/pathology
- Liver Neoplasms/genetics
- Liver Neoplasms/metabolism
- Liver Neoplasms/pathology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Podophyllotoxin/analogs & derivatives
- Podophyllotoxin/pharmacology
- Receptor, IGF Type 1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, IGF Type 1/genetics
- Receptor, IGF Type 1/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Time Factors
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Ip BC, Hu KQ, Liu C, Smith DE, Obin MS, Ausman LM, Wang XD. Lycopene metabolite, apo-10'-lycopenoic acid, inhibits diethylnitrosamine-initiated, high fat diet-promoted hepatic inflammation and tumorigenesis in mice. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2013; 6:1304-16. [PMID: 24085778 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-13-0178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is associated with increased risk in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development and mortality. An important disease control strategy is the prevention of obesity-related hepatic inflammation and tumorigenesis by dietary means. Here, we report that apo-10'-lycopenoic acid (APO10LA), a cleavage metabolite of lycopene at its 9',10'-double bond by carotene-9',10'-oxygenase, functions as an effective chemopreventative agent against hepatic tumorigenesis and inflammation. APO10LA treatment on human liver THLE-2 and HuH7 cells dose dependently inhibited cell growth and upregulated sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), a NAD(+)-dependent protein deacetylase that may suppress hepatic carcinogenesis. This observed SIRT1 induction was associated with decreased cyclin D1 protein, increased cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21 protein expression, and induced apoptosis. APO10LA supplementation (10 mg/kg diet) for 24 weeks significantly reduced diethylnitrosamine-initiated, high fat diet (HFD)-promoted hepatic tumorigenesis (50% reduction in tumor multiplicity; 65% in volume) and lung tumor incidence (85% reduction) in C57Bl/6J mice. The chemopreventative effects of APO10LA were associated with increased hepatic SIRT1 protein and deacetylation of SIRT1 targets, as well as with decreased caspase-1 activation and SIRT1 protein cleavage. APO10LA supplementation in diet improved glucose intolerance and reduced hepatic inflammation [decreased inflammatory foci, TNFα, interleukin (IL)-6, NF-κB p65 protein expression, and STAT3 activation] in HFD-fed mice. Furthermore, APO10LA suppressed Akt activation, cyclin D1 gene, and protein expression and promoted PARP protein cleavage in transformed cells within liver tumors. Taken together, these data indicate that APO10LA can effectively inhibit HFD-promoted hepatic tumorigenesis by stimulating SIRT1 signaling while reducing hepatic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanche C Ip
- Nutrition and Cancer Biology Laboratory, Jean-Mayer United States Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, 711 Washington Street, Room 514, Boston, MA 02111.
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Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary hepatic malignancy. Its incidence and prevalence is globally heterogeneous with the highest rates in Southeast Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa. In Western Industry nations, its incidence has significantly increased throughout the previous three decades. Its global heterogeneity is in part a reflection of the global distribution of its risk factors. Its prognosis is dismal with a 5-year survival of 11 %. The only potentially curative treatment is surgical with either resection or orthotopic liver transplantation. However, the majority of HCC patients are diagnosed at an advanced stage at which surgical therapies are not feasible. HCC is considered chemotherapy-resistant-a characteristic thought to be mediated in part through stem-like tumor initiating cells (STICs). Recent studies have provided significant insights in the hepatocarcinogenesis and the molecular signaling pathways of this malignancy resulting in the development of novel, molecular targeted therapies with modest therapeutic benefit. Our growing understanding of the biology of this malignancy will help in the development of novel, molecular-targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Blechacz
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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13
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Girouard J, Lafleur MJ, Parent S, Leblanc V, Asselin E. Involvement of Akt isoforms in chemoresistance of endometrial carcinoma cells. Gynecol Oncol 2012; 128:335-43. [PMID: 23174537 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2012.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Revised: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 11/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In tumors, upstream regulation of Akt is affected by oncogenic events which lead to its constitutive activation and promote cell survival. Since studies have demonstrated that the three Akt isoforms exhibit different physiological functions, Akt isoforms may contribute differently in chemoresistance. The objective of the study was to determine the role of each Akt isoforms in chemoresistance. METHODS We stably transfected the chemoresistant KLE endometrial carcinoma cells with specific shRNAs for Akt1, Akt2 or Akt3. Alternatively, we stably transfected the chemosensitive Hec-1-A endometrial carcinoma cells, in which no Akt activity is detected, with constitutively active Akt expression vectors for each isoform. RESULTS We demonstrated that Akt1 and Akt2 downregulation by RNAi highly sensitizes KLE cells to cisplatin by inducing the activation of pro-apoptotic factors such as the cleavage of caspases-3, -6, -9 and PARP; downregulation of all Akt isoforms leads to increased sensitivity to doxorubicin while only Akt1-2 downregulation increases taxol sensitivity. Proliferation of Akt1, and mostly Akt2 deficient cells was affected by cisplatin treatment. Constitutive Akt1 or Akt2 expression led to an increased resistance to apoptosis. Akt isoforms have been shown to influence migration in other cancer cells. We showed that Akt2 blocks cell motility, while Akt1-3 had less effect on our endometrial cancer cell models. CONCLUSION Our findings highlight the contribution of Akt1 and Akt2 in the molecular mechanisms that govern chemoresistance of endometrial carcinomas. Furthermore, Akt isoform-specific transfectants will provide a strong model to determine the involvement of each Akt isoform in tumor progression and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Girouard
- Canada Research Chair in Molecular Gyneco-Oncology, Research Group in Molecular Oncology and Endocrinology, Department of Medical Biology, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Québec, Canada G9A 5H7
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14
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Dong ZZ, Yan XD, Yao M, Yan MJ, Wang L, Qiu LW, Wu W, Yao DF. Association between expression of key insulin-like growth factor signaling molecules and malignant transformation of hepatocytes. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2012; 20:2992-2999. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v20.i31.2992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the dynamic expression of key insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signaling IGF-Ⅱ and IGF-Ⅰreceptor (IGF-IR) during malignant transformation of rat hepatocytes.
METHODS: Hepatoma was induced in male Sprague-Dawley rats with 2-fluorenylacetamide (2-FAA). Morphological changes of the liver were observed, and dynamic changes in the levels of IGF-Ⅱ and IGF-1R in the liver and serum were quantitatively analyzed. The expression and distribution of IGF-Ⅱ and IGF-1R proteins were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. Serum IGF-1R and IGF-II levels were detected by ELISA. Expression of IGF-Ⅱ and IGF-IR mRNAs in the liver was detected by nested RT-PCR and confirmed by DNA sequencing.
RESULTS: After induction with 2-FAA, rat hepatocytes showed granule-like degeneration, atypical hyperplasia, and malignant transformation, and hepatic total RNA, IGF-1R, and IGF-Ⅱ levels significantly increased. The levels of IGF-Ⅱ in the liver (F = 48.1, P < 0.01) and serum (F = 13.2, P < 0.01) were significantly higher in the hepatoma group than in any of other groups. There was a positive relationship (r = 0.97, t = 5.97, P < 0.01) between liver IGF-II (nmol/mg wet liver) and serum IGF-Ⅱ (nmol/L). Similar results were also obtained for IGF-IR in the liver and serum, and IGF-IR expression in the hepatoma group was significantly higher (P < 0.01) than that in any of other groups.
CONCLUSION: IGF-1R and IGF-Ⅱ may participate in hepatocyte canceration. Overexpression of IGF-1R and IGF-Ⅱ might be useful molecular markers for early diagnosis and prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Zhang DM, Liu JS, Tang MK, Yiu A, Cao HH, Jiang L, Chan JYW, Tian HY, Fung KP, Ye WC. Bufotalin from Venenum Bufonis inhibits growth of multidrug resistant HepG2 cells through G2/M cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Eur J Pharmacol 2012; 692:19-28. [PMID: 22841670 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2012.06.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2012] [Revised: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 06/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Venenum Bufonis, a traditional Chinese medicine, is widely used in the treatment of liver cancer in modern Chinese medical practices. In our search for anti-hepatoma constituents in Venenum Bufonis, bufotalin, bufalin, telocinobufagin and cinobufagin were obtained. Bufotalin was the most potent active compound among these four bufadienolides, and it exerted stronger inhibitory effect on the viability of doxorubicin-induced multidrug resistant liver cancer cells (R-HepG2) than that of their parent cells HepG2. Structure-activity relationship analysis indicated that the acetyl group linked to C-16 of bufadienolides might be useful for increasing anti-hepatoma activity. Further mechanistic studies revealed that bufotalin treatment induced cell cycle arrest at G(2)/M phase through down-regulation of Aurora A, CDC25, CDK1, cyclin A and cyclin B1, as well as up-regulation of p53 and p21. Bufotalin treatment also induced apoptosis which was accompanied by decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential, increases in intracellular calcium level and reactive oxygen species production, activations of caspase-9 and -3, cleavage of poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) as well as changes in the expressions of bcl-2 and bax. It was also found that the inhibition of Akt expression and phosphorylation was involved in apoptosis induction, and specific Akt inhibitor LY294002 or siRNA targeting Akt can synergistically enhanced bufotalin-induced apoptosis. In vivo study showed that bufotalin significantly inhibited the growth of xenografted R-HepG2 cells, without body weight loss or marked toxicity towards the spleen. These results indicate that bufotalin has a promising potential to become a novel anti-cancer agent for the treatment of liver cancer with multidrug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Mei Zhang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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16
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GIT2 acts as a potential keystone protein in functional hypothalamic networks associated with age-related phenotypic changes in rats. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36975. [PMID: 22606319 PMCID: PMC3351446 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The aging process affects every tissue in the body and represents one of the most complicated and highly integrated inevitable physiological entities. The maintenance of good health during the aging process likely relies upon the coherent regulation of hormonal and neuronal communication between the central nervous system and the periphery. Evidence has demonstrated that the optimal regulation of energy usage in both these systems facilitates healthy aging. However, the proteomic effects of aging in regions of the brain vital for integrating energy balance and neuronal activity are not well understood. The hypothalamus is one of the main structures in the body responsible for sustaining an efficient interaction between energy balance and neurological activity. Therefore, a greater understanding of the effects of aging in the hypothalamus may reveal important aspects of overall organismal aging and may potentially reveal the most crucial protein factors supporting this vital signaling integration. In this study, we examined alterations in protein expression in the hypothalami of young, middle-aged, and old rats. Using novel combinatorial bioinformatics analyses, we were able to gain a better understanding of the proteomic and phenotypic changes that occur during the aging process and have potentially identified the G protein-coupled receptor/cytoskeletal-associated protein GIT2 as a vital integrator and modulator of the normal aging process.
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17
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Tian Y, Guo B, Jia H, Ji K, Sun Y, Li Y, Zhao T, Gao L, Meng Y, Kalvakolanu DV, Kopecko DJ, Zhao X, Zhang L, Xu D. Targeted therapy via oral administration of attenuated Salmonella expression plasmid-vectored Stat3-shRNA cures orthotopically transplanted mouse HCC. Cancer Gene Ther 2012; 19:393-401. [PMID: 22555509 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2012.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The development of RNA interference-based cancer gene therapies has been delayed due to the lack of effective tumor-targeting delivery systems. Attenuated Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) has a natural tropism for solid tumors. We report here the use of attenuated S. Typhimurium as a vector to deliver shRNA directly into tumor cells. Constitutively activated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Stat3) is a key transcription factor involved in both hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) growth and metastasis. In this study, attenuated S. Typhimurium was capable of delivering shRNA-expressing vectors to the targeted cancer cells and inducing RNA interference in vivo. More importantly, a single oral dose of attenuated S. Typhimurium carrying shRNA-expressing vectors targeting Stat3 induced remarkably delayed and reduced HCC (in 70% of mice). Cancer in these cured mice did not recur over 2 years following treatment. These data demonstrated that RNA interference combined with Salmonella as a delivery system may offer a novel clinical approach for cancer gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Tian
- Prostate Diseases Prevention and Treatment Research Centre and Department of Pathophysiology, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
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Hagiwara A, Nishiyama M, Ishizaki S. Branched-chain amino acids prevent insulin-induced hepatic tumor cell proliferation by inducing apoptosis through mTORC1 and mTORC2-dependent mechanisms. J Cell Physiol 2012; 227:2097-105. [PMID: 21769869 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) supplementation has been reported to suppress the incidence of liver cancer in obese patients with liver cirrhosis or in obese and diabetic model animals of carcinogenesis. Whether BCAA directly suppresses cell proliferation of hepatic tumor cells under hyperinsulinemic condition remain to be defined. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of BCAA on insulin-induced proliferation of hepatic tumor cells and determine the underlying mechanisms. BCAA suppressed insulin-induced cell proliferation of H4IIE, HepG2 cells. In H4IIE cells, BCAA did not affect cell cycle progression but increased apoptosis by suppressing expressions of anti-apoptotic genes and inducing pro-apoptotic gene via inactivation of PI3K/Akt and NF-κB signaling pathways. Further studies demonstrated that BCAA inhibited PI3K/Akt pathway not only by promoting negative feedback loop from mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1)/S6K1 to PI3K/Akt pathway, but also by suppressing mTORC2 kinase activity toward Akt. Our findings suggest that BCAA supplementation may be useful to suppress liver cancer progression by inhibiting insulin-induced PI3K/Akt and subsequent anti-apoptotic pathway, indicating the importance of BCAA supplementation to the obese patients with advanced liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asami Hagiwara
- Pharmacology, Exploratory & Applied Pharmaceutical Research Department, Pharmaceutical Research Center, Ajinomoto Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Japan.
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Zhu B, Zhou X. [The study of PI3K/AKT pathway in lung cancer metastasis and drug resistance]. ZHONGGUO FEI AI ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF LUNG CANCER 2011; 14:689-94. [PMID: 21859552 PMCID: PMC5999626 DOI: 10.3779/j.issn.1009-3419.2011.08.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
磷脂酰肌醇-3-激酶/丝苏氨酸蛋白激酶(phosphatidyl-inositol 3-kinase/serine-threonine kinase, PI3K/ AKT)信号通路是细胞内重要信号转导通路之一,通过影响下游多种效应分子的活化状态,在细胞内发挥抑制凋亡、促进增殖的关键作用,与人类多种肿瘤的发生发展密切相关。研究表明PI3K/AKT信号通路在恶性肿瘤细胞的增殖、血管新生和转移及对放化疗的拮抗中都起着重要作用。对PI3K/AKT信号通路的深入研究有望找到肿瘤预防和药物治疗的新靶点。本文简要介绍了PI3K/AKT信号通路的组成与功能调节,并着重阐述了其在肺癌转移和耐药中的作用。
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingjing Zhu
- Sixth Graduate Student Group, the Third Military University, Chongqing 400038, China
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20
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Liu J, Fu XQ, Zhou W, Yu HG, Yu JP, Luo HS. LY294002 potentiates the anti-cancer effect of oxaliplatin for gastric cancer via death receptor pathway. World J Gastroenterol 2011; 17:181-90. [PMID: 21245990 PMCID: PMC3020371 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v17.i2.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2010] [Revised: 12/14/2010] [Accepted: 12/21/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To examine the effects of combined treatment of oxaliplatin and phosphatidylinositol 3’-kinase inhibitor, 2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one (LY294002) for gastric cancer.
METHODS: Cell viability was evaluated by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. Apoptotic cells were detected by flow cytometric analysis and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling assay. Western blotting and immuno-precipitation were used to examine protein expression and recruitment, respectively. Nuclear factor κB (NFκB) binding activities were investigated using electrophoretic mobility shift assay. Nude mice were used to investigate tumor growth.
RESULTS: Treatment with combined oxaliplatin and LY294002 resulted in increased cell growth inhibition and cell apoptosis in vitro, and increased tumor growth inhibition and cell death in the tumor mass in vivo. In MKN45 and AGS cells, oxaliplatin treatment promoted both protein kinase B (Akt) and NFκB activation, while pretreatment with LY294002 significantly attenuated oxaliplatin-induced Akt activity and NFκB binding. LY294002 promoted oxaliplatin-induced Fas ligand (FasL) expression, Fas-associated death domain protein recruitment, caspase-8, Bid, and caspase-3 activation, and the short form of cellular caspase-8/FLICE-inhibitory protein (c-FLIPS) inhibition. In vivo, LY294002 inhibited oxaliplatin-induced activation of Akt and NFκB, and increased oxaliplatin-induced expression of FasL, inhibition of c-FLIPS, and activation of caspase-8, Bid, and caspase-3.
CONCLUSION: Combination of oxaliplatin and LY294002 was therapeutically promising for gastric cancer treatment. The enhanced sensitivity of the combined treatment was associated with the activation of the death receptor pathway.
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Weidinger C, Krause K, Fuhrer D. Novel insights into FOXOlogy: FOXOs and their putative role in thyroid carcinogenesis. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2011; 6:63-69. [PMID: 30764036 DOI: 10.1586/eem.10.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
FOXO transcription factors regulate genes directly involved in the control of cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, DNA damage repair and antioxidative defense mechanisms. Genetic FOXO alterations and inactivation of FOXOs through oncogenic signaling cascades have been identified in several human cancers and contribute to uncoordinated cellular proliferation. To date, little is known about FOXOs in the thyroid context. In this article we will first provide an introduction into the topic of forkhead transcription factors by explaining the principles of FOXO function and regulation. We will then address specific aspects of FOXO3 function in the thyroid and possible consequences of FOXO3 deregulation in thyroid malignancy. Finally, we discuss the potential role of the PI3K/Akt/FOXO3 axis for a targeted drug therapy of advanced thyroid carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Weidinger
- a Clinic of Endocrinology and Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Neurology and Dermatology, University of Leipzig, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kerstin Krause
- a Clinic of Endocrinology and Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Neurology and Dermatology, University of Leipzig, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Dagmar Fuhrer
- a Clinic of Endocrinology and Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Neurology and Dermatology, University of Leipzig, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Rossi L, Zoratto F, Papa A, Iodice F, Minozzi M, Frati L, Tomao S. Current approach in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2010; 2:348-59. [PMID: 21160806 PMCID: PMC2999141 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v2.i9.348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2010] [Revised: 08/24/2010] [Accepted: 08/31/2010] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common malignant hepatobiliary disease; it is responsible for about 1 million deaths per year. Risk factors include hepatitis B and C, hepatic cirrhosis, including alcohol related hepatitis, metabolic and nutritional hepatic damage. The main modality of diffusion is intrahepatic in the natural course of the disease. There are two leading types of treatment: local and systemic. Surgical resection and liver transplantation constitute the most appropriate local treatments and are considered the only real possibility for recovery. Other local approaches include: radiofrequency ablation, percutaneous ethanol ablation, hepatic endoarterial chemoembolization and intrahepatic radiotherapy (SIRT: selective internal radiation therapy). These last treatments are used to control the disease when surgery or transplantation is not achievable; in some cases they are able to prolong survival while they constitute mainly a palliative treatment. Systemic treatments include: chemotherapy, immunological and hormonal therapies and, more recently, the introduction of new specific molecular target drugs. At the moment, in this group, the only drug that has given positive results during phase III trials (SHARP study) is Sorafenib. Sorafenib represents the only primary systemic therapy that has demonstrated, unlike the other treatments previously described, an increase in survival rate in patients affected with advanced HCC. Currently, other studies are taking place that are further developing the potential of this drug. These studies, including phase III trials, are directed in order to test the activity and safety of new emerging drugs with targeted activity. Examples of these new agents are: Sunitinib, Gefitinib, Cetuximab, Bevacizumab and Erlotinib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Rossi
- Luigi Rossi, Federica Zoratto, Anselmo Papa, Marina Minozzi, Luigi Frati, Silverio Tomao, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome "Sapienza", Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy
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Mei C, Sun L, Liu Y, Yang Y, Cai X, Liu M, Yao W, Wang C, Li X, Wang L, Li Z, Shi Y, Qiu S, Fan J, Zha X. Transcriptional and post-transcriptional control of DNA methyltransferase 3B is regulated by phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase/Akt pathway in human hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines. J Cell Biochem 2010; 111:158-67. [PMID: 20506537 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) are essential for maintenance of aberrant methylation in cancer cells and play important roles in the development of cancers. Unregulated activation of PI3K/Akt pathway is a prominent feature of many human cancers including human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In present study, we found that DNMT3B mRNA and protein levels were decreased in a dose- and time-dependent manner in HCC cell lines with LY294002 treatment. However, we detected that LY294002 treatment did not induce increase of the degradation of DNMT3B protein using protein decay assay. Moreover we found that Akt induced alteration of the expression of DNMT3B in cells transfected with myristylated variants of Akt2 or cells transfected with small interfering RNA respectively. Based on DNMT3B promoter dual-luciferase reporter assay, we found PI3K pathway regulates DNMT3B expression at transcriptional level. And DNMT3B mRNA decay analysis suggested that down-regulation of DNMT3B by LY294002 is also post-transcriptional control. Furthermore, we demonstrated that LY294002 down-regulated HuR expression in a time-dependent manner in BEL-7404. In summary, we have, for the first time, demonstrate that PI3K/Akt pathway regulates the expression of DNMT3B at transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels, which is particularly important to understand the effects of PI3K/Akt and DNMT3B on hepatocarcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanzhong Mei
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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McMullen DC, Hallenbeck JM. Regulation of Akt during torpor in the hibernating ground squirrel, Ictidomys tridecemlineatus. J Comp Physiol B 2010; 180:927-34. [PMID: 20352231 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-010-0468-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2009] [Revised: 03/04/2010] [Accepted: 03/07/2010] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The 13-lined ground squirrel (Ictidomys tridecemlineatus) is capable of entering into extended periods of torpor during winter hibernation. The state of torpor represents a hypometabolic shift wherein the rate of oxygen consuming processes are strongly repressed in an effort to maintain cellular homeostasis as the availability of food energy becomes limited. We are interested in studying hibernation/torpor because of the robust state of tolerance to constrained oxygen delivery, oligemia, and hypothermia achieved by the tissues of hibernating mammals. The role of the serine/threonine kinase Akt (also known as PKB) has been examined in torpor in previous studies. However, this is the first study that examines the level of Akt phosphorylation in the liver during the two transition phases of the hibernation cycle: entrance into torpor, and the subsequent arousal from torpor. Our results indicate that Akt is activated in the squirrel liver by phosphorylation of two key residues (Thr(308) and Ser(473)) during entrance into torpor and arousal from torpor. Moreover, we observed increased phosphorylation of key substrates of Akt during the two transition stages of torpor. Finally, this study reports the novel finding that PRAS40, a component of the TORC1 multi-protein complex and a potentially important modulator of metabolism, is regulated during torpor.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C McMullen
- Stroke Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive MSC 1401, Bethesda, MD 20892-1401, USA
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Clinical and biological significance of forkhead class box O 3a expression in glioma: mediation of glioma malignancy by transcriptional regulation of p27kip1. J Neurooncol 2009; 98:57-69. [DOI: 10.1007/s11060-009-0045-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2009] [Accepted: 10/26/2009] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Molecular targeted therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma. J Gastroenterol 2009; 44 Suppl 19:136-41. [PMID: 19148808 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-008-2252-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2008] [Accepted: 07/03/2008] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A majority of patients with HCC present with advanced disease and are not candidates for liver transplantation, surgical resection, or regional therapy. Systemic cytotoxic chemotherapy agents are minimally effective, can have significant toxicity, and have not been shown to improve patient survival. Hepatocellular carcinomas are inherently chemotherapy-resistant tumors and are known to overexpress the multidrug resistance genes. Hepatocellular carcinoma is a very heterogeneous disease in terms of its etiology, molecular carcinogenic mechanisms, and biological behavior, which complicate our ability to identify rational molecular therapeutic "targets." Nearly every pathway involved in carcinogenesis is altered to some degree in HCC. Changes in hepatocyte growth factor expression, intracellular signaling, protease and matrix metalloproteinase expression, and oncogene expression are seen in HCC. The recent demonstration, in randomized clinical trials, of survival benefit for HCC patients treated with the oral agent sorafenib is encouraging progress in the development of molecularly targeted anticancer agents in HCC.
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Song IH. Molecular targeting for treatment of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF HEPATOLOGY 2009; 15:299-308. [DOI: 10.3350/kjhep.2009.15.3.299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Il Han Song
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
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Chang CY, Huang ZN, Yu HH, Chang LH, Li SL, Chen YP, Lee KY, Chuu JJ. The adjuvant effects of Antrodia Camphorata extracts combined with anti-tumor agents on multidrug resistant human hepatoma cells. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2008; 118:387-395. [PMID: 18571350 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2008.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2007] [Revised: 04/06/2008] [Accepted: 05/01/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY The objectives of this study were to investigate the adjuvant anti-tumor effects of Antrodia camphorate in human hepatoma cells (C3A and PLC/PRF/5) which are resistance to most anti-tumor agents, elucidate the possible regulation pathways, and measure the tumor growth and survival rate in xenograft-nude mice after combined with anti-tumor agents. MATERIALS AND METHODS The AC extracts were measured by using a phenol/sulfuric acid method as previously described. The in vitro cell proliferation assay of ACs and anti-tumor agents was tested on C3A and PLC/PRF/5 cell lines. The percentage of human hepatoma cells undergoing apoptosis and distributing in different phases of cell cycle were determined by Flow cytometric analysis. Western blot analysis for MDR-1 and apoptosis- related proteins. The measurements of tumor growth and survival analysis of hepatoma implanted nude mice treated with Antrodia camphorata extracts and anti-tumor agents alone or in combinations. RESULTS We have found that Antrodia camphorata extracts, when combined with anti-tumor agents, showed adjuvant antiproliferative effects on hepatoma cells (in vitro) and on xenografted cells in tumor-implanted nude mice (in vivo), which then extended their median survival days. Furthermore, solid-state extracts of Antrodia camphorata (AC-SS) showed its adjuvant effects through the inhibition of MDR gene expressions and the pathway of COX-2- dependent inhibition of p-AKT, which ultimately resulted in the induction of apoptosis in hepatoma cells. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we have found that Antrodia camphorata extract, when combined with anti-tumor agents, showed adjuvant antiproliferative effects on hepatoma cells (in vitro) and on xenografted cells in tumor-implanted nude mice (in vivo).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Yu Chang
- Institute of Biotechnology, College of Engineering, Southern Taiwan University, Tainan, Taiwan
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Lüpertz R, Chovolou Y, Unfried K, Kampkötter A, Wätjen W, Kahl R. The forkhead transcription factor FOXO4 sensitizes cancer cells to doxorubicin-mediated cytotoxicity. Carcinogenesis 2008; 29:2045-52. [PMID: 18687668 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgn184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The forkhead superfamily of transcription factors, which play major roles in control of cellular proliferation, oxidative stress and apoptosis, are becoming more and more considered as crucial therapeutic targets in cancer. In this study, we addressed the contribution of class O of forkhead box transcription factor (FOXO) 4 transcription factor, a forkhead superfamily member, to cytotoxicity mediated by the anthracyclic drug doxorubicin. FOXO4 can be phosphorylated by phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/AKT signaling resulting in its inactivation and nuclear exclusion. Under stress conditions, FOXO4 can be phosphorylated via jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) leading to increased transcriptional activation of the transcription factor. Our results show that doxorubicin incubation led to phosphorylation of AKT and concomitantly to AKT-dependent inactivation and nuclear exclusion of the tumor suppressor FOXO4 in Hct-116 cells. We found that inhibition of FOXO4 nuclear exclusion by blockage of AKT phosphorylation following overexpression of dominant-negative AKT enhanced doxorubicin-mediated cytotoxicity. Overexpression of wild-type FOXO4 led to an increase in doxorubicin-mediated cytotoxicity, which was further exacerbated by overexpression of a solely nuclear-localized FOXO4 mutant. In contrast, though doxorubicin resulted in JNK activation, modulation of JNK-dependent regulation of FOXO4 was of no effect to doxorubicin cytotoxicity. These results show for the first time that in Hct-116 cells sustained nuclear localization of FOXO4 seems to be one crucial point enhancing doxorubicin-induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis. Targeting FOXO4 or AKT may lead to new chances in sensitizing cancer cells to cytostatic drugs thereby allowing use of lower drug concentrations and minimizing drug-induced adverse effects in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regine Lüpertz
- Institute of Toxicology, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, PO Box 10 10 07, D-40001 Düsseldorf, Germany
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Gagnon V, Van Themsche C, Turner S, Leblanc V, Asselin E. Akt and XIAP regulate the sensitivity of human uterine cancer cells to cisplatin, doxorubicin and taxol. Apoptosis 2008; 13:259-71. [PMID: 18071906 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-007-0165-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated the interrelationship between two anti-apoptotic factors, XIAP and Akt, and their role in chemoresistance of uterine cancer cells. We used one cervical cancer cell line (HeLa) and two endometrial cancer cell lines (KLE and Ishikawa) as a model. The three drugs decreased Akt and XIAP content and induced apoptosis in P-Akt-negative HeLa cells. In P-Akt1/3-positive Ishikawa cells apoptosis induction correlated with XIAP decrease. P-Akt1/2/3-positive KLE cells showed maximum chemoresistance as XIAP and Akt levels/phosphorylation remained stable in response to the three drugs, and only cisplatin could significantly induce apoptosis. We found that XIAP and Akt were functionally linked in uterine cancer cells, as downregulation of XIAP with RNAi decreased P-Akt levels, and inhibition of PI3-K/Akt activity using LY294002 decreased XIAP content. Overexpression of constitutively active Akt isoforms in HeLa cells induced isoform-specific sensitivity to doxorubicin and taxol but not cisplatin. XIAP RNAi increased the cell-specific sensitivity to cisplatin and doxorubicin but not taxol. Finally, we found P-Akt immunoreactivity in epithelial cells from multiple human endometrial carcinoma tumors, suggesting that Akt may also regulate chemosensitivity in uterine cancers in vivo. Altogether these results highlight an intertwined role for specific Akt isoforms and XIAP in chemoresistance of uterine cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Gagnon
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Medical Biology Section, University of Quebec at Trois-Rivieres, CP 500, Trois-Rivieres, QC, Canada, G9A 5H7
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Thomas MB, O'Beirne JP, Furuse J, Chan ATC, Abou-Alfa G, Johnson P. Systemic therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma: cytotoxic chemotherapy, targeted therapy and immunotherapy. Ann Surg Oncol 2008; 15:1008-14. [PMID: 18236117 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-007-9705-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2007] [Revised: 10/19/2007] [Accepted: 10/23/2007] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Conventional cytotoxic chemotherapy has not provided clinical benefit or prolonged survival for patients with advanced HCC. This review summarizes the results of prospective clinical trials of several categories of systemic therapy, with emphasis on the more promising results from recent trials of biologically targeted therapeutic agents in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie B Thomas
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Unit 426, Houston, Texas 77030-4009, USA.
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