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Rose SR, Horne VE, Howell J, Lawson SA, Rutter MM, Trotman GE, Corathers SD. Late endocrine effects of childhood cancer. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2016; 12:319-36. [PMID: 27032982 DOI: 10.1038/nrendo.2016.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The cure rate for paediatric malignancies is increasing, and most patients who have cancer during childhood survive and enter adulthood. Surveillance for late endocrine effects after childhood cancer is required to ensure early diagnosis and treatment and to optimize physical, cognitive and psychosocial health. The degree of risk of endocrine deficiency is related to the child's sex and their age at the time the tumour is diagnosed, as well as to tumour location and characteristics and the therapies used (surgery, chemotherapy or radiation therapy). Potential endocrine problems can include growth hormone deficiency, hypothyroidism (primary or central), adrenocorticotropin deficiency, hyperprolactinaemia, precocious puberty, hypogonadism (primary or central), altered fertility and/or sexual function, low BMD, the metabolic syndrome and hypothalamic obesity. Optimal endocrine care for survivors of childhood cancer should be delivered in a multidisciplinary setting, providing continuity from acute cancer treatment to long-term follow-up of late endocrine effects throughout the lifespan. Endocrine therapies are important to improve long-term quality of life for survivors of childhood cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan R Rose
- Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA
| | - Vincent E Horne
- Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA
| | - Jonathan Howell
- Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA
| | - Sarah A Lawson
- Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA
| | - Meilan M Rutter
- Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA
| | - Gylynthia E Trotman
- Division of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA
| | - Sarah D Corathers
- Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA
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Lindau ST, Abramsohn EM, Baron SR, Florendo J, Haefner HK, Jhingran A, Kennedy V, Krane MK, Kushner DM, McComb J, Merritt DF, Park JE, Siston A, Straub M, Streicher L. Physical examination of the female cancer patient with sexual concerns: What oncologists and patients should expect from consultation with a specialist. CA Cancer J Clin 2016; 66:241-63. [PMID: 26784536 PMCID: PMC4860140 DOI: 10.3322/caac.21337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Answer questions and earn CME/CNE Sexual concerns are prevalent in women with cancer or cancer history and are a factor in patient decision making about cancer treatment and risk-reduction options. Physical examination of the female cancer patient with sexual concerns, regardless of the type or site of her cancer, is an essential and early component of a comprehensive evaluation and effective treatment plan. Specialized practices are emerging that focus specifically on evaluation and treatment of women with cancer and sexual function problems. As part of a specialized evaluation, oncologists and their patients should expect a thorough physical examination to identify or rule out physical causes of sexual problems or dysfunction. This review provides oncology professionals with a description of the physical examination of the female cancer patient with sexual function concerns. This description aims to inform anticipatory guidance for the patient and to assist in interpreting specialists' findings and recommendations. In centers or regions where specialized care is not yet available, this review can also be used by oncology practices to educate and support health care providers interested in expanding their practices to treat women with cancer and sexual function concerns. CA Cancer J Clin 2016;66:241-263. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy Tessler Lindau
- Director, Program in Integrative Sexual Medicine for Women and Girls With Cancer, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
- Associate Professor, Department of Medicine-Geriatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
- MacLean Center on Clinical Medical Ethics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
- Associate Professor, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Emily M Abramsohn
- Researcher and Project Manager, Program in Integrative Sexual Medicine for Women and Girls With Cancer, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Shirley R Baron
- Assistant Professor, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
- Clinical Associate, Program in Integrative Sexual Medicine for Women and Girls With Cancer, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Judith Florendo
- Doctor of Physical Therapy, Florendo Physical Therapy, Chicago, IL
- Clinical Associate, Program in Integrative Sexual Medicine for Women and Girls with Cancer, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Hope K Haefner
- Professor, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Anuja Jhingran
- Professor, Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Vanessa Kennedy
- Assistant Professor, Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA
| | - Mukta K Krane
- Assistant Professor, Department of Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - David M Kushner
- Director, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI
| | - Jennifer McComb
- Assistant Clinical Professor, The Family Institute at Northwestern University, Evanston, IL
| | - Diane F Merritt
- Professor, Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, WA University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Julie E Park
- Associate Professor, Section of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Amy Siston
- Clinical Associate, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Margaret Straub
- Physician's Assistant, Radiation Oncology, University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
| | - Lauren Streicher
- Associate Professor, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern Memorial Hospital, Chicago, IL
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Progress toward identifying and treating disorders of bone fragility in pediatric patients has been considerable in recent years. This article will summarize several key advances in the management of osteoporosis in children and adolescents. RECENT FINDINGS Recommendations from the 2013 pediatric Position Development Conference provide expert guidance for evaluating bone health in younger patients. The diagnosis of pediatric osteoporosis can be made in a child with low-trauma vertebral fractures or a combination of low bone mass and long bone fractures. Management of bone fragility includes optimizing nutrition, activity, and treatment of the underlying disease. Pharmacologic agents can be considered if these measures fail to prevent further bone loss or fractures. Although the efficacy and safety of several intravenous and oral bisphosphonates have been examined, there is still no consensus on the optimal drug, dose, or duration of treatment. Observational studies of children with secondary osteoporosis provide insight into risk factors for fracture or the potential for recovery. SUMMARY Despite advances in the diagnosis and treatment of pediatric osteoporosis, more research is needed. Randomized controlled trials of pharmacologic agents should be defined to target those identified at the highest risk by observational studies. VIDEO ABSTRACT http://links.lww.com/COE/A9
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura K Bachrach
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
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Bergström I, Crisby M, Engström AM, Hölcke M, Fored M, Jakobsson Kruse P, Of Sandberg AM. Women with anorexia nervosa should not be treated with estrogen or birth control pills in a bone-sparing effect. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2013; 92:877-80. [PMID: 23682675 DOI: 10.1111/aogs.12178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Eating disorders are prevalent, serious conditions that affect mainly young women. An early and enduring sign of anorexia is amenorrhea. There is no evidence for benefits of hormone therapy in patients with anorexia; however, hormone medication and oral contraceptives are frequently prescribed for young women with anorexia as a prevention against and treatment for low bone mineral density. The use of estrogens may create a false picture indicating that the skeleton is being protected against osteoporosis. Thus the motivation to regain weight, and adhere to treatment of the eating disorder in itself, may be reduced. The most important intervention is to restore the menstrual periods through increased nutrition. Hormone and oral contraceptive therapy should not be prescribed for young women with amenorrhea and concurrent eating disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Bergström
- Center of Osteoporosis, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden.
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Kenigsberg L, Balachandar S, Prasad K, Shah B. Exogenous pubertal induction by oral versus transdermal estrogen therapy. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 2013; 26:71-9. [PMID: 22112543 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpag.2011.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2011] [Accepted: 09/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Hypogonadal adolescent girls need estrogen therapy for the induction of puberty. For years, oral conjugated estrogens have been used for this purpose, starting at a very low dose, with gradual increments over time, to allow for the maturation of the reproductive organs, in order to mimic physiologic conditions. Several concerns, mainly due to first pass through the liver, are manifest with oral estrogen therapy. With the advent of transdermal estrogens and its improved efficacy profile as well as reduced side effects, it seems reasonable to consider it for pubertal induction. The primary objective of this study was to compare and contrast oral versus transdermal estrogen with regard to metabolism and physiology and to review current available data on transdermal estrogens with respect to exogenous pubertal induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Kenigsberg
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
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Metzger ML, Meacham LR, Patterson B, Casillas JS, Constine LS, Hijiya N, Kenney LB, Leonard M, Lockart BA, Likes W, Green DM. Female reproductive health after childhood, adolescent, and young adult cancers: guidelines for the assessment and management of female reproductive complications. J Clin Oncol 2013; 31:1239-47. [PMID: 23382474 PMCID: PMC4500837 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2012.43.5511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE As more young female patients with cancer survive their primary disease, concerns about reproductive health related to primary therapy gain relevance. Cancer therapy can often affect reproductive organs, leading to impaired pubertal development, hormonal regulation, fertility, and sexual function, affecting quality of life. METHODS The Children's Oncology Group Long-Term Follow-Up Guidelines for Survivors of Childhood, Adolescent, and Young Adult Cancer (COG-LTFU Guidelines) are evidence-based recommendations for screening and management of late effects of therapeutic exposures. The guidelines are updated every 2 years by a multidisciplinary panel based on current literature review and expert consensus. RESULTS This review summarizes the current task force recommendations for the assessment and management of female reproductive complications after treatment for childhood, adolescent, and young adult cancers. Experimental pretreatment as well as post-treatment fertility preservation strategies, including barriers and ethical considerations, which are not included in the COG-LTFU Guidelines, are also discussed. CONCLUSION Ongoing research will continue to inform COG-LTFU Guideline recommendations for follow-up care of female survivors of childhood cancer to improve their health and quality of life.
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Dehydroepiandrosterone treatment effects on weight, bone density, bone metabolism and mood in women suffering from anorexia nervosa-a pilot study. Psychiatry Res 2012; 200:544-9. [PMID: 22858403 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2012.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2011] [Revised: 06/21/2012] [Accepted: 07/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of the administration of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) on weight, bone metabolism, bone density and clinical mood symptoms in outpatient Anorexia Nervosa (AN) patients. AN patients (n=26) were double-blindly randomized to receive DHEA (100mg) or placebo for 6 months. Outcome measures were bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC) measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and metabolism indexes, steroid hormones, and mood and eating disorder symptoms measured at baseline and at the 3 and 6 months follow-up visits. Mood and eating disorder symptoms were assessed monthly by the Beck Depression Inventory, Eating Disorder Inventory and Clinical Global Improvement Scales. No treatment or treatment by time interaction was observed for any bone density measures. Deoxypiridinolyne (DPD) was positively correlated with weight (P=0.02). An increase in body mass index (BMI) in the DHEA group was significantly higher at 4 months compared to the control group (P=0.05). Improvement of mood was significantly correlated with weight only in the DHEA group. Despite a significant decrease in DPD, no improvement in bone mineral density was detected. However, patients treated with DHEA benefited from a significant increase in BMI, which was positively correlated with improvement in mood.
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Hembree WC. Guidelines for pubertal suspension and gender reassignment for transgender adolescents. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am 2011; 20:725-32. [PMID: 22051008 DOI: 10.1016/j.chc.2011.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Pubertal suppression at Tanner stage 2 should be considered in adolescents with persistent gender identity disorder (GID). Issues related to achievement of adult height, timing of initiating sex steroid treatment, future fertility options, preventing uterine bleeding, and required modifications of genital surgery remain concerns. Concerns have been raised about altering neuropsychological development during cessation of puberty and reinitiation of puberty by the sex steroid opposite those determined by genetic sex. Collaborative assessment and treatment of dysphoric adolescents with persistent GID resolves these concerns and deepens our understanding of gender development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wylie C Hembree
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Medical Center, 101 Central Park West, New York, NY 10023, USA.
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Hershlag A, Rausch ME, Cohen M. Part 2: Ovarian failure in adolescent cancer survivors should be treated. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 2011; 24:101-3. [PMID: 21495226 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpag.2010.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Teenage girls who have survived childhood and adolescent cancer are at risk of losing ovarian function as a result of treatment. This iatrogenic complication may compromise their ability to conceive in the future. In addition, the more immediate consequence is interference in the physical, sexual, and psychosocial development of the female adolescent and her ability to "graduate" into young adulthood. This paper lends strong support to meticulous, graduated hormone replacement, mimicking Tanner's stages of pubertal development, to allow smooth transition of adolescent cancer survivors into adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avner Hershlag
- Center for Human Reproduction, North Shore-LIJ Health System, Manhasset, New York, USA.
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Trenor CC, Chung RJ, Michelson AD, Neufeld EJ, Gordon CM, Laufer MR, Emans SJ. Hormonal contraception and thrombotic risk: a multidisciplinary approach. Pediatrics 2011; 127:347-57. [PMID: 21199853 PMCID: PMC3025417 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2010-2221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Heightened publicity about hormonal contraception and thrombosis risk and the publication of new guidelines by the World Health Organization in 2009 and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in 2010 addressing this complex issue have led to multidisciplinary discussions on the special issues of adolescents cared for at our pediatric hospital. In this review of the literature and new guidelines, we have outlined our approach to the complex patients referred to our center. The relative risk of thrombosis on combined oral contraception is three- to fivefold, whereas the absolute risk for a healthy adolescent on this therapy is only 0.05% per year. This thrombotic risk is affected by estrogen dose, type of progestin, mechanism of delivery, and length of therapy. Oral progestin-only contraceptives and transdermal estradiol used for hormone replacement carry minimal or no thrombotic risk. Transdermal, vaginal, or intrauterine contraceptives and injectable progestins need further study. A personal history of thrombosis, persistent or inherited thrombophilia, and numerous lifestyle choices also influence thrombotic risk. In this summary of one hospital's approach to hormone therapies and thrombosis risk, we review relative-risk data and discuss the application of absolute risk to individual patient counseling. We outline our approach to challenging patients with a history of thrombosis, known thrombophilia, current anticoagulation, or family history of thrombosis or thrombophilia. Our multidisciplinary group has found that knowledge of the guidelines and individualized management plans have been particularly useful for informing discussions about hormonal and nonhormonal options across varied indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron C. Trenor
- Divisions of Hematology/Oncology, ,Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Alan D. Michelson
- Divisions of Hematology/Oncology, ,Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ellis J. Neufeld
- Divisions of Hematology/Oncology, ,Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Marc R. Laufer
- Adolescent/Young Adult Medicine, ,Gynecology, Departments of Medicine and Surgery, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | - S. Jean Emans
- Adolescent/Young Adult Medicine, ,Gynecology, Departments of Medicine and Surgery, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts; and
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Cheikhelard A, Thibaud E, Morel Y, Jaubert F, Lortat-Jacob S, Polak M, Nihoul-Fekete C. Complete androgen insensitivity syndrome: diagnosis and management. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2009; 4:565-573. [PMID: 30780790 DOI: 10.1586/eem.09.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Complete androgen insensitivity syndrome (CAIS) is an X-linked genetic disorder affecting 46,XY individuals, characterized by the loss of function of the androgen receptor gene resulting in complete peripheral androgen resistance. Patients have a nonambiguous female phenotype with normal female external genitalia. Gonads are undescended testes (either intra-abdominal or inguinal), there is no uterus and the length of the vagina is usually very short. Gender identity is always female. This review focuses on the importance of accurate diagnosis of CAIS versus partial androgen insensitivity syndrome and other disorders of sex development by genotyping the androgen receptor, and raises issues of the optimal management of these patients. In the era of the Consensus Statement on Management of Intersex Disorders, we provide new insights into CAIS screening, surgical management of the gonads (balancing between hormonal production and malignancy risk) and of vaginal adequacy, and the ethics concerned with the disclosure to patients and their families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa Cheikhelard
- a Department of Pediatric Surgery and Urology, AP-HP Hôpital Necker Enfants-malades, 149, rue de Sèvres, 75743, Paris Cedex 15, France and Centre de Référence des Pathologies Gynécologiques Rares, AP-HP Hôpital Necker Enfants-malades, Paris, France.
| | - Elisabeth Thibaud
- b Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Gynaecology, AP-HP Hôpital Necker Enfants-malades, 149, rue de Sèvres, 75743, Paris Cedex 15, France and Centre de Référence des Pathologies Gynécologiques Rares, AP-HP Hôpital Necker Enfants-malades, Paris, France
| | - Yves Morel
- c Department of Molecular Biology and Hormonology, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Francis Jaubert
- d Department of Cytology and Pathology, AP-HP Hôpital Necker Enfants-malades, 149, rue de Sèvres, 75743, Paris Cedex 15, Paris, France and Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Stephen Lortat-Jacob
- e Department of Pediatric Surgery and Urology, AP-HP Hôpital Necker Enfants-malades, 149, rue de Sèvres, 75743, Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Michel Polak
- f Centre de Référence des Pathologies Gynécologiques Rares, AP-HP Hôpital Necker Enfants-malades, 149, rue de Sèvres, 75743, Paris Cedex 15, France and Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Gynaecology, AP-HP Hôpital Necker Enfants-malades, 149, rue de Sèvres, 75743, Paris Cedex 15, France and Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Claire Nihoul-Fekete
- g Department of Pediatric Surgery and Urology and Centre de Référence des Pathologies Gynécologiques Rares, AP-HP Hôpital Necker Enfants-malades, 149, rue de Sèvres, 75743, Paris Cedex 15, France and Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
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